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63 results for “terrestrial ecology”
Figure. Distribution of the recent localities of Lumbricus terrestris on the Balkan Peninsula (plus marks indicate other Balkan countries where L. terrestris also lives). in On the presence of Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus 1758 (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) on the Balkan Peninsula: some aspects of ecology and distribution
Figure. Distribution of the recent localities of Lumbricus terrestris on the Balkan Peninsula (plus marks indicate other Balkan countries where L. terrestris also lives).
Data for: Terrestrial land use signals on groundwater fauna beyond current protection buffers (Ecological Applications, 2024)
<p>Original research article: Knüsel M., Alther R. & Altermatt F. (2024). Terrestrial land use signals on groundwater fauna beyond current protection buffers. <em>Ecological Applications.</em></p>
Figure 1 in 'Mainland-island' population structure of a terrestrial salamander in a forest-bocage landscape with little evidence for in situ ecological speciation
Figure 1. ContinentalFrancewiththedepartmentMayennehighlighted (A) andhabitatmodelforthe Fire salamander indepartment Mayenne (B). Themap representsthe habitat suitability model Ps = (1/ (1 + exp(−0.0303*percent_forest_cover-0.00562*altitude-0.0299*percent_hedgerow_cover + 1.769))) and was visualized with ILWIS 3.6 software58, available at https://52north.org/software/software-projects/ilwis/. Habitat suitability increases from deep blue with a probability of occurrence of zero to deep red with a probability of occurrence at unity (see colour bar). Prime fire salamander habitats are found at higher altitudes and are forested (in black) or with a dense hedgerow cover. Populations genetically investigated are located in and around the largely deciduous forests Forêt de Bourgon (FB) and Bois de Hermet (BH) and listed in Table 1.The outer geographicalcoordinates of the department are 1.239–0.049W and 47.733–48.568N.
Figure 3 in 'Mainland-island' population structure of a terrestrial salamander in a forest-bocage landscape with little evidence for in situ ecological speciation
Figure 3. (A) Clustering of pairwise Fst-values of Kottenforstfire salamanderpopulations (localities K01-K47) with the UPGMA-method. Numbers K01-K27 represent populations in the western section of the forest and K28-K47 represent populationsin the eastern section of the forest. The basal cluster at Fst <0.04 is composed of two groups (shaded) composed of mostly eastern (14/16 = 88%) or mostlywestern localities (14/15 = 93%). Populations breeding in streams are shown by the letter S. Note that populations that join the dendrogram at higher Fst-values are characterized by mostlysmall effectivepopulation sizes (Ňe ≤ 10, indicated by small open dots; X – Ňe not determined). B top panel - Populationsplotted along the firstand second axis of a principal component analysis. Middle panel - Ellipses represent means ± standarddeviation for sevenstream populations (left ellipse) and 40 non-streampopulations (right ellipse). Lower panel - Ellipsesrepresent means ± standard deviation forthe western (left) and eastern (right) sectionof the Kottenforst, forsmall populations (Ňe ≤ 10) shown by interruptedlines andfor larger populations (Ňe> 10) shown by uninterrupted lines. Notethat for the larger populations the ellipses for western and eastern localities do not overlap.
Figure 4. MicrosatellitepopulationgeneticdataforthefiresalamanderintheKottenforst, Germany21,24 in 'Mainland-island' population structure of a terrestrial salamander in a forest-bocage landscape with little evidence for in situ ecological speciation
Figure 4. MicrosatellitepopulationgeneticdataforthefiresalamanderintheKottenforst, Germany21,24 analyzed in the framework of allopatric speciation, i.e. a secondary spatial contact of a western pond-breeding lineage and an eastern stream-breeding lineage. The 95% credible cline regions are shown by grey shading. Solid and open round symbolsrepresent larger (Ňe> 10) andsmall populations (Ňe ≤ 10), respectively. Note that the stream-breeding populations that gave the composite genotype its name are all located in the eastern section of the Kottenforst (six data points indicated with a forward slash (/). One 'intermittent stream' in the western section is indicated by a backward slash. Also note the paucity of data at and around the steepest part of the clines. A – loadings on the first PC axis versus geographical distance. The clinecentre is at km 365.3 of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid. Cline width is 3952 m. B – frequency of the stream-breeding genotype versus distance (after21). Thecline centre is at UTM km 365.1 and the cline widthis 1108 m. For model details see Supplementary Information VI.
Figure 2 in 'Mainland-island' population structure of a terrestrial salamander in a forest-bocage landscape with little evidence for in situ ecological speciation
Figure 2. (A) Clustering of pairwise Fst-values of firesalamander populations (Mayenne localities 1–41) with the UPGMA-method. The basal cluster at Fst <0.010 is mostly composed of forest populations (F, 17/21 = 81%) whereas populationsthat jointhe dendrogramat higher Fst-values are mostly fromthe bocage (B, 14/20 = 70%). At Fst> 0.025 the contribution of the bocage populations is eightout of eight. Notethat populations thatjoin the dendrogram at the highest Fst-values are characterizedby mostly small effective population sizes (Ňe ≤ 10, indicated by small open dots). (B) Populations plotted along the first and second axis of a principal component analysis. The 23 forest populations are shown by small solid round symbols and the solid ellipse represents the mean ± standard deviation. Eighteenpopulations from the bocageare shown by large open round symbols, with the mean ± standard deviation shown bythe widerellipse with the interrupted line.
Image 1 in Ecology and population structure of a terrestrial mycoheterotrophic orchid, Aphyllorchis montana Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae) in Soppinabetta forests of the Western Ghats, India
Image 1. Morphology of Aphyllorchis montana. © P.A. Sinu A - a clump of the orchid; B - a single flower; C - terminal part of an inflorescence with mature capsules.
The R package enerscape: A general energy landscape framework for terrestrial movement ecology
<ol> <li> <p class="western"><span>Ecological processes and biodiversity patterns are strongly affected by how animals move through the landscape. However, it remains challenging to predict animal movement and space use. Here we present our new R package <i>enerscape</i> to quantify and predict animal movement in real landscapes based on energy expenditure. </span></p> </li> <li> <p class="western"><span><i>Enerscape</i> integrates a general locomotory model for terrestrial animals with GIS tools in order to map energy costs of movement in a given environment, resulting in energy landscapes that reflect how energy expenditures may shape habitat use. <i>Enerscape</i> only requires topographic data (elevation) and the body mass of the studied animal. To illustrate the potential of <i>enerscape</i>, we analyze the energy landscape for the Marsican bear (<i>Ursus arctos marsicanus</i>) in a protected area in central Italy in order to identify least-cost paths and high-connectivity areas with low energy costs of travel.</span></p> </li> <li> <p class="western"><span><i>Enerscape</i> allowed us to identify travel routes for the bear that minimize energy costs of movement and regions that have high landscape connectivity based on movement efficiency, highlighting potential corridors. It also identifies areas where high energy costs may prevent movement and dispersal, potentially exacerbating human-wildlife conflicts in the park. A major strength of <i>enerscape</i> is that it requires only widely available topographic and body size data. As such, <i>enerscape</i> permits a first cost-effective way to estimate landscape use and movement corridors even when telemetry data is not readily available, such as for the example with the bear. </span></p> </li> <li> <p class="western"><span><i>Enerscape</i> is built in a modular way and other movement modes and ecosystem types can be implemented when appropriate locomotory models are available. In summary, <i>enerscape</i> is a new general tool that quantifies, using minimal and widely available data, the energy costs of moving through a landscape. This can clarify how and why animals move in real landscapes and inform practical conservation and restoration decisions.</span></p> </li> </ol>
Data for: A model of ecological abundance: Terrestrial species inventories
<p>Counts of species in ecological samples are important for two reasons: they tell us about community assembly processes and they form the basis of species diversity estimates. Previous models of count distributions are either complex, widely rejected, not grounded in population dynamics, or not able to predict high unevenness. I present a new one-parameter model assuming that individual counts track the geometric series. The series' governing parameter <em>p</em> is set to vary randomly among species. Communities differ only in the centering of the distribution of <em>p</em>. To find the probability distribution, a vector of evenly-spaced initial values called q is drawn from the range 0 to 1. Values are then scaled by (1) transforming each q into the odds <em>o</em> = <em>q</em>/(<em>1 – q</em>), (2) multiplying each o by a fitted parameter <em>m</em>, and (3) back-computing each <em>p</em> as <em>m o</em>/(<em>m o </em>+ <em>1</em>). This skews the values to match the centering of the actual counts. The distribution is consistent with a population dynamics model in which the number of offspring produced in each interval by each species is distributed geometrically, rising with the number of adults. Large-scale surveys of corals, fishes, butterflies, and trees are consistent with the distribution, as are local-scale inventories of trees and assorted vertebrate and insect groups. Each local survey is used to predict counts within biogeographically and taxonomically matched surveys. When only decisive differences are considered, the model's predictions outperform those of each rival in at least 86% of all pairwise comparisons. The new distribution's estimates haves no substantial sample size bias. Thus, it is preferable to other species diversity estimation methods in the frequent cases where it is a good fit to count data.</p>
Figure 1 in Perspectives and challenges on isotopic ecology of terrestrial birds in Brazil
Figure 1. Flowchart of potential study themes (in bold) to be developed in isotopic ecology with terrestrial birds in Brazil. Each theme branches into several sub-themes that can be explored (first boxes below the themes) and the methods and approaches that can be employed to develop the studies (within the dashed boxes). Many methods and approaches are interchangeable among themes and subthemes (represented by the horizontal arrow). In addition, the shortcomings of stable isotope ecology that should be considered before or during the development of the studies.
The R package enerscape: A general energy landscape framework for terrestrial movement ecology
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Data for: Ecological impacts of extreme climatic events on terrestrial and freshwater biota in the Arctic: A synthesis of current scientific evidence and opportunities
<p>File contains the results of a literature review on the ecological impacts of extreme climatic events on terrestrial and freshwater biota in the Arctic.</p>
Adaptations to light contribute to the ecological niches and evolution of the terrestrial avifauna
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Species richness and speciation rates for all terrestrial animals emerge from a synthesis of ecological theories
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Data from: Distribution and protection of ecological specialists in Chinese terrestrial mammals
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Data from: Comparative feeding behaviour of native and introduced terrestrial snails tracks their ecological impacts
A developing body of theory and empirical evidence suggest that feeding behaviour as measured by the functional response (FR) can assist researchers in assessing the relative potential ecological impacts and competitive abilities of native and introduced species. Here, we explored the FRs of two land snails that occur in SW Ontario, one native (Mesodon thyroidus) and one non-indigenous (Cepaea nemoralis) to Canada. The non-indigenous species appears to have low ecological impact and inferior competitive abilities. Consistent with theory, while both species conformed to Type II functional responses, the native species had a significantly higher attack rate (5.30 vs 0.41, respectively) and slightly lower handling time (0.020 vs. 0.023), and hence a higher maximum feeding rate (50.0 vs 43.5). The non-indigenous species exhibited a significantly longer time to contact for a variety of food types, and appeared less discriminating of paper that was offered as a non-food type. The non-indigenous species also ate significantly less food when in mixed species trials with the native snail. These feeding patterns match the known low ecological impact of the introduced snail and are consistent with the view that it is an inferior competitor relative to the native species. However, field experimentation is required to clarify whether the largely microallopatric distributions of the two species in SW Ontario reflect competitive dominance by the native species or other factors such as habitat preference, feeding preferences or predator avoidance. The relative patterns of feeding behaviour and ecological impact are, however, fully in line with recent functional response theory and application.
Data from: Independent reversals to terrestriality in squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) support ecologically mediated modes of adaptation
The family Sciuridae is one of the most widespread and ecologically diverse lineage of rodents and represents an ideal model for investigating the evolution of locomotion modes and the historical biogeography of terrestrial mammals. We used a comprehensive database on locomotion modes, an updated phylogeny and novel biogeographic comparative methods to re-assess the evolution of locomotion of squirrels and to investigate if these locomotion modes evolved convergently in different continents. We found that locomotion changes occurred in different independent lineages of the family, including four reversals to terrestriality and one evolution of gliding. We also found evidence for Eurasia as the center of origin of Sciuridae, challenging the classification of the oldest squirrel fossil records from the early Oligocene in North America. Additionally, Eurasia is also the possible center of origin for most of squirrel sub-families and tribes, and where locomotion changes have occurred. Parallel locomotion shifts could be explained by the adaptation towards different ecological niches followed by colonization of new continents.
Data from: Ecological resistance surfaces predict fine scale genetic differentiation in a terrestrial woodland salamander
Landscape genetics has seen tremendous advances since its introduction, but parameterization and optimization of resistance surfaces still poses significant challenges. Despite increased availability and resolution of spatial data, few studies have integrated empirical data to directly represent ecological processes as genetic resistance surfaces. In our study, we determine the landscape and ecological factors affecting gene flow in the western slimy salamander (Plethodon albagula). We used field data to derive resistance surfaces representing salamander abundance and rate of water loss through combinations of canopy cover, topographic wetness, topographic position, solar exposure, and distance from ravine. These ecologically-explicit composite surfaces directly represent an ecological process or physiological limitation of our organism. Using generalized linear mixed effects models, we optimized resistance using a non-linear optimization algorithm to minimize model AIC. We found clear support for the resistance surface representing the rate of water loss experienced by adult salamanders in the summer. Resistance was lowest at intermediate levels of water loss and higher when the rate of water loss was predicted to be low or high. This pattern may arise from the compensatory movement behavior of salamanders through suboptimal habitat, but also reflects the physiological limitations of salamanders and their sensitivity to extreme environmental conditions. Our study demonstrates that composite representations of ecologically-explicit processes can provide novel insight and can better explain genetic differentiation than ecologically-implicit landscape resistance surfaces. Additionally, our study underscores the fact that spatial estimates of habitat suitability or abundance may not serve as adequate proxies for describing gene flow, as predicted abundance was a poor predictor of genetic differentiation.
Figure 5 in Terrestrial invertebrates surviving San Ambrosio island's ecological catastrophe reinforce biogeographic affinities between the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands
Figure 5. Insects. (a) Dermestes (Dermestinus) maculatus (Dermestidae), (b) Kuschelinus insularis (Carabidae) Endemic, (c) Pachystylus sp. 2 (Curculionidae), (d) Toxotarsus ambrosianus (Calliphoridae) Endemic, (e) Nysius sp. (Lygaeidae), and (f) Trimerotropis ochraceipennis (Acrididae).
Figure 1 in Terrestrial invertebrates surviving San Ambrosio island's ecological catastrophe reinforce biogeographic affinities between the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands
Figure 1. Desventuradas Islands. Located in the Southeastern Pacific the Desventuradas Islands (Red box) are composed of two islands: to the west San Félix (26°17'S; 80°05'W) and to the east San Ambrosio (26°20'S; 79°53'W) (Yellow box). Map generated with images from www.esri.com.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.