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Research compendium for 'Refitting the Context: A Reconsideration of Cultural Change among Early Homo sapiens at Fumane Cave through Blade Break Connections, Spatial Taphonomy, and Lithic Technology'
<div> <h3>Compendium DOI:</h3> <p><a href="../doi/10.5281/zenodo.10965413">https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10965413</a> </p> </div> <p>The content available at the above provided URL will reproduce the results as documented in the publication. Instead, the files hosted at <a href="https://github.com/ArmandoFalcucci/Refitting-The-Context">https://github.com/ArmandoFalcucci/Refitting-The-Context</a> represent the developmental versions and might have undergone modifications since the paper's publication.</p> <div> <h3>Maintainer of this repository:</h3> </div> <p>Armando Falcucci (<a href="mailto:armando.falcucci@uni-tuebingen.de">armando.falcucci@uni-tuebingen.de</a>)</p> <div> <h3>Published paper:</h3> </div> <p>Armando Falcucci, Domenico Giusti, Filippo Zangrossi, Matteo De Lorenzi, Letizia Ceregatti, Marco Peresani. Refitting the Context: Revisiting the Aurignacian sequence at Fumane Cave through blade fragment connections, spatial taphonomy, and lithic technology. <em>Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology</em> (2024). DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-024-00203-0" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s41982-024-00203-0</a></p> <div> <h3>Abstract:</h3> </div> <p>High-resolution stratigraphic frameworks are crucial for unraveling the biocultural processes behind the dispersals of Homo sapiens across Europe. Detailed technological studies of lithic assemblages retrieved from multi-stratified sequences allow archaeologists to precisely model the chrono-cultural dynamics of the early Upper Paleolithic. However, it is of paramount importance to verify the integrity of these assemblages before building explanatory models of cultural change. In this study, multiple lines of evidence suggest that the stratigraphic sequence of Fumane Cave in northeastern Italy experienced minor post-depositional reworking, establishing it as a pivotal site for exploring the earliest stages of the Aurignacian. By conducting a systematic search for break connections between blade fragments and applying spatial analysis techniques, we identified three well-preserved areas of the excavation containing assemblages suitable for renewed archaeological investigations. Subsequent technological analyses, incorporating attribute analysis, reduction intensity, and multivariate statistics, have allowed us to discern the spatial organization of the site during the formation of the Protoaurignacian palimpsest A2–A1. Moreover, diachronic comparisons between three successive stratigraphic units prompted us to reject the hypothesis of techno-cultural continuity of the Protoaurignacian in northeastern Italy after the onset of the Heinrich Event 4. Based on the variability of the lithic and osseous artifacts, the most recent assemblage analyzed, D3b alpha, is now ascribed to the Early Aurignacian, aligning the evidence from Fumane with the current understanding of the development of the Aurignacian across Europe. Overall, this study demonstrates the high effectiveness of the break connection method when combined with detailed spatial analysis and lithic technology, providing a methodological tool particularly amenable to be applied to sites excavated in the past with varying degrees of recording accuracy.</p> <div> <h3>Keywords:</h3> </div> <p>Protoaurignacian; Early Aurignacian; Lithics; Refittings; Assemblage integrity; Spatial analysis; Italy</p> <div> <h3>Overview of contents and how to reproduce:</h3> </div> <p>Within this repository, various folders house data (<code>data</code>), code (<code>script</code>), and output files (<code>output</code>) pertinent to the paper. The data folder encompasses the blank and core datasets from the Aurignacian of Fumane Cave and the dataset of the blade fragment connection study. To replicate the results, download the entire repository and employ <code>Refitting-The-Context.Rproj</code> and open the folder <code>script</code>. For ensuring reproducibility, the <code>renv</code> package (v. 1.0.3) was utilized, following the procedures detailed in its vignette. All analyses and visualizations in the paper were conducted using R 4.3.1 on Microsoft Windows 10.0.19045 (64-bit). As the necessary packages are available in the <code>renv</code> folder, they are not explicitly listed here.</p> <div> <h3>Licenses:</h3> </div> <p>Code: <strong>MIT</strong> <a href="http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT" rel="nofollow">http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT</a>, copyright holder: Armando Falcucci (2024).</p> <p>Data and intellectual work: <strong>Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</strong> (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="nofollow">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>), copyright holder: the authors (2024).</p>
FIGURE 12 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 12. Scanning electron micrographs of associated near complete lower right dentition (M67678) of the omomyid Microchoerus erinaceus from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing crowns with group 4 etching and post-voiding scavenging bite and gnaw marks. A, H, J, P4; B, G, P3; C, F, canine; D, E, I, I1; K, M3; L, M2. Views are: buccal (A-D), mesial (E, I), lingual (F-H), and occlusal (J-L). C shows gnaw marks on the ventral edge of the root of the canine; I shows an enlarged ventral portion of the root of I1 (E shows the whole tooth), with a bite mark on the side and parallel gnaw marks on the medioventral edge. The horizontal crease on the buccal enamel wall of P3 (B) is a developmental pathology. Scale bar equals 0.5 mm for I, 1 mm for the rest.
FIGURE 10 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 10. Dimensions of the long (L) and short (W) axes in millimetres of the seven oval puncture marks on fossil theridomyid bones from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, compared with the means with one standard deviation of those on fossil theridomyid bones from bed O3, Osborne Member (from Vasileiadou et al., 2009), of those made by jackals (Canis aureus) on modern ungulate bones (from Dominguez-Rodrigo and Piqueras, 2003) and of those made by leopards (Panthera pardus) on fossil bones of mammals of 4.5-104 kg weight (from Pickering et al., 2004). 1, M67679; 2, M62154.
FIGURE 9 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 9. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth of the carnivoran Paramiacis sp. and puncture marks on theridomyid bones from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill. A, two puncture marks on distal right tibia (M67679) of Thalerimys fordi; B, enlarged detail of A, the large puncture mark (a) and small puncture mark (b) labelled; C, puncture mark on?Thalerimys distal metapodial (M62154); D, right M1 (carnassial) (M67697) of Paramiacis sp., in occlusal view; E, left P3 (M67697) of Paramiacis sp.; F, puncture mark on?Thalerimys proximal metapodial (M62171); G, enlarged detail of F; H, puncture mark on?Thalerimys phalanx 2 (M62253); I, enlarged detail of H. Scale bars equal 1 mm for A-F, H and 0.2 mm for G and I.
FIGURE 7 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Nyctitheriidae and teeth of Omomyidae, Apatemyidae and Amphilemuridae from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, right dentary with M2 (M67692) of Cheilonyctia lawsoni, showing etching group 5 and rounded breakage anteriorly, sharp breakage posteriorly; B, right I2 (M67693) of C. lawsoni, showing dentine exposure of etching group 5; C, distal left humerus (M67694) of Nyctitheriidae, showing sharp spiral irregular breakage; D, right M1/2 (M62126) of Vectipithex smithorum, showing almost total loss of enamel, of etching group 5; E, right M1 (M67695) of Heterohyus nanus, showing etching group 4; F, left P2 (M61711) of Gesneropithex latidens, showing etching group 2; G, enlarged detail of F. Arrows highlight areas of maximum etching on A-B, E and the only remaining enamel on D. Scale bars equal 1 mm for A and C, 0.5 mm for D-F, 0.25 mm for G and 0.2 mm for B.
FIGURE 6 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Herpetotheriidae from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, right M3 (M67688) of Amphiperatherium species B, in etching group 1; B, enlarged detail of A; C, right M2 (M67689) of Amphiperatherium species A, in etching group 2; D, left M4 (M67690) of Amphiperatherium species A, in etching group 4; E, right calcaneum (M67691) of Herpetotheriidae, showing etching on the sustentaculum edge and tuber tip; F, left upper incisor (M67680) of Herpetotheriidae, showing two puncture marks on its root; G, enlarged detail of F. Arrows highlight areas of maximum etching on C-E. Scale bars equal 0.3 mm for A, C-E, 0.1 mm for B, G.
FIGURE 4 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Theridomyidae and teeth of Pseudosciuridae, from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A-C, Thalerimys fordi; D-F,?Thalerimys; G, Treposciurus mutabilis; H-I, Tarnomys quercyi vectisensis. A, Right M1/2 (M67681) in etching group 2; B, left M1/2 (M67682) in etching group 3; C, right M1/2 (M67683) in etching group 4; D, proximal radius (M61425), showing etching on the epiphysis and parallel grooves perpendicular to the long axis; E, proximal metapodial (M61438) with multiple fine parallel grooves perpendicular to the long axis on both edges; F, enlarged detail of E; G, left M1/2 (M61749) in etching group 2; H, right M1/2 (M61753) in etching group 2; I, right M3 (M61754) in etching group 4. Arrows highlight areas of maximum etching on A-C, G-I. Scale equals 0.5 mm for A-D, F-I, 1 mm for E.
FIGURE 5 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth and bones of Gliridae from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, right M (M67699) of Bransatoglis bahloi in etching group 5 (arrows); B-C, right P4 3 (M67684) of Glamys priscus, showing very fine irregular grooves on the root (B is enlarged detail); D, left lower incisor (M67685) of Gliridae, showing splitting from weathering stage 1; E, proximal phalanx 1 (M67686) of Gliridae, showing rounded breakage and grooves perpendicular to the long axis (arrows); F, proximal metatarsal III (M67687) of Gliridae, showing spiral rounded fracture; G, proximal left femur (M61428) of Gliridae, showing etching (arrows) and spiral breakage without rounding. Scale bars equal 0.2 mm for A, C-E, 0.5 mm for F-G, 0.1 mm for B.
FIGURE 2 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 2. Percentages of the minimum numbers of individuals (MNI) of each family of micromammals from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill. See Table 1 for numerical data.
FIGURE 11 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of teeth of the pantolestid Cryptopithecus major (A-B) and tooth and bones of the carnivoran Paramiacis sp. (C-F) from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill, showing damage. A, left DP4 (M61688) in etching group 5, arrows indicating the only islets of enamel left on the crown; B, lower right premolar (M62331) in etching group 5, devoid of all enamel, the dentine core also penetrated by etching; C, left M2 (M67697) in etching group 2, broken with fracture edges rounded; D, phalanx 2 shaft (M67697), showing distal etching and rounded proximal fracture edge (arrowed); E-F, phalanx 1 (M67697) broken into a distal articulatory part (E) and the shaft and proximal articulation (F), with rounded fracture edges (arrowed), but closely fitting broken surfaces. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm for A-B, 0.3 mm for C-D and 1 mm for E-F.
FIGURE 1 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 1. Geological context of the site studied. A, General field photograph of the upper part of the Totland Bay Member, including the How Ledge Limestone, and overlying Colwell Bay Member, SW Headon Hill, Isle of Wight. B; detailed photograph of bed TB30-34, with scale divisions measuring 10 cm; C, location map of coastal Hampshire and the western half of the Isle of Wight, with period level geology and sites mentioned in the text; D, Lithic log of the How Ledge Limestone and adjacent beds. Bed numbers are from Hooker (2021).
FIGURE 3 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 3. Percentages of etched bones and teeth (left Y axis and left two X axis plots) and breakage types of elongate bones (right Y axis and right three X axis plots) for the four best represented micromammalian families in bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone. Fresh bones are those broken while still fresh, showing irregular spiral breakage. Rounded indicates bones with rounded (etched) broken edges. Dry indicates bones with broken edges perpendicular to their long axes. See Tables 5-7 for numerical data.
FIGURE 8 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 8. Percentages of teeth of the theridomyid Thalerimys fordi and the three other best represented families in each etching group (Vasileiadou et al., 2007a), numbered on X axes, from bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, and bed O3, Osborne Member. The teeth of T. fordi and Gliridae are restricted to the cheek teeth. N = total number of etched teeth in each taxon for each bed.
FIGURE 13 in Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web
FIGURE 13. Trophic relationships between predators and prey derived from damage patterns of bones and teeth of the best represented micromammals in bed TB33, How Ledge Limestone, SW Headon Hill. The two hypothetical owls and the crocodilian are drawn at smaller scales than the rest.
FIG. 8 in Taphonomie et minéralisation de bois carbonatisés du Purbeckien de l'Usine, à Cherves-Richemont (Charente)
FIG. 8. — Fragments de bois fossiles du site de l'Usine vus au microscope électronique à balayage, avec des structures assignables à Agathoxylon Hartig (échantillon MP1954): A, trachéidoxyle constitué de trachéides et de rayons ligneux; B, cernes de croissances au bois final limité à 2-3 assises; C, D, ponctuation radiale de type araucarien, unisériée (C montre des ponctuations aréolées étant contigües, aplaties aux contacts); E, ponctuation radiale bisériée et alors alterne; F, champs de croisement de type araucarioïde, à nombreux oculipores cupressoïdes alternes contigus. Échelles: A, B, 50 µm; C-F, 20 µm.
FIG. 6 in Taphonomie et minéralisation de bois carbonatisés du Purbeckien de l'Usine, à Cherves-Richemont (Charente)
FIG. 6. — Lames minces réalisées dans les bois fossiles du site de l'Usine, à Cherves: A, lame mince montrant en lumière polarisée des structures minérales associées à plusieurs phases de minéralisation depuis les précipitations (précoces) dans les cellules du bois bien préservé (à gauche), les minces bandes fibreuses périphériques (au milieu) et jusque dans le ciment (tardif) des fractures (à droite); B, la minéralisation précoce est souvent hyperblastique au niveau des encroûtements, chaque cristal de calcite englobant plusieurs cellules ou trachéides, surtout vers la périphérie des morceaux de bois où l'on observe ainsi des ensembles de cristaux radaxiaux en faisceaux; C, D, à la périphérie des fragments de bois carbonatisés, sont superposées plusieurs bandes concentriques fibroradiées, d'épaisseur d'environ 200 µm, séparées par des discontinuités; les fibres, très fines, sont soulignées par des lignes brunes qui pourraient correspondre à de la matière organique originelle résiduelle (C, lumière naturelle; D, lumière polarisée); E, F, par endroits, l'encroûtement se présente sous forme de touffes buissonnantes juxtaposées, suggérant une croissance de colonies microbiennes dont l'apparence rappelle celle des touffes de certaines cyanobactéries finement filamenteuses; C, lumière naturelle; D, lumière polarisée. Échelles: 0,5 mm.
FIG. 3 in Taphonomie et minéralisation de bois carbonatisés du Purbeckien de l'Usine, à Cherves-Richemont (Charente)
FIG. 3. — Coupe du secteur étudié, initialement publiée par Coquand en 1858. Le site de l'Usine y apparaît proche des affleurements cénomaniens, dans des faciès purbeckiens plus récents que ceux de la carrière de gypse de Chamblanc, juste au-dessus d'un faciès conglomératique (faciès n°8).
FIG. 4 in Taphonomie et minéralisation de bois carbonatisés du Purbeckien de l'Usine, à Cherves-Richemont (Charente)
FIG. 4. — Fossiles et structures minérales associés au bois carbonatisé du site de l'Usine, à Cherves: A, sections transversales (st1, st2, st3) et longitudinale (sl) encroûtements tubulaires d'axes végétaux, minéralisés en carbonate fibroradié, au sein du conglomérat; B, fragments de bois préservés en partie sous forme charbonneuse, au sein du conglomérat contenant les bois carbonatisés; C, galet d'os de dinosaure (Os) au coeur d'un bloc de conglomérat, à côté de sections longitudinales tubulaires de végétaux recristallisés (sl); D, concrétions carbonatées mamelonnées à la surface d'un tronçon de bois; E, F, concrétions carbonatées mamelonnées vue en section faisant apparaître leur microstructure fibreuse rayonnante. Échelles: A-D, 3 cm; E, 1 cm.
FIG. 2 in Taphonomie et minéralisation de bois carbonatisés du Purbeckien de l'Usine, à Cherves-Richemont (Charente)
FIG. 2. — Zone de prélèvement et échantillons de bois prélevés sur le site de l'Usine, à Cherves-de-Cognac: A, vue générale du site avant la fouille; B, début de fouille faisant apparaître un tronc; C, tronc totalement dégagé par la fouille; D, partie de tronc sciée à une extrémité permettant de révéler la structure du bois; E, vue de dessus de la section polie du bois figurée en D; F, section polie d'un autre échantillon (n°MP1960). Échelles: 5 cm.
FIG. 5 in Taphonomie et minéralisation de bois carbonatisés du Purbeckien de l'Usine, à Cherves-Richemont (Charente)
FIG. 5. — Analyse chimique (diffractogramme) des bois fossiles de l'Usine montrant une très faible proportion de dolomie (Do), peu de quartz (Q) et une prédominance de carbonates (A, aragonite; Ca, calcite) tant dans la structure ligneuse du bois fossile (A) que dans les sphérules fibroradiées qui l'encroûtent ou comblent ses cavités (B).
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