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31 results for “temporal shifts”
Livestock activity shifts large herbivore temporal distributions to their crepuscular edges
<p>Wildlife species are transitioning to greater crepuscular and nocturnal activity in response to high human densities. This plasticity in temporal niches may partially mitigate the impacts of human activity but may also result in underestimating human effects on species foraging, predator-prey relationships, and community level interactions. We deployed remote cameras to characterize shifts in herbivore diel activity in protected habitat vs pastoralist landscapes. We then compared species traits including body mass, dietary preferences, and behavioral characteristics as potential predictors of species sensitivity to livestock. Our data capture a significant temporal shift away from core cattle activity for nearly every herbivore species in our study, leading to more crepuscular activity patterns. As livestock were primarily diurnal and predators primarily nocturnal in pastoralist habitat, species that decreased their overlap with livestock were more likely to increase their overlap with potential predators. Other than species' typical daytime activity levels, we found no evidence that any particular trait significantly predicted temporal shifts in response to livestock. Instead, species generally trended toward greater activity levels at dawn, suggesting that cattle have a homogenizing effect on community-wide activity patterns. Our findings highlight how cohabitation with livestock can profoundly alter the temporal niches of wild herbivores. Shifts in diel activity patterns may reduce herbivore foraging time or efficiency and potentially have cascading shifts on predator-prey dynamics. Given that species traits could not predict responses to livestock, our analysis suggests that conservation strategies should consider each species separately when designing interventions for wildlife management.</p>
Resources for: Spatio-temporal integrated Bayesian species distribution models reveal lack of broad relationships between traits and range shifts
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Climate change and habitat loss or degradation are some of the greatest threats that species face today, often resulting in range shifts. Species traits have been discussed as important predictors of range shifts, with the identification of general trends being of great interest for conservation efforts. However, studies reviewing relationships between traits and range shifts have questioned the existence of such generalized trends, due to mixed results and weak correlations, as well as analytical shortcomings. The aim of this study was to test this relationship empirically, using analytical approaches that account for common sources of bias when assessing range trends.<br><strong>Location</strong>: Tanzania, East Africa.<br><strong>Time period</strong>: 1980-1999 and 2000-2020.<br><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: 57 savannah specialist birds found in Tanzania, belonging to 26 families and 11 orders.<br><strong>Methods</strong>: We applied recently developed integrated spatio-temporal species distribution models in R-INLA, combining citizen science and bird atlas data to estimate ranges of species, quantify range shifts, and test the predictive power of traditional trait groups, as well as exposure-related and sensitivity traits. We based our study on 40 years of bird observations in East African savannahs, a biome that has experienced increasing climatic and non-climatic pressures over recent decades. We correlated patterns of change with species traits.<br><strong>Results</strong>: We find indications of relationships identified by previous research, but low average explanatory power of traits from an ecological perspective, confirming the lack of meaningful general associations. However, our analysis finds compelling species-specific results.<br><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: We highlight the importance of individual assessments, while demonstrating the usefulness of our analytical approach for analyses of range shifts.</p>
Data and model scripts for "Temporal shifts in iso/anisohydry revealed from daily observations of plant water potential in a dominant desert shrub"
<p>Model code and data as used for the first revision submitted to New Phytologist, Sept. 2019. </p> <p>Models are coded in JAGS and run in R via the package "rjags." Two model versions are presented:</p> <p>1) "mod_SAM.R" and "script_SAM.R" run the full, time-varying SAM model, utilizing both the plant water potential ("res.Rdata") and the environmental covariate data ("cov2.Rdata") and associated initial values ("initsSAM.Rdata")</p> <p>2) "mod_SIMPLE.R" and "script_SIMPLE.R" run the simple, time-invariant model, utilizing only the plant water potential data ("res.Rdata") and associated initial values ("initsSIMPLE.Rdata")</p>
Data from: Insect communities under skyglow: diffuse night-time illuminance induces spatio-temporal shifts in movement and predation
<p>We conducted our experiment at the iDiv Ecotron experimental facility, which is an indoor mesocosm facility consisting of independent, experimental chambers called “EcoUnits”. The Ecotron is located in Bad Lauchstädt, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, at the Experimental Research Station of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ, 51.3917° N, 11.8762° E). Multiple environmental conditions in the EcoUnits can be fully controlled (e.g., nutrient supply and irrigation). Each EcoUnit has internal dimensions of 1.46 m × 1.46 m × 1.50 m (L × W × H, aboveground) and 1.24 m × 1.24 m × 0.80 m (L × W × H, belowground) with the soil surface area measuring 1.54 m².</p> <p>To assess the interactive effects of diffuse nighttime illuminance and landscape structure on animal movement patterns, we established a patch-grassland system which consisted of four meadow patches within each of the corners of an EcoUnit, separated by an area of bare ground. The EcoUnits were filled with 1.23 m<sup>3</sup> of unsterilised and homogenised soil from the vicinity of the iDiv Ecotron, and plant communities of 16 plant species were sown on February 4th 2020. We allowed for a settlement phase of roughly 5 months before starting our measurements.</p> <p> </p> <p>Each heading below describes columns in the two datasets that describe the movement activity (RFID sensor detections) and predation (bite marks left on artificial caterpillar prey dummies) by the experimental insect communities.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>timestamp:</strong> Continuous value indicating the time and date (format: DD/MM/YYYY hh:mm:ss, timezone: UTC+2) at which a tagged individual was detected by an RFID sensor. We defined detections as distinct and only counted them when they (1) occurred on different sensors or when (2) at least 10 seconds had elapsed (without detection on the same sensor) between two consecutive detections on the same sensor. This prevented the repeated detection of resting or dead animals.</p> <p><strong>block_ID: </strong>Categorical value indicating whether an observation was made within the first or second temporal experimental block (b1, b2). Each block corresponded to a period of approximately one lunar cycle (i.e., 28 days: experimental block b1: 21.07.2020 - 18.08.2020, experimental block b2: 15.09.2020 - 13.10.2020).</p> <p><strong>rep_ID: </strong>Categorical value indicating the replicate prey dummy exposures (r2, r3, r4, r5) that took place within each 28-day temporal experimental block: r2 and r3 took place successively within block b1; r4 and r5 took place successively within block b2. NAs identify periods during each experimental block where prey dummies had not yet been deployed or were in the process of being collected/re-deployed. </p> <p><strong>unit_ID: </strong>Categorical value indicating the identity of each of the 12 EcoUnits at the iDiv Ecotron experimental facility.</p> <p><strong>patch_ID: </strong>Categorical value indicating the identify of each of the four meadow patches within each EcoUnit. Patch identities correspond to their coordinates within the EcoUnit.</p> <p><strong>x: </strong>Continuous value indicating the X-coordinate position of an RFID sensor or prey dummy within the Ecotron unit with respect to the position of each EcoUnit’s control panel.</p> <p><strong>y: </strong>Continuous value indicating the Y-coordinate position of an RFID sensor or prey dummy within the Ecotron unit with respect to the position of each EcoUnit’s control panel. </p> <p><strong>day_night: </strong>Categorical value indicating whether an individual was detected during the day (treatment lights off) or during the night (treatment lights on). Night includes the periods of dawn and dusk where daylight was gradually (i.e. linearly) brightened or dimmed over the course of two hours before sunrise and sunset, respectively.</p> <p><strong>habitat: </strong>Categorical value indicating whether a tagged individual was detected within a meadow patch (Patch) or within the area of bare ground (Matrix) which separates individual patches.</p> <p><strong>tag: </strong>Categorical value indicating the unique serial number associated with an RFID-tagged individual. This column is used to estimate local densities (sum of unique tag IDs detected).</p> <p><strong>species: </strong>Categorical value indicating the scientific name of the species according to the taxonomy of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (accessed via GBIF.org during 2020). Note that <em>Harpalus rufipes </em>(De Geer) is referred to in the database by its synonym <em>Pseudoophonus rufipes</em> (De Geer). Poecilus includes the species <em>Poecilus cupreus</em> and<em> Poecilus versicolor</em>. , <em>Harpalus affinis</em>, <em>Harpalus latus</em>) are pooled together at the genus level. </p> <p><strong>bodymass_mg: </strong>Continuous value indicating the live body mass of each tagged individual, excluding the added mass of the RFID tag.</p> <p><strong>detection: </strong>Integer with a fixed value of 1 representing the detection of a unique RFID tag. This column is used to estimate movement activity (sum of detections).</p> <p><strong>bite_count: </strong>Integer value indicating the number of bite marks recorded on an individual prey dummy during a 14-day exposure. Two independent observers scored the prey dummies by identifying and counting the bite marks left by carabid predators.</p> <p><strong>treatment_lux: </strong>Continuous value indicating the treatment of diffuse nighttime illuminance in Lux.</p>
Remote sensing and GPS tracking reveal temporal shifts in habitat use in nonbreeding Black-tailed Godwits
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Livestock activity shifts large herbivore temporal distributions to their crepuscular edges
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Resources for: Spatio-temporal integrated Bayesian species distribution models reveal lack of broad relationships between traits and range shifts
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Sampling a pika’s pantry: Temporal shifts in nutritional quality & over-winter preservation of American pika food caches
Climate change is increasing temperature, decreasing precipitation, and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in many ecosystems. As atmospheric carbon rises, plants may increase carbon-based defenses such as phenolics, thereby potentially affecting food quality, foraging habits, and habitat suitability for mammalian herbivores. In alpine habitats, the American pika (Ochotona princeps) is a model species for studying effects of changing plant chemistry on mammals. To survive between growing seasons, pikas cache “haypiles” of plants rich in phenolics. Although they are acutely toxic to pikas, phenolic compounds help plants retain biomass and nutrition during storage, and they break down over time. Alpine avens (Geum rossii, Rosales: Rosaceae) is a high-phenolic plant species that comprises up to 75% of pika winter diet in Colorado. Here, we tested the hypothesis that contemporary climate change has affected the nutritional value of Alpine avens to pikas in the last 30 years. Specifically, we compared phenolic activity, nutritional quality, and overwinter preservation of plants collected at Niwot Ridge, Colorado (USA) in 1992 to those collected between 2010 – 2018, spanning nearly three decades of climate change. Phenolic activity increased in alpine avens since 1992, while fiber and nitrogen content decreased. Importantly, overwinter preservation of plant biomass also increased, particularly on windblown slopes without long-lasting snow cover. Previous studies indicate that pikas at this site still depend on alpine avens in their winter food caches. Increasing phenolic content in alpine avens could therefore enhance the preservation of haypiles over winter; however, if pikas must further delay consuming these plants to avoid acute toxicity, then he nutritional gains from enhanced preservation may not be beneficial. This study provides important insights into how changing plant chemistry will affect mammalian herbivores in the future.
Raw GBIF data used in the article "Climate-induced range shifts drive adaptive response via spatio-temporal sieving of alleles"
<p>This table contains the raw (unfiltered) species occurrence data for Dianthus sylvestris complied from GBIF. A filtered subset of this data was combined with other data sources to define the input for the species distribution models used in the article "Climate-induced range shifts drive adaptive response via spatio-temporal sieving of alleles".</p>
Importance of spatio-temporal connectivity to maintain species experiencing range shifts
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Data from: Temporal partitioning of activity: rising and falling top-predator abundance triggers community-wide shifts in diel activity
Top predators cause avoidance behaviours in competitors and prey, which can lead to niche partitioning and facilitate coexistence. We investigate changes in partitioning of the temporal niche in a mammalian community in response to both the rapid decline in abundance of a top predator and its rapid increase, produced by two concurrent natural experiments: 1) the severe decline of the Tasmanian devil due to a transmissible cancer, and 2) the introduction of Tasmanian devils to an island, with subsequent population increase. We focus on devils, two mesopredators, and three prey species, allowing us to examine niche partitioning in the context of intra- and inter-specific competition, and predator-prey interactions. The most consistent shift in temporal activity occurred in devils themselves, which were active earlier in the night at high densities, presumably because of heightened intraspecific competition. When devils were rare, their closest competitor, the spotted-tailed quoll, increased activity in the early part of the night, resulting in increased overlap with the devil's temporal niche and suggesting release from interference competition. The invasive feral cat, another mesopredator, did not shift its temporal activity in response to either decreasing or increasing devil densities. Shifts in temporal activity of the major prey species of devils were stronger in response to rising than to falling devil densities. We infer that the costs associated with not avoiding predators when their density is rising (i.e., death) are higher than the costs of continuing to adopt avoidance behaviours as predator densities fall (i.e., loss of foraging opportunity), so rising predator densities may trigger more rapid shifts. The rapid changes in devil abundance provide a unique framework to test how the non-lethal effects of top predators affect community-wide partitioning of temporal niches, revealing that this top-predator has an important but varied influence on the diel activity of other species.
Data from: Sleepless in town – drivers of the temporal shift in dawn song in urban European Blackbirds
Organisms living in urban environments are exposed to different environmental conditions compared to their rural conspecifics. Especially anthropogenic noise and artificial night light are closely linked to urbanization and pose new challenges to urban species. Songbirds are particularly affected by these factors, because they rely on the spread of acoustic information and adjust their behaviour to the rhythm of night and day, e.g. time their dawn song according to changing light intensities. Our aim was to clarify the specific contributions of artificial night light and traffic noise on the timing of dawn song of urban European Blackbirds (Turdus merula). We investigated the onset of blackbird dawn song along a steep urban gradient ranging from an urban forest to the city centre of Leipzig, Germany. This gradient of anthropogenic noise and artificial night light was reflected in the timing of dawn song. In the city centre, blackbirds started their dawn song up to 5 hours earlier compared to those in semi-natural habitats. We found traffic noise to be the driving factor of the shift of dawn song into true night, although it was not completely separable from the effects of ambient night light. We additionally included meteorological conditions into the analysis and found an effect on the song onset. Cloudy and cold weather delayed the onset, but cloud cover was assumed to reflect night light emissions, thus, amplified sky luminance and increased the effect of artificial night light. Beside these temporal effects, we also found differences in the spatial autocorrelation of dawn song onset showing a much higher variability in noisy city areas than in rural parks and forests. These findings indicate that urban hazards such as ambient noise and light pollution show a manifold interference with naturally evolved cycles and have significant effects on the activity patterns of urban blackbirds.
Data from: A longitudinal genetic survey identifies temporal shifts in the population structure of Dutch house sparrows
Dutch house sparrow (Passer domesticus) densities dropped by nearly 50% since the early 1980s, and similar collapses in population sizes have been reported across Europe. Whether, and to what extent, such relatively recent demographic changes are accompanied by concomitant shifts in the genetic population structure of this species needs further investigation. Therefore, we here explore temporal shifts in genetic diversity, genetic structure and effective sizes of seven Dutch house sparrow populations. To allow the most powerful statistical inference, historical populations were resampled at identical locations and each individual bird was genotyped using nine polymorphic microsatellites. Although the demographic history was not reflected by a reduction in genetic diversity, levels of genetic differentiation increased over time, and the original, panmictic population (inferred from the museum samples) diverged into two distinct genetic clusters. Reductions in census size were supported by a substantial reduction in effective population size, although to a smaller extent. As most studies of contemporary house sparrow populations have been unable to identify genetic signatures of recent population declines, results of this study underpin the importance of longitudinal genetic surveys to unravel cryptic genetic patterns.
Data from: Community-wide changes in inter-taxonomic temporal co-occurrence resulting from phenological shifts
Global climate change is known to affect the assembly of ecological communities by altering species' spatial distribution patterns, but little is known about how climate change may affect community assembly by changing species' temporal co-occurrence patterns, which is highly likely given the widely observed phenological shifts associated with climate change. Here we analyzed a 29-year phenological data set comprising community-level information on the timing and span of temporal occurrence in 11 seasonally occurring animal taxon groups from 329 local meteorological observatories across China. We show that widespread shifts in phenology have resulted in community-wide changes in the temporal overlap between taxa that are dominated by extensions, and that these changes are largely due to taxa's altered span of temporal occurrence rather than the degree of synchrony in phenological shifts. Importantly, our findings also suggest that climate change may have led to less phenological mismatch than generally presumed, and that the context under which to discuss the ecological consequences of phenological shifts should be expanded beyond asynchronous shifts.
Data from: Community-wide changes in inter-taxonomic temporal co-occurrence resulting from phenological shifts
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Data from: Tracking temporal shifts in area, biomes, and pollinators in the radiation of Salvia (sages) across continents: leveraging anchored hybrid enrichment and targeted sequence data
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Data from: A longitudinal genetic survey identifies temporal shifts in the population structure of Dutch house sparrows
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Data from: Temporal partitioning of activity: rising and falling top-predator abundance triggers community-wide shifts in diel activity
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Data from: Sleepless in town – drivers of the temporal shift in dawn song in urban European Blackbirds
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Temporal shifts in antibiotic resistance elements govern phage-pathogen conflicts
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