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9 results for “tadpole shrimp”
Data from: Transition in sexual system and sex chromosome evolution in the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis
Transitions in sexual system and reproductive mode may affect the course of sex chromosome evolution, for instance by altering the strength of sexually antagonistic selection. However, there have been few studies of sex chromosomes in systems where such transitions have been documented. The European tadpole shrimp, Triops cancriformis, has undergone a transition from dioecy to androdioecy (a sexual system where hermaphrodites and males coexist), offering an excellent opportunity to test the impact of this transition on the evolution of sex chromosomes. To identify sex-linked markers, to understand mechanisms of sex determination and to investigate differences between sexual systems, we carried out a genome-wide association study using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) of 47 males, females and hermaphrodites from one dioecious and one androdioecious population. We analysed 22.9 Gb of paired-end sequences and identified and scored >3000 high coverage novel genomic RAD markers. Presence–absence of markers, single-nucleotide polymorphism association and read depth identified 52 candidate sex-linked markers. We show that sex is genetically determined in T. cancriformis, with a ZW system conserved across dioecious and androdioecious populations and that hermaphrodites have likely evolved from females. We also show that the structure of the sex chromosomes differs strikingly, with a larger sex-linked region in the dioecious population compared with the androdioecious population.
Data from: De novo assembly of a tadpole shrimp (Triops newberryi) transcriptome and preliminary differential gene expression analysis
Next-generation sequencing techniques, such as RNA sequencing, have provided a wealth of genomic information for nonmodel species. Transcriptomic information can be used to quantify the patterns of gene expression, which can identify how environmental differences invoke organismal stress responses and provide a gauge in predicting species adaptability. In our study, we used RNA sequencing to characterize the first transcriptome from a naupliar tadpole shrimp (Triops newberryi) to identify the genes expressed during the early life history stages and which could be important for future genomic studies. RNA was extracted from naupliar T. newberryi that were reared in a laboratory-controlled setting and in two different water types, a native and a non-native condition. A total of six replicates, three per condition, were sequenced with the Illumina Hi-Seq 2000 achieving 365 M 50-nt reads. High-quality reads were produced and de novo assembly was used to construct a T. newberryi transcriptome that was approximately 24.8 M base pairs. More than 10 000 peptides were predicted from the assembly, and genes were sorted into gene ontology categories. The use of different water conditions allowed for a preliminary differential gene expression analysis in order to compare the changes in gene expression between conditions. There were 299 differentially expressed genes between water conditions that might serve as a focal point for future genomic studies of Triops acclimation to different environments. The Triops transcriptome could serve as vital genomic information for additional studies on Branchiopod crustaceans.
Data from: Self-fertilization and the role of males in populations of tadpole shrimp (Branchiopoda: Notostraca: Triops)
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Data from: Transition in sexual system and sex chromosome evolution in the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis
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Data from: De novo assembly of a tadpole shrimp (Triops newberryi) transcriptome and preliminary differential gene expression analysis
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Data from: High lability of sexual system over 250 million years of evolution in morphologically conservative tadpole shrimps
Background: Sexual system is a key factor affecting the genetic diversity, population structure, genome structure and the evolutionary potential of species. The sexual system androdioecy -- where males and hermaphrodites coexist in populations -- is extremely rare, yet is found in three crustacean groups, barnacles, a genus of clam shrimps Eulimnadia, and in the order Notostraca, the tadpole shrimps. In the ancient crustacean order Notostraca, high morphological conservatism contrasts with a wide diversity of sexual systems, including androdioecy. An understanding of the evolution of sexual systems in this group has been hampered by poor phylogenetic resolution and confounded by the widespread occurrence of cryptic species. Here we use a multigene supermatrix for 30 taxa to produce a comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of Notostraca. Based on this phylogenetic reconstruction we use character mapping techniques to investigate the evolution of sexual systems. We also tested the hypothesis that reproductive assurance has driven the evolution of androdioecy in Notostraca. Results: Character mapping analysis showed that sexual system is an extremely flexible trait within Notostraca, with repeated shifts between gonochorism and androdioecy, the latter having evolved a minimum of five times. In agreement with the reproductive assurance hypothesis androdioecious notostracans are found at significantly higher latitudes than gonochoric ones indicating that post glacial re-colonisation may have selected for the higher colonisation ability conferred by androdioecy. Conclusions: In contrast to their conserved morphology, sexual system in Notostraca is highly labile and the rare reproductive mode androdioecy has evolved repeatedly within the order. Furthermore, we conclude that this lability of sexual system has been maintained for at least 250 million years and may have contributed to the long term evolutionary persistence of Notostraca. Our results further our understanding of the evolution of androdioecy and indicate that reproductive assurance is a recurrent theme involved in the evolution of this sexual system.
Data from: High lability of sexual system over 250 million years of evolution in morphologically conservative tadpole shrimps
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Data from: Multiple global radiations in tadpole shrimps challenge the concept of ‘living fossils’
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FIGURE 1 in Evidence for cryptic species in the tadpole shrimp Triops granarius (Lucas, 1864) (Crustacea: Notostraca)
FIGURE 1. The phylogenetic relationships within the Notostraca as reconstructed from (a) 12S (one of 12 MP trees; tree length=350, CI=0.6200, RI=0.8811) and (b) 16S (one of 4 MP trees; tree length=321, CI=0.7539, RI=0.9345) gene sequences with maximum parsimony (heuristic search with the settings gapmode=new, add=cl). Branch lengths are proportional to genetic divergence. Numbers above (or to the left of) branches indicate bootstrap support calculated by maximum parsimony (settings as above and with maxtrees=1000, nreps=1000) to the left and (for an additional comparison) calculated by NJ with MLdistances (nreps=1000) to the right of the "/".
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