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412 results for “temperate forest”
Moose Foraging in Temperate Forests of Central Massachusetts 2005
The "re-wilding" of ecosystems with extirpated large mammals has become a focus of recent scientific and conservation initiatives; however, it is unclear how proposed re-introductions will influence systems that are often vastly different from those that occurred before these animals were extirpated. Moose, the northeast’s largest Holocene browser, have recently expanded across southern New England’s temperate forest landscape after an absence of 200 years, realizing a natural re-wilding experiment. Moose have been well-studied throughout the boreal forest biome; however, because they are rare today in temperate forests, almost nothing is known of their ecology, behavior, or potential impacts to these ecosystems. This study investigated patterns of winter moose browse in order to: (1) gain insight into the likely influences of this herbivore on the vegetation patterns of the region; and (2) to identify the most important habitat features influencing moose winter foraging activity at a landscape and site scale. Two large forested watersheds in Central Massachusetts were sampled for moose browse, habitat features, and disturbances including forest harvesting and human activity. Chi-square and t-tests were used to identify browse species preferences of moose, and step-wise multiple regression was used to identify habitat variables that are strong predictors of browse intensity. Hardwoods and hemlock were favored over white pine, and browse intensity was significantly and positively related to forest harvesting, elevation, swamps, and distance to human settlement. The results from this study suggest that in the winter months, moose populations are concentrating in remote, elevated areas that are broken by swamps and have intensive forest harvests. In areas that support high moose densities, selective browsing, particularly in regenerating harvests, could promote less favored species like white pine at the expense of hardwoods and hemlock. The strong association between
Proteolytic Enzyme Activity in Temperate Forest Soils at Harvard Forest and Pisgah State Forest 2007-2010
The objective of this research is to investigate the processes that limit or promote the activity and production of proteolytic enzymes in temperate forest soils. To meet this objective, we performed a series of integrated observations and experiments to investigate a conceptual model of proteolytic enzyme activity whereby activity is a function of the interaction between four parameters: soil temperature and moisture, substrate concentration, and the enzyme pool size. We used four dominant temperate forest tree species that differ in SOM chemistry and the enzymatic capabilities of their fungal symbionts as a model system. These four species differed in mycorrhizal association, with white ash (Fraxinus americana) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) supporting arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) supporting ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Further, the ECM associated species have leaf litter and SOM that is characterized by higher ratios of C:N than the AM associated. Soil samples were collected two sites, one located at the Prospect Hill Tract of the Harvard Forest and the other at the Pisgah State Forest. The sites have similar land use history and stand age. Soils at both sites are inceptisols classified as Typic Dystrochrepts derived from glacial till overlying granite-schist-gneiss bedrock. Experimental plots dominated by one of four target tree species were established at each site. Stands of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) were located in Pisgah. Stands of Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and white ash (Fraxinus americana) were located in Harvard Forest. At a later date, plots were also established in a red oak (Quercus rubra) stand on Prospect Hill in the MES tower footprint. At each site we located six replicate, 8 m radius, monodominant plots that were based on the following criteria: (1) more than 80% of the standing basal area was composed of the targ
Hydraulic Pathways in Leaves of Temperate Trees at Harvard Forest 2002
The transport of water, sugar and nutrients in trees is restricted to specific vascular pathways, and thus organs may be relatively isolated from one another (=sectored). Strongly sectored leaf-to-leaf pathways have been shown for the transport of sugar and signal molecules within a shoot, but not previously for water transport. The hydraulic sectoriality of leaf-to-leaf pathways was determined for current year shoots of six temperate deciduous tree species (three ring-porous: Castanea dentata, Fraxinus americana and Quercus rubra, and three diffuse-porous: Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera and Liriodendron tulipifera). Hydraulic sectoriality was determined using dye staining and a hydraulic method. In the dye method, leaf blades were removed, and dye was forced into the most proximal petiole. For each petiole we counted the vascular traces shared with the proximal petiole. For other shoots, measurements were made of the leaf-area specific hydraulic conductivity for leaf-to-leaf pathways (kLL). In five of six species patterns of sectoriality reflected phyllotaxy; both the sharing of vascular bundles between leaves and kLL were higher for orthostichous than non-orthostichous leaf pairs. Species-differences in leaf-to-leaf sectoriality were determined as the proportional differences between non-orthostichous vs. orthostichous leaf pairs in their staining of shared vascular bundles and in their kLL; for the six species these two indices of sectoriality were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.94; P less than 0.001). Species varied 8-fold in their kLL-based sectoriality, and ring-porous species were more sectored than diffuse-porous species. Differential leaf-to-leaf sectoriality has implications for species-specific coordination of leaf gas exchange and water relations within a branch, especially during fluctuations in irradiance, water and nutrient availability.
Soil nitrogen availability vs. acidification: effects on soil respiration, heterotrophic respiration, and soil physicochemical properties in mixed temperate forests in central New York, USA (2019-2022)
In 2011, an experimental nitrogen x pH manipulation study was initiated in mixed temperate forests in central New York, USA to disentangle the often-confounded roles of nitrogen (N) and soil pH in driving various ecosystem processes. This data package contains soil physicochemical properties (soil pH, resin available nitrogen), soil temperature, in situ soil respiration, and heterotrophic respiration measured from laboratory incubations of soils collected from experimental plots. Soil pH was measured both pre-treatment (2009-2010) and after 8 and 11 years of experimental treatment. All other properties were measured between 9 and 12 years after treatment initiation.
Ant Functional Diversity in Temperate Zone Forests: A Comparison with Neotropical Ants 2010
Predicted impacts of climatic change on ant functional diversity and distributions in eastern North American forests Aims--Climatic change is expected to rearrange species assemblages and ultimately affect organism-mediated ecosystem processes. We focus on identifying patterns and relationships between common ant species (representing 99% of total ant records) richness and functional diversity; modelling how these patterns may change at local and regional scales in future climatic conditions; and interpreting how these changes might influence ant-mediated ecosystem processes. Location--Forested ecosystems of eastern North America. Methods--We used a previously published dataset to evaluate functional diversity at 67 sites in the eastern U.S. and quantified 14 taxonomic, morphometric and natural history traits for 70 common ant species in the region. We used functional diversity metrics, functional groups and species distribution modelling methods to address our aims. We used stacked species distribution models and stacked functional group models to predict species assemblages and functional richness at the 67 sites and at a regional scale for current and future climatic conditions. Results--Species richness and functional diversity are positively correlated throughout the region. Under future climate scenarios, species richness and functional group richness were predicted to decrease in southern ecoregions and increase in northern ecoregions. This may be due to increased thermal stress for species in the southern extent of their ranges and increased habitat suitability in the northern ecoregions. Decomposers, arthropod community regulators and seed dispersers are forecast to be the most threatened ant functional groups. Main Conclusions--Climate change will likely lead to major changes in ant species richness and functional group richness in the forests of the north-eastern United States, and this may substantially alter ant-mediated ecosystem processes and services
Local scale carbon and nitrogen cycling in temperate forests, eastern U.S., 2017-2018
Data collected in 2017-2018 from individual mature canopy trees (and their surrounding soil) and from monospecific common garden plots to assess how aboveground and belowground carbon and nitrogen cycling are related. Data include foliar, litter, root, and soil carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes. Field sites span the eastern United States, including south-central Indiana (Moores Creek), Maryland (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center), Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania State University common garden), and Massachusetts (Harvard Forest).
Soil nitrogen availability and acidity: effects on aboveground production and belowground carbon allocation in mid- and late-successional mixed temperate forests (2009-2021)
In 2011, an experimental nitrogen x pH manipulation study was initiated in mid- and late-successional mixed temperate forests in central New York, USA to disentangle the often-confounded roles of nitrogen (N) and soil pH in driving various ecosystem processes. This data package contains forest productivity (wood, litterfall, and aboveground net primary production), total belowground carbon flux (TBCF), and leaf litterfall and fine root chemistry (C and N concentration) data collected from all experimental plots. It also includes plot-level, species-weighted estimates of measured and modeled photosynthesis (Anet) for the late-successional stands. Wood production, litterfall production, and litterfall chemistry data were collected between 2009 and 2019. Aboveground net primary production data are reported for a pre-treatment interval (2009-2011) and the interval including years 6-9 of experimental treatment (2016-2019). All other properties were measured between years 9 and 11 of the experiment (2019-2021).
Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on pine litter decomposition in temperate pine forests in California, Florida, and Minnesota
This experiment is designed to assess the generality of the effect of ECM fungi on leaf litter decomposition in temperate pine forests. To assess ECM fungal effects on decomposition, we established and ECM fungal knockdown experiment (via trenching) in nine temperate pine forests in California, Florida, and Minnesota. In litter bags incubated (July 2021-July 2022) in paired trenched and untrenched plots at each site we compared leaf litter decomposition (of native pine litter and a common Pinus strobus litter), fungal community composition (via high throughput sequencing), fungal abundance (via qPCR), decomposition enzyme expression, and soil nutrient availability. Contrary to widely cited theory and other results from a subset of our field sites, we found that ECM fungi either increased or did not impact pine litter decomposition in temperate pine forests.
Roots Carbon Dynamics in Temperate forest roots, Thuringia, Germany
<p>These files contain radiocarbon, d13C, NSC concentrations, and CO2 efflux rates measured for aspen (<em>Populus tremula</em> hybrids) roots collected during 2018 growing season in the Großer Hermannsberg Mountain, Germany (50°42’50’’ N, 10°36’13’’ E, 616 m a.s.l).</p> <p>Coarse (> 2 mm) and fine (2 ≤ mm) roots collected from three 'treatments': before stem girdling (Pre-girdling), ~3 months after girdling (Girdling) and ~3 months after girdling but in un-girdled trees (Control). The files with the relevant results: '13C', '14C', 'CO2_efflux', 'NSC'.</p> <p>Few roots from the 'Pre-girdling' treatment were incubated for respiration measurements 7 d after harvest. The files with the relevant results: 'Repeated_incubations_isotopes', 'Repeated_incubations_fluxes'. </p> <p>Results of incubations used for Q10 calculations presented in the file 'CO2_efflux_Q10'.</p> <p>Temperature and rainfall in the site during 2018 growing season are presented in the file 'Field_temperature_rainfall'.</p> <p>Results used to reconstruct local atmospheric D14C-CO2 record are presented in the file 'Local_atmospheric_CO2_D14C'.</p> <p>The file 'Metadata' contains information about the headers in the other files.</p>
Potential forest conservation value rasters for Denmark from Assmann et al. "LiDAR data fusion and machine learning identify temperate forests of high conservation value"
<p>Potential forest conservation value (high / low) rasters for Denmark based on a remote sensing data fusion approach. Please see manuscript (below) for a detailed description of the methods and data products. </p> <p><br>Jakob J. Assmann, Pil B. M. Pedersen, Jesper E. Moeslund, Cornelius Senf, Urs A. Treier, Derek Corcoran, Zsófia Koma, Thomas Nord-Larsen, Signe Normand. In prep. LiDAR data fusion and machine learning identify temperate forests of high conservation value.</p> <p><br>When using the data, please cite the above manuscript. </p> <p><br>Files description:</p> <ul> <li>Compressed and cloud optimised rasters of potential forest conservation value projections for Denmark (10 m res.) in EPSG:3857 <ul> <li>forest_quality_ranger_biowide_10m_cog_epsg3857.tif RandomForest model projections based on BIOWIDE stratification (!! best performing model !!)</li> <li>forest_quality_ranger_sustainscapes_10m_cog_epsg3857.tif RandomForest model projections based on SustainScapes stratification</li> <li>forest_quality_gbm_biowide_10m_cog_epsg3857.tif GBM model projections based on BIOWIDE stratification</li> <li>forest_quality_gbm_sustainscapes_10m_cog_epsg3857.tif GBM model projections based on SustainScapes stratification</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Aggregated rasters of potential forest conservation value projections for Denmark (100 m res.) in EPSG:25832 <ul> <li>forest_quality_ranger_biowide_100m.tif RandomForest model projections based on BIOWIDE stratification (!! best performing model !!)</li> <li>forest_quality_ranger_sustainscapes_100m.tif RandomForest model projections based on SustainScapes stratification</li> <li>forest_quality_gbm_biowide_100m.tif GBM model projections based on BIOWIDE stratification</li> <li>forest_quality_gbm_sustainscapes_100m.tif GBM model projections based on SustainScapes stratification </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Uncompressed and tiled rasters of potential forest conservation value projections for Denmark (10 m res.) in EPSG:25832<br>Please note: the archives contain approx. 42k tiles, each 10 x 10 km, as well as a VRT file for covenient loading. <ul> <li>forest_quality_ranger_biowide_10m.zip RandomForest model projections based on BIOWIDE stratification (!! best performing model !!)</li> <li>forest_quality_ranger_sustainscapes_10m.zip RandomForest model projections based on SustainScapes stratification</li> <li>forest_quality_gbm_biowide_10m.zip GBM model projections based on BIOWIDE stratification</li> <li>forest_quality_gbm_sustainscapes_10m.zip GBM model projections based on SustainScapes stratification</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T2.5 Temperate pyric humid forests
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>T2.5 Temperate pyric humid forests</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T2.6 Temperate pyric sclerophyll forests and woodlands
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>T2.6 Temperate pyric sclerophyll forests and woodlands</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T2.1 Boreal and temperate high montane forests and woodlands
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>T2.1 Boreal and temperate high montane forests and woodlands</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T2.2 Deciduous temperate forests
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>T2.2 Deciduous temperate forests</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T2.4 Warm temperate laurophyll forests
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>T2.4 Warm temperate laurophyll forests</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Thermal balance of forests in the Mediterranean-temperate ecotone
<p><strong>Thermal balance of forests in the Mediterranean-temperate ecotone.</strong></p> <p>This dataset comprises the data used in the manuscript "Disentangling the role of Forest structure and functional traits for the thermal balance in the Mediterranean–Temperate Ecotone", to be submitted to a scientific journal shortly after the publication date of this dataset. Data comprise 54 variables including case categorization, meteorological, climatic and forest structural variables and the thermal balance of the forest estimated from <a href="https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov">ECOSTRESS</a> remote sensing measurements.</p> <p> </p>
Simulations for: The anthropogenic imprint on temperate and boreal forest demography and carbon turnover
<p>LPJ-GUESS model output underlying analysis in:<br> Thomas A. M. Pugh, Rupert Seidl, Daijun Liu, Mats Lindeskog, Louise P. Chini, Cornelius Senf, The anthropogenic imprint on temperate and boreal forest demography and carbon turnover, Global Ecology and Biogeography. 10.1111/geb.13773</p> <p>For a full description of the simulations, please refer to the above paper. If using the data please cite this dataset and the publication above.</p> <p>Files are provided as netcdf4 files. Basic metadata is included in the headers of the individual files.</p> <p># Simulation types<br> _standard_nat_2014 -> Best estimate simulation under natural disturbance. Averaging period 2001-2014<br> _high_nat_2014 -> Upper estimate simulation under natural disturbance. Averaging period 2001-2014<br> _low_nat_2014 -> Lower estimate simulation under natural disturbance. Averaging period 2001-2014<br> _standard_nat_1990 -> Best estimate simulation under natural disturbance. Averaging period 1961-1990<br> _standard_natcc_2014 -> Best estimate simulation based on closed-canopy forest area calculations under natural disturbance. Averaging period 2001-2014<br> _standard_anthro_2014 -> Best estimate simulation under natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Averaging period 2001-2014<br> _high_anthro_2014 -> Upper estimate simulation under natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Averaging period 2001-2014<br> _low_anthro_2014 -> Lower estimate simulation under natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Averaging period 2001-2014<br> _site_recovery_Eurasia_nodist -> Site simulations for 4 Eurasian sites looking at the successional sequence. 800 years long under constant spinup environmental conditions.<br> _site_recovery_America_nodist -> Site simulations for 5 North American sites looking at the successional sequence. 800 years long under constant spinup environmental conditions.</p> <p># Variables (for units see netcdf metadata)<br> Cveg -> Live vegetation carbon<br> Clitter -> Litter carbon<br> Csoil -> Soil carbon<br> LAI -> Leaf area index<br> NPP -> Net primary productivity<br> GPP -> Gross primary productivity<br> distprob -> Natural disturbance probability<br> age -> Stand age structure<br> temprange -> Annual temperature range (based on monthly means)<br> wooddensity -> community mean wood density</p> <p>Note:<br> All nat simulations assume that forest covers the whole grid cell.<br> All anthro simulations assume that forest only covers the primary and secondary fractions of the grid cell, as defined in the LUH2 dataset, however values are given relative to the whole grid cell. I.e. value_on_forest_area * (primary_area_fraction+secondary_area_fraction).</p>
Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in tree rings and basal area increment from mature temperate forests within the AmeriFlux network.
Data were used to investigate long-term changes in tree intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE, i.e., the ratio between CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance) and the underlying physiological mechanisms. We used delta18O to estimate the 18O enrichment in leaf water above the source water, Delta18OLW. Moreover we assessed the relationship between isotope-derived parameters and atmospheric CO2 (ca) and climate factors. Isotope-related parameters included in the dataset are: alpha-cellulose delta13C, carbon isotope discrimination (Delta13C), intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) and the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ci/ca), alpha-cellulose delta18O, estimated delta18O in precipitation (see Method), oxygen isotope discrimination above the source water (Delta18O). The dataset includes also the following climate parameters: growing season temperature (Tgrs), precipitation (Pgrs) and vapor pressure deficit (VPDgrs) and mean annual temperature (Ta), precipitation (Pa) and vapor pressure deficit (VPDa), and standard precipitation-evaporation index relative to August, with 3 months lag (SPEI8_3) from the global database. Finally, we also include the ca values that were used to calculate delta13C, iWUE and ci/ca. All the equations used to calculate the isotope-derived parameters, including the leaf water Delta18O (see Figure 3 in Guerrieri et al. 2019 PNAS) are also provided.
Data for a leaf litter decomposition study and soil density fractionation analysis at a whole-watershed fertilization experiment in a temperate forest
To assess how elevated N deposition influences leaf litter decomposition dynamics and soil organic matter formation in a temperate deciduous forest, we coupled a reciprocal transplant leaf litter decomposition study with an analysis of the distribution of soil organic matter in mineral associated and particulate organic matter fractions at a long-term, whole-watershed, N fertilization experiment. We found that nearly 30 years of N additions slowed decay rates by about 11% for leaf litter decomposed in the fertilized watershed, regardless of the watershed from which the initial litter was collected. An apparent consequence of the altered rates of decomposition was that the soil in the fertilized watershed had about a 40% greater fraction of SOM in light particulate organic matter compared to the reference watershed, which was positively correlated with the bulk soil carbon to nitrogen ratio. Collectively, our results suggest that under conditions of N saturation, the physical transfer pathway of SOM formation is favored, which can have important implications for the future of the soil organic matter stock and nutrient cycling.
Code and data for SylvanSeeds, a seed germination database for temperate deciduous forests
<p>This is a version of record of the manuscript's data and code as accepted by the Journal of Vegetation Science.</p>
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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