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11 results for “terpene synthases”
Transcriptomic analysis of deceptively pollinated Arum maculatum (Araceae) reveals association between terpene synthase expression in floral trap chamber and species-specific pollinator attraction
<p>A compressed folder containing the R script and input files required to replicate the results in our manuscript entitled "Transcriptomic analysis of deceptively pollinated <em>Arum maculatum</em> (Araceae) reveals association between terpene synthase expression in floral trap chamber and species-specific pollinator attraction".</p> <p>Note: Raw Illumina sequencing files associated with this study have been uploaded to NCBI SRA, under the BioProject accession PRJNA856436.</p> <p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p> <p>Deceptive pollination often involves volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions that mislead insects into performing non-rewarding pollination. Among deceptively pollinated plants, <em>Arum maculatum</em> is particularly well-known for its potent dung-like VOC emissions and specialized floral chamber, which traps pollinators – mainly <em>Psychoda phalaenoides</em>and <em>P. grisescens</em> – overnight. However, little is known about the genes underlying the production of many <em>A. maculatum</em>VOCs, and their influence on variation in pollinator attraction rates. Therefore, we performed <em>de novo</em> transcriptome sequencing of <em>A. maculatum</em> appendix and male floret tissue collected during- and post-anthesis, from ten natural populations across Europe. These RNA-seq data were paired with GC-MS analyses of floral scent composition and pollinator data collected from the same inflorescences. Differential expression analyses revealed candidate transcripts in appendix tissue linked to malodourous VOCs including indole, <em>p</em>-cresol, and 2-heptanone. Additionally, we found that terpene synthase expression in male floret tissue during anthesis significantly covaried with sex- and species-specific attraction of <em>Psychoda phalaenoides</em> and <em>P.</em> <em>grisescens</em>. Taken together, our results provide the first insights into molecular mechanisms underlying pollinator attraction patterns in <em>A. maculatum</em>, and highlight floral chamber sesquiterpene (<em>e.g.</em>bicyclogermacrene) synthases as interesting candidate genes for further study.</p>
Fig. 4 in Volatile metabolic profiling and functional characterization of four terpene synthases reveal terpenoid diversity in different tissues of Chrysanthemum indicum L
Fig. 4. Characterization of CiTPS enzymatic activity. (A) TIC of α-pinene produced in the root of C. indicum, the enzymatic products of CiTPS1 (without an MBP tag), the enzymatic products of CiTPS2 (pET-(-tp)-CiTPS2), and the negative control (GPP + boiled protein). (B) TIC of the corresponding metabolites produced in the root, the enzymatic products of CiTPS3 (without an MBP tag), and the negative control (FPP + boiled protein). (C) TIC of the enzymatic products of CiTPS4 (with GPP and FPP as substrate and without an MBP tag) and the negative control (GPP/FPP + boiled protein). TIC, total ion chromatogram.
Fig. 5 in Volatile metabolic profiling and functional characterization of four terpene synthases reveal terpenoid diversity in different tissues of Chrysanthemum indicum L
Fig. 5. Expression pattern analysis of CiTPSs in different tissues of C. indicum. (A–D) Expression pattern analysis of CiTPS1, CiTPS2, CiTPS3, and CiTPS4 in the root, stem, leaf, flower bud, and flower. Error bars represent the standard deviations between the three biological replicates. Different letters represent significant differences at P <0.05. (E) The corresponding products (volatile terpenoids) produced by CiTPS1, CiTPS2, CiTPS3 or CiTPS4 in C. indicum. n. d.: not detected; trace: 0–1 × 10 4 ng/mg, FW; +, 0.1–10 ng/mg, FW; + +, 10–100 ng/mg, FW; +++,>100 ng/mg, FW.
Fig. 3 in Volatile metabolic profiling and functional characterization of four terpene synthases reveal terpenoid diversity in different tissues of Chrysanthemum indicum L
Fig. 3. (A) Amino acid sequence alignments of CiTPS1, CiTPS2, CiTPS3, and CiTPS4 (unigene 0021,699, 0037,767, 0060,549, and 0062,052, respectively) and six TPSs from other plants. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of four TPSs from C. indicum and some TPSs from other plants. Detailed information, including plant names and GenBank identification numbers, are shown in Supplementary Table S3. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method and the MEGA and ITOL tools (http://itol.embl.de/).
Fig. 1 in Volatile metabolic profiling and functional characterization of four terpene synthases reveal terpenoid diversity in different tissues of Chrysanthemum indicum L
Fig. 1. Volatile terpenoids in different tissues of C. indicum. (A) The representative total ion chromatogram of the root, stem, leaf, flower bud, and flower. (B) Heatmap of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids in different tissues of C. indicum.
Fig. 3. a in Sequencing and variation of terpene synthase gene (TPS2) as the major gene in biosynthesis of thymol in different Thymus species
Fig. 3. a. Maximum likelihood tree of Thymus species based on 16 sequences of the TPS of cDNA. Numbers above branches are support values from bootstrap resembling. Accession numbers of TPS2 sequences obtained from the NCBI GenBank are shown in parentheses (Accession numbers starting with MH were obtained through this study). For the studied species, the main monoterpenes in the essential oil are included T: Thymol; C: Carvacrol; PC: p-Cymene; AT: α-Terpineol; L: Linalool. b. Dendrogram of nine studied Thymus species using Ward clustering method based on Tohidi et al. (2017).
Fig. 2 in Sequencing and variation of terpene synthase gene (TPS2) as the major gene in biosynthesis of thymol in different Thymus species
Fig. 2. Amino acid alignment of Ttps2 sequences of nine studied Thymus species. The four motifs, conserved in all species terpene synthases, are indicated in red (top). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Sequencing and variation of terpene synthase gene (TPS2) as the major gene in biosynthesis of thymol in different Thymus species
Fig. 1. Predicted biosynthetic pathway of terpene synthases in Thymus genus leading to the formation of α-terpineol and γ-terpinene, the precursor of thymol and carvacrol Adapted from Lima et al. (2013).
Data from: Cannabis labelling is associated with genetic variation in terpene synthase genes
<p>Genetic data consisting of >100,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) collected using genotype-by-sequencing, from 137 drug-type Cannabis samples from the Netherlands. This genetic data along with terpene and cannabinoid content data collected with GC-FID, was used to analyze Cannabis labelling and to perfom a genome-wide association study.</p>
Data from: Cannabis labelling is associated with genetic variation in terpene synthase genes
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Fig. 2 in Volatile metabolic profiling and functional characterization of four terpene synthases reveal terpenoid diversity in different tissues of Chrysanthemum indicum L
Fig. 2. Content (percentages) of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids in different tissues of C. indicum. (A) Monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid content in the different tissues. (B) Monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids in the root and flower bud of C. indicum.
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