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81 results for “temperate grasslands”
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T6.4 Temperate alpine grasslands and shrublands
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>T6.4 Temperate alpine grasslands and shrublands</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Mechanisms influencing physically sequestered soil carbon in temperate restored grasslands in South Africa and North America
This dataset contains a measurement of physically protected carbon (microaggregate-within-macroaggregate C) and potential drivers of physically protected C accumulation during grassland restoration. The data were collected from three independent grassland restorations from agriculture in North America and South Africa. Northeast Kansas, USA data were collected in May 2013. Northeast Free State, RSA data were collected in September–November 2005. Southeast Nebraska, USA data were collected in October 2008–May 2008. Aggregate fractionations were performed by hierarchical wet sieving (Six et al 2000). Carbon and N quantification were done by flash combustion-gas chromatography. Microbial biomass C quantification was performed with chloroform fumigation-incubation (chloroform fumigation-extraction in the case of northeast Kansas). Phospholipid fatty acid biomass analysis was conducted using the methods of Bligh and Dyer (1959).
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T4.5 Temperate subhumid grasslands
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>T4.5 Temperate subhumid grasslands</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.1). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) and Keith <em>et al.</em> (2022) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Data from: Opposing responses of temporal stability of aboveground and belowground net primary productivity to water and nitrogen enrichment in a temperate grassland
<p><span>Changes in water and nitrogen availability, as important elements of global environmental change, are known to affect the temporal stability of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). However, evidences for their effects on the temporal stability of belowground net primary productivity (BNPP), and whether such effects are consistent between belowground and aboveground, are rather scarce. Here, we investigated the responses of temporal stability of both ANPP and BNPP to water and nitrogen addition based on a 9-year manipulative experiment in a temperate grassland in northern China. The results showed that the temporal stability of ANPP increased with water addition but decreased with nitrogen addition. By contrast, the temporal stability of BNPP decreased with water addition but increased with nitrogen enrichment. The temporal stability of ANPP was mainly determined by the soil moisture and inorganic nitrogen, which modulated species asynchrony, as well as by the stability of dominant species. On the other hand, the temporal stability of BNPP was mainly driven by the soil moisture and inorganic nitrogen that modulated ANPP of grasses, and by the direct effect of soil water availability. Our study provides the first evidence on the opposite responses of aboveground and belowground grassland temporal stability to increased water and nitrogen availability, highlighting the importance of considering both aboveground and belowground components of ecosystems for a more comprehensive understanding of their dynamics.</span></p>
Experimental evidence that nest orientation influences microclimate in a temperate grassland
<p>Birds exhibit an assortment of behavioral strategies to cope with variable environmental conditions during reproduction, including altering nest construction behaviors. In species building enclosed domed nests, the microclimate within nests is influenced not only by its structure and the surrounding vegetation but also by the orientation of the nest opening. Many grassland-dependent birds build dome-shaped nests with clear directionality of openings. We studied two species in northeastern Kansas, United States that typically orient their nests east to northeast in this region. However, in a drought year, both Grasshopper Sparrows (<em>Ammodramus savannarum</em>) and Eastern Meadowlarks (<em>Sturnella manga</em>) shifted orientations of their nests southward toward prevailing winds. We hypothesized that this shift reduced the deleterious effects of heat stress on parents and developing young by diminishing morning solar radiation and increasing cooling due to the prevailing southerly winds. To test this hypothesis, we measured temperature, humidity, and wind speed at pairs of unoccupied, field-collected sparrow and meadowlark nests, experimentally placed to face south or east (control) in a non-drought year. Nest orientation affected the daily microclimate patterns, with south-facing nests warming later in the day relative to east-facing nests. The temperature differences depended upon humidity, with south-facing nests being relatively cooler under more humid conditions. This work provides the first experimental evidence of the benefits of plasticity in nest construction under challenging thermoregulatory conditions and shows how ground-nesting birds may reduce thermoregulatory demands during incubation under climate variation.</p>
Data and R code used in Delory et al (2019) The exotic species Senecio inaequidens pays the price for arriving late in temperate European grassland communities
<p>This is the first release of the data and R code used in Delory et al (2019) The exotic species Senecio inaequidens pays the price for arriving late in temperate European grassland communities.</p>
Data from: Opposing responses of temporal stability of aboveground and belowground net primary productivity to water and nitrogen enrichment in a temperate grassland
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Experimental evidence that nest orientation influences microclimate in a temperate grassland
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Data from: Differential responses of community-level functional traits to mid- and late-season experimental drought in a temperate grassland
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Dataset for "Seasonal dynamics of the COS and CO2 exchange of a managed temperate grassland"
<p>Data of measurements and model output of the publication "Seasonal dynamics of the COS and CO<sub>2</sub> exchange of a managed temperate grassland". https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-27</p> <p>Data consists of micrometeorological data, COS and CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements for a managed temperate mountain grassland in Austria.</p> <p>For additional information please contact: <a href="mailto:Georg.Wohlfahrt@uibk.ac.at">Georg.Wohlfahrt@uibk.ac.at</a></p> <p>changes in version 2: includes extrapolated COS mixing ratios & includes the ustar filter for the flux data</p> <p>changes in version 3: corrected every instance of mixing ratio with mole fraction </p>
Drought survival is positively associated with high turgor loss points in temperate perennial grassland species
<p>1. Turgor loss point (π<sub>tlp</sub>) has been suggested to be a key trait for drought resistance in woody species. In herbaceous grassland species the role of π<sub>tlp</sub> for species drought survival has not yet been tested, although grasslands are projected to experience more frequent and intense droughts with climate change.</p> <p>2. To gain insights into the role of π<sub>tlp</sub> for drought resistance of temperate perennial grassland species, we assessed π<sub>tlp</sub> of 41 species common in Germany (20 forbs, 21 grasses). We directly related them to the species' comparative whole-plant drought survival and midday leaf water potentials under drought (Ψ<sub>MD</sub>) assessed in a common garden drought experiment, and to species moisture association.</p> <p>3. Species drought survival increased with increasing π<sub>tlp</sub> across all species as well as within forbs or grasses separately. Ψ<sub>MD</sub> was positively related to π<sub>tlp</sub> and drought survival. Our results imply that high π<sub>tlp</sub> promotes drought survival of common perennial European temperate mesic grassland species by enabling them to maintain high leaf water potentials under drought, i.e., a desiccation avoidance strategy. However, π<sub>tlp</sub> was not related to species moisture association.</p> <p>4. The positive relationship between π<sub>tlp</sub> and drought survival in herbaceous grassland species was opposite to the negative relationship previously established in woody plants, implying that mechanisms of drought resistance differ between woody and herbaceous species. Our results highlight the necessity of directly testing the relationship of functional traits to whole-plant drought survival in different plant life forms, before using trait assessments for predicting plant responses to drought.</p>
Data for Torppa et al. 2023 'Soil moisture and fertility drive earthworm diversity in north temperate semi-natural grasslands'
<p>The dataset consists of the data that supports the findings of the article 'Soil moisture and fertility drive earthworm diversity in north temperate semi-natural grasslands' written by Torppa et al. and published in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment in 2023. The data consists of earthworm community data and environmental data related to soil, vegetation, management and landscape, as well as accession numbers to the earthworm specimens in BOLD and GenBank.</p>
Deepened snow cover mitigates soil carbon loss from intensive land use in a semi-arid temperate grassland
<p>Carbon (C) loss due to soil erosion is a major issue in semi-arid grasslands. The extent of soil erosion is determined by soil properties and vegetation structure, especially during the non-growing season. In many Inner Mongolian grasslands, intensive land use, such as overgrazing and mowing, has severely reduced plant cover and damaged soil structure, which has exacerbated soil C loss by erosion. At the same time, increasing winter snowfall due to climate change is stimulating plant growth and altering plant composition. However, we do not know how changes in winter snow cover interact with land-use practices to regulate soil C loss due to erosion.</p> <p>Here, we conducted a six-year snow manipulation experiment under different land-use practices (control; moderately mowed, MM; heavily mowed, HM) to measure net changes in soil depth, soil C, plant biomass, and vegetation structure.</p> <p>After six years, soil C loss under ambient snow was three times greater in the MM and four times greater in the HM treatment compared with controls during non-growing season. However, deepened winter snow alleviated erosion-induced soil C loss by 14%, 47%, 16% in the controls, MM and HM treatments, respectively.</p> <p>The severity of soil C loss declined with increasing aboveground biomass (AGB), surface root biomass and vegetation structure. Vegetation structure and AGB explained more of the variation in soil C loss than surface root biomass, possibly because a complex canopy and plant cover increases overall surface roughness, thereby reducing soil C loss. Intensified land use reduced AGB, surface root biomass and vegetation structure, but deepened snow increased overall surface roughness by promoting AGB. Hence, our study demonstrates that deepened snow can alleviate soil C loss due to land use practices by promoting AGB.</p>
The effect of niche filtering on plant species abundance in temperate grassland communities
<p>1. Niche filtering predicts that abundant species in communities have similar traits that are suitable for the environment. However, niche filtering can operate on distinct axes of trait variation in response to different ecological conditions. Here, we use a trait-based approach to infer niche filtering processes and (1) test if abundant and rare species in grassland communities are differently positioned along distinct axes of trait variation, (2) determine if these trait variation axes, as well as phylogenetic and functional similarities, drive species relative abundance (aboveground cover) within communities, and (3) explore if these relationships vary across grassland types and macro-climatic gradients.</p> <p>2. We analysed species abundance in a set of ~2,000 vegetation plots from temperate grasslands in Central Europe as a function of species position along three axes of trait variation: the 'Plant Size Spectrum' (PSS), the 'Leaf Economics Spectrum' (LES), and the 'Lifespan/Clonality Spectrum' (LCS). We also used phylogenetic and functional similarities in the multi-dimensional trait space as predictors of species abundance. We compared our results among alpine, wet, mesic, and dry grasslands and tested if the effect of the predictors on species abundance was significant across macro-climatic gradients.</p> <p>3. Compared to abundant species, rare species in grassland communities were more commonly annual and non-clonal, had lower stature and smaller leaves and seeds, and relied on more acquisitive leaf economics. Our predictors significantly explained species abundance in approximately one-third of the plots. LES was the most important predictor across all plots, with the most prominent effect in alpine and dry grasslands and areas with more extreme temperatures. In contrast, in mesic and wet grasslands and grasslands located in warmer and less seasonal regions, species abundance was best predicted by phylogenetic similarities between species, with Poaceae species becoming more abundant.</p> <p>4. Our study explored trait-abundance relationships for different community types across a large area and broad macro-climatic gradients. We conclude that niche filtering, and particularly resource-acquisition trade-offs, drives species abundance in temperate grassland communities of Central Europe. Our findings emphasize the interaction between local environmental conditions and plant function in determining community assembly.</p>
Soil carbon maintained by perennial grasslands but lost in field crop systems over 30 years in a temperate Mollisol according to longitudinal, compaction-corrected, full-soil profile analysis
<p>To mitigate climate change, some seek to store carbon from the atmosphere in agricultural soils. However, our understanding of how agriculture affects soil organic carbon (SOC) is muddied by studies 1) lacking longitudinal data, 2) ignoring bulk density changes, or 3) sampling only surface soils. To better understand SOC trends, here we measured changes over 30 years in density-corrected, full-soil-depth (90 cm) SOC stocks under 6 cropping systems and a restored prairie in a Mollisol of southern Wisconsin, USA. Cash-grain systems and alfalfa-based systems lost SOC. Prairie and rotationally-grazed pasture maintained SOC. Average SOC losses for cash-grain and alfalfa-based systems were -0.82 (±0.12) and -0.64 (±0.17) Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that incomplete methodologies overestimated SOC improvements. Our findings using more comprehensive methods demonstrate the inadequacy of row-crop systems and the need for well-managed grasslands to protect SOC in productive agricultural soils of the Upper Midwest USA.</p>
Both diversity and functional composition affect productivity and water use efficiency in experimental temperate grasslands
<p>Many experiments have shown that biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning and stability and that this relationship varies with resource availability. However, we still have a poor understanding of the underlying physiological and ecological mechanisms driving diversity effects and how they may interact with soil nutrient availability.</p> <p>We collected data in a grassland experiment factorially manipulating fertilization, species richness, functional composition (slow-growing <i>vs</i>. fast-growing species), and functional diversity in resource economic traits. We measured aboveground productivity, nitrogen (N) uptake, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency by combining a <sup>15</sup>N labelling approach with productivity, gas exchange, and stable isotope measurements in three years differing in rainfall.</p> <p>We found that sown species richness increased aboveground productivity, N uptake and photosynthesis, suggesting that species richness is the most important driver of ecosystem productivity and nutrient cycling. Similarly, photosynthesis was affected by functional composition but not by functional diversity. Water use efficiency was reduced by sown species richness for communities dominated by slow growing species but not for communities dominated by fast growing species. Fertilization increased productivity, N uptake and water use efficiency. The positive effects of high species richness on ecosystem functions were independent of fertility levels.</p> <p><i>Synthesis</i>. Our results provide evidence that high species richness in temperate grasslands could enhance productivity and reduce the negative impacts of drought events. Multiple factors and community characteristics are important in driving enhanced ecosystem functioning in biodiverse grasslands and seem to affect functioning and stability through different mechanisms.</p>
Nutrient effects on drought responses vary across common temperate grassland species
<p><span>Drought and nutrient input are two main global change drivers that threaten ecosystem function and services. Resolving the interactive effects of human-induced stressors on individual species is necessary to improve our understanding of community and ecosystem responses. This study comparatively assessed how different nutrient conditions affect whole-plant drought responses across 13 common temperate grassland species. We conducted a fully factorial drought-fertilization experiment to examine the effect of nutrient addition (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), combined NP) on </span><span>species' </span><span>drought survival, and on drought resistance of growth as well as drought</span><span> legacy effects.</span><span> Drought had an overall negative effect on survival and growth, and the adverse drought effects extended into the next growing season. Neither drought resistance nor </span><span>legacy effects </span><span>exhibited an overall effect of nutrients. Instead, both the size and the direction of the effects differed strongly among species and between nutrient conditions. Consistently, species performance ranking under drought changed with nitrogen availability. The idiosyncratic responses of species to drought under different nutrient conditions may underlie the seemingly contradicting effects of drought in studies on grassland composition and productivity along nutrient and land-use gradients – ranging from amplifying to dampening. Differential species' responses to combinations of nutrients and drought, as observed in our study, complicate predictions of community and ecosystem responses to climate and land-use changes. Moreover, they highlight the urgent need for an improved understanding of the mechanisms that render species more or less vulnerable to drought under different nutrients.</span></p>
Local and landscape environmental heterogeneity drive ant community structure in temperate semi-natural upland grasslands
<p>Environmental heterogeneity is an important driver of ecological communities. Here, we assessed the effects of local and landscape spatial environmental heterogeneity on ant community structure in temperate semi-natural upland grasslands of Central Germany. We surveyed 33 grassland sites representing a gradient in elevation and landscape composition. Local environmental heterogeneity was measured in terms of variability of temperature and moisture within and between grassland sites. Grassland management type (pasture vs. meadows) was additionally included as a local environmental heterogeneity measure. The complexity of habitat types in the surroundings of grassland sites was used as a measure of landscape environmental heterogeneity. As descriptors of ant community structure, we considered species composition, community evenness, and functional response traits. We found that extensively grazed pastures and within-site heterogeneity in soil moisture at local scale, and a high diversity of land cover types at the landscape scale affected ant species composition by promoting nest densities. Ant community evenness was high in wetter grasslands with low within-site variability in soil moisture and surrounded by a less diverse landscape. Fourth-corner models revealed that ant community structure response to environmental heterogeneity was mediated mainly by worker size, colony size, and life history traits related with colony reproduction and foundation. We discuss how withinsite local variability in soil moisture and low-intensity grazing promote ant species densities, and highlight the role of habitat temperature and humidity in affecting community evenness. We hypothesize that a higher diversity of land cover types in a forest-dominated landscape buffers less favorable environmental conditions for ant species establishment and dispersal between grasslands. We conclude that spatial environmental heterogeneity at local and landscape scales plays an important role as a deterministic force in filtering ant species and, along with neutral processes (e.g. stochastic colonization), in shaping ant community structure in temperate semi-natural upland grasslands.</p>
Both diversity and functional composition affect productivity and water use efficiency in experimental temperate grasslands
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The effect of niche filtering on plant species abundance in temperate grassland communities
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