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50 results for “temperate zone”
Ant Functional Diversity in Temperate Zone Forests: A Comparison with Neotropical Ants 2010
Predicted impacts of climatic change on ant functional diversity and distributions in eastern North American forests Aims--Climatic change is expected to rearrange species assemblages and ultimately affect organism-mediated ecosystem processes. We focus on identifying patterns and relationships between common ant species (representing 99% of total ant records) richness and functional diversity; modelling how these patterns may change at local and regional scales in future climatic conditions; and interpreting how these changes might influence ant-mediated ecosystem processes. Location--Forested ecosystems of eastern North America. Methods--We used a previously published dataset to evaluate functional diversity at 67 sites in the eastern U.S. and quantified 14 taxonomic, morphometric and natural history traits for 70 common ant species in the region. We used functional diversity metrics, functional groups and species distribution modelling methods to address our aims. We used stacked species distribution models and stacked functional group models to predict species assemblages and functional richness at the 67 sites and at a regional scale for current and future climatic conditions. Results--Species richness and functional diversity are positively correlated throughout the region. Under future climate scenarios, species richness and functional group richness were predicted to decrease in southern ecoregions and increase in northern ecoregions. This may be due to increased thermal stress for species in the southern extent of their ranges and increased habitat suitability in the northern ecoregions. Decomposers, arthropod community regulators and seed dispersers are forecast to be the most threatened ant functional groups. Main Conclusions--Climate change will likely lead to major changes in ant species richness and functional group richness in the forests of the north-eastern United States, and this may substantially alter ant-mediated ecosystem processes and services
Fig. A3 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. A3. Map of the occurrences of Zonitoides arboreus s.l. and Zonitoides nitidus used for the calculation of climatic suitability for the 20 km grid resolution.
Fig. A4 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. A4. Global climatic suitability for: (a) Zonitoides arboreus s.l.; and (b) Zonitoides nitidus based on Mahalanobis distances using the 20 km grid resolution. The higher the threshold, the more dissimilar are the climatic conditions to those of the majority of known occurrences, and>100% means that the climatic conditions are dissimilar to those of any other available record. Please note that the deserts of Africa, Arabia and Australia are unlikely places for a snail that inhabits (temperate) forests in its native range (Z. arboreus s.l.), and that the Great Lakes Region that seems well inhabited by Z. nitidus does not fully match its climate, what can only be explained from effects of averaging local climates at a larger grid scale.
Fig. A1 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. A1. Map of the occurrences of Zonitoides arboreus s.l. used for the calculation of climatic suitability for the 10 km grid resolution.
Fig. 4 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. 4. Position of the new locations (L1 and L2, enumeration for each species separately) in Sabah in relation to the Mahalanobis distances of climatic variables for: (a) Zonitoides arboreus s.l., and (b) Z. nitidus. Record ID refers to the order of the data entry.
Fig. 2 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. 2. Global climatic suitability for (a) Zonitoides arboreus s.l. and (b) Zonitoides nitidus based on Mahalanobis distances from the 10 km grid resolution. The higher the threshold, the more dissimilar are the climatic conditions to those of the majority of known occurrences, and>100 % means that the climatic conditions are dissimilar to those of any other available record.
Fig. 1 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. 1. Estimation of the phylogenetic relationships of the COI barcoding sequence from the Zonitoides specimens and two outgroups (labeled with their BOLD or GenBank accession numbers) using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura-Nei model. The tree with the highest log likelihood (−2138.3583) is shown. Branch lengths equal genetic distances in terms of the number of base substitutions per site. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The tree was constructed in MEGA 6.0. Please note that the shell of (living) Z. nitidus is darkly pigmented, and that the extended animal of the depicted Z. nitidus started fading.
Fig. A2 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. A2. Map of the occurrences of Zonitoides nitidus used for the calculation of climatic suitability for the 10 km grid resolution.
Malaise-trap metabarcoding dataset from temperate-zone forest Oregon, USA
<p>DNA-based biodiversity surveys involve collecting physical samples from survey sites and assaying the contents in the laboratory to detect species via their diagnostic DNA sequences. DNA-based surveys are increasingly being adopted for biodiversity monitoring and decision-making. The most commonly employed method is metabarcoding, which combines PCR with high-throughput DNA sequencing to amplify and then read `DNA barcode' sequences. This process generates count data indicating the number of times each DNA barcode was read. However, DNA-based data are noisy and error-prone, with several sources of variation. In this paper, we present a unifying modelling framework for DNA-based survey data, <strong>eDNAPlus</strong>, for the first time simultaneously allowing for key sources of variation, error and noise in the data-generating process. As we discuss, metabarcoding data alone cannot be used to estimate the species-specific amount of DNA present, or DNA concentration, at surveyed sites. Instead, we estimate changes in DNA biomass within species, across sites, and link those changes to environmental covariates, while accounting for between-species and between-sites correlation. Inference is performed using MCMC, where we employ Gibbs or Metropolis-Hastings updates with Laplace approximations. We further implement a re-parameterisation scheme, appropriate for crossed-effects models, leading to improved mixing, and an adaptive approach for updating latent variables, which reduces computation time. We discuss study design and present theoretical and simulation results to guide decisions on replication at different survey stages and on the use of quality control methods. Finally, we demonstrate the new framework on a dataset of Malaise-trap samples. Specifically, we quantify the effects of elevation and distance-to-road on each species, infer species correlations, and produce maps identifying areas of high biodiversity and species DNA biomass, which can be used to rank areas by conservation value. We also estimate the level of noise between sites and within sample replicates, and the probabilities of error at the PCR stage, which are found to be close to zero for most species considered, validating the employed laboratory processing.</p>
Malaise-trap metabarcoding dataset from temperate-zone forest Oregon, USA
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Habitat simplification affects functional group structure along with taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of temperate-zone ant assemblages over a ten-year period
<p>Biodiversity is declining at various scales due to habitat simplification. Nevertheless, there is scarce information on how the biotic and abiotic changes linked to simplification affect several diversity dimensions, such as taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversities. This study investigated whether transforming natural oak forests into induced grasslands affected species diversity, functional group structure, and phylogenetic diversity of ant assemblages inhabiting a temperate forest in central Mexico. We placed over 1,000 pitfall traps in five sampling events covering a ten-year period. We used Hill numbers to evaluate species diversity differences between vegetation types and patterns over time. Ant species were classified into stress-related functional groups, which were analyzed for their association with vegetation types and changes to their proportional abundance over time. We calculated the standardized effect size of the mean nearest taxon distance to quantify the evolutionary history and test for non-random patterns within vegetation types and sampling years. Species richness did not differ between vegetation types, yet grasslands showed greater diversity for the q=1 and q=2 orders. Besides, we found three ant species as bioindicators for each vegetation. Regarding functional structure, cold climate specialists were associated with oak forests. In contrast, generalist species were predominant in induced grasslands. Higher phylogenetic diversity with an overdispersed structure was associated with oak forest, whereas lower phylogenetic diversity and a clustered pattern were found in induced grassland. These results indicate that habitat simplification may not affect the number of ant species but rather increases their relative abundance and reorganizes the functional and phylogenetic structure in the ecosystem, particularly shift towards the dominance of evolutionary close-related species and broad-stress tolerant groups. These results highlight the importance of integrating further dimensions of diversity to properly evaluate the reassembly dynamics after habitat simplification and understand the mechanisms driving this biodiversity loss.</p>
Out of the temperate zone: a phylogenomic test of the biogeographical conservatism hypothesis in a contrarian clade of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Stenammini)
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The standard latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), in which species richness decreases from equator to pole, is a pervasive pattern observed in most organisms. Some lineages, however, exhibit inverse LDGs. Seemingly problematic, documenting and studying contrarian groups can advance understanding of LDGs generally. Here, we identify the ant tribe Stenammini as a contrarian clade and use a historical approach to evaluate alternative hypotheses that might explain the group's atypical diversity pattern. We focus on the biogeographical conservatism hypothesis (BCH) and the diversification rate hypothesis (DRH).</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Global.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Ants.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the shape of the LDG in Stenammini by plotting latitudinal midpoints for all described, extant species. We then inferred a genome-scale phylogeny and used the tree to estimate divergence dates and ancestral areas. We also examined diversification rate heterogeneity across the tree and tested for a correlation between rate and latitude.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Stenammini has a skewed inverse LDG with a richness peak in the northern temperate zone. Phylogenomic analyses revealed five major clades and several instances of non-monophyly among genera (<em>Goniomma, Aphaenogaster</em>). Stenammini and all its major lineages arose in the northern temperate zone. The tribe originated ~51 Ma during a climatic optimum and then diversified and dispersed southward as global climate cooled. Stenammini invaded the tropics at least seven times, but these events occurred more recently and were not linked with increased diversification. There is evidence for a diversification rate increase in Holarctic <em>Aphaenogaster</em> + <em>Messor</em>, but we found no significant correlation between latitude and diversification rate generally.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions:</strong> Our results largely support the BCH as an explanation for the inverse latitudinal gradient in Stenammini. The clade originated in the Holarctic and likely became more diverse there due to the combined effects of center-of-origin, time-for-speciation, and niche conservatism, rather than latitudinal differences in diversification rate.</p>
Temperate zone isolation by climate: an extension of Janzen's 1967 hypothesis
<p>One of the most stunning patterns of the distribution of life on Earth is the latitudinal biodiversity gradient. In an influential paper, Janzen (1967) predicted that tropical mountains are more effective migration barriers than temperate mountains of the same elevation because annual temperature variation in the tropics is lower. A great deal of research has demonstrated that the mechanism envisioned by Janzen operates at broad latitudinal scales. However, the extent that the mechanism mediates biodiversity generally, and at smaller scales, is far less understood. We investigated if climate overlap is associated with genetic similarity between populations within temperate regions using lizards in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, California, as a study system. By comparing genetic differentiation between high- and low-elevation populations, we found that in addition to the expected strong pattern of isolation by distance (IBD), climate overlap values were negatively associated with genetic differentiation, indicating that population pairs that inhabit climatically similar environments are less genetically differentiated. Moreover, while climate overlap between high- and low-elevation sites is predicted to increase from the equator to temperate regions, we find that in adjacent mountain ranges at the same latitude in temperate regions, climate overlap values can vary widely. This study suggests that in addition to the well-studied main effect of latitude on climate overlap and population differentiation, local climate factors within bioclimatic regions can also influence genetic differentiation between populations, and do so by the same general mechanism that operates at larger geographic scales.</p>
Habitat simplification affects functional group structure along with taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of temperate-zone ant assemblages over a ten-year period
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Out of the temperate zone: a phylogenomic test of the biogeographical conservatism hypothesis in a contrarian clade of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Stenammini)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Temperate zone isolation by climate: an extension of Janzen’s 1967 hypothesis
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
FIGURE 13 in Four new species of anthuroids (Peracarida: Isopoda) from the temperate-tropical transition zone of the western coast of Baja California Peninsula, Mexico
FIGURE 13. Colanthura guerreronegroensis sp. nov., holotype, female, 8.7 mm, CIB-0069_ISO 16, Guerrero Negro Lagoon, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, station 4. A) Pleopod 1; B) pleopod 2; C) uropodal endopod; D) uropodal exopod.
FIGURE 9 in Four new species of anthuroids (Peracarida: Isopoda) from the temperate-tropical transition zone of the western coast of Baja California Peninsula, Mexico
FIGURE 9. Mesanthura cocoae sp. nov., holotype, female, 8.7 mm, CIB-0063_ISO 10, Guerrero Negro Lagoon, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, station 4. A) Pereopod 1; B) palm of pereopod 1; C) pereopod 2; D) pereopod 3; E) pereopod 4; F) pereopod 5; G) pereopod 6.
FIGURE 11 in Four new species of anthuroids (Peracarida: Isopoda) from the temperate-tropical transition zone of the western coast of Baja California Peninsula, Mexico
FIGURE 11. Colanthura guerreronegroensis sp. nov., holotype, female, 8.7 mm, CIB-0069_ISO 16, Guerrero Negro Lagoon, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, E4. A) Body, dorsal view; B) pleon and pleotelson; C) antennula; D) antenna; E) mandible; F) maxilla; G) maxilliped.
FIGURE 8 in Four new species of anthuroids (Peracarida: Isopoda) from the temperate-tropical transition zone of the western coast of Baja California Peninsula, Mexico
FIGURE 8. Mesanthura cocoae sp. nov., holotype, female, 8.7 mm, CIB-0063_ISO 10, Guerrero Negro Lagoon, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, station 4. A) Body, dorsal view; B) antennula; C) antenna; D) mandible; E) maxilla; F) maxilliped.
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