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Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils.
No evidence for the consistent effect of supplementary feeding on home range size in terrestrial mammals
<p>Food availability and distribution are key drivers of animal space use. Supplemental food provided by humans can be more abundant and predictable than natural resources. It is thus believed that supplementary feeding modifies the spatial behaviour of wildlife. Yet, such effects have not been tested quantitatively across species. Here, we analysed changes in home range size due to supplementary feeding in 23 species of terrestrial mammals using a meta-analysis of 28 studies. Additionally, we investigated the moderating effect of factors related to i) species biology (sex, body mass, taxonomic group), ii) feeding regimen (duration, amount, purpose), and iii) methods of data collection and analysis (source of data, estimator, spatial confinement). We found no consistent effect of supplementary feeding on changes in home range size. While an overall tendency of reduced home range was observed, moderators varied in the direction and strength of the trends. Our results suggest that multiple drivers and complex mechanisms of home range behaviour can make it insensitive to manipulation with supplementary feeding. The small number of available studies stands in contrast with the ubiquity and magnitude of supplementary feeding worldwide, highlighting a knowledge gap in our understanding of the effects of supplementary feeding on ranging behaviour.</p>
Figure 1 in Efficiency of pitfall traps and snap traps in small terrestrial mammals depends on their diet composition
Figure 1. RDA biplot (first two axes) summarizing the effect of sampling method (triangles) on community composition (arrows) of small mammals. The first two eigenvalues were 0.23 and 0.36, respectively.
Fig. 1 in Blastocystis occurrence and subtype diversity in wild European terrestrial mammals - The case of Białowieza˙Primeval Forest (NE Poland)
Fig. 1. Study area with localization and number of Blastocystis-positive and Blastocystis-negative animals of particular mammalian species.
Fig. 2 in Blastocystis occurrence and subtype diversity in wild European terrestrial mammals - The case of Białowieza˙Primeval Forest (NE Poland)
Fig. 2. Bayesian inference tree based on fragment of sequences obtained from the small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) of Blastocystis isolates of the present study, performed using MrBayes 3.2.7a. The Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown adjacent to branch nodes.
Fig. 7 in A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt
Fig. 7. Bivariate plots of Phiomia sp. cheek teeth from the BOTM, early Oligocene, Minqar Tibaghbagh, Qattara Depression, Egypt (stars) compared with Phiomia spp. from the early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Depression, Egypt (diamonds) and Phiomia major from the late Oligocene, Chilga Formation of the Chilga Region, Ethiopia (triangles). Comparative dimensions of Phiomia serridens from Matsumoto (1924: 48, tables B, C, E, G); dimensions of Phiomia major from Sanders et al. (2004: table 2). A. M3? (or M2?) and M3?, originally the latter molar would have been larger in width (see text). B. m3, the width is based on estimated dimensions.
Fig. 12. A–C in A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt
Fig. 12. A–C. Carcharhiniformes and Myliobatiformes from the BOTM, early Oligocene, Minqar Tibaghbagh, Qattara Depression, Egypt; photographed and left in the field. A. Carcharhinus sp., incomplete upper tooth in lingual view. B, C. "Aetobatus" sp. B. Lower tooth in occlusal (B1) and basal (B2) views. C. Lower tooth in occlusal view. D–M. Carcharhiniformes and Lamniformes from the BOS, early Oligocene, Minqar Tibaghbagh, Qattara Depression, Egypt. D. Hemipristis cf. serra Agassiz, 1835 (1843) (CGM67195), upper lateral teeth in lingual (D1, D2, D4) and labial (D3) views. E. Carcharhinus cf. perseus Adnet, Antoine, Hassan Baqri, Crochet, Marivaux, Welcomme, and Métais, 2007 (CGM67194), upper antero-lateral teeth in lingual view. F. Carcharhinus sp. (CGM67195), upper teeth in lingual (F1, F4, F5, F6) and labial (F2, F3) views. G. Negaprion frequens (Dames, 1883) (CGM67191), lower teeth in lingual (G1, G3, G4) and lateral (G2, G5) views. H. Galeocerdo sp. (CGM67195) in lingual view. I–L. Otodus (Carcharocles) cf. sokolowi. I. CGM67195, upper tooth in lingual view. J. CGM69186 upper tooth in lingual (J1) and labial (J2) views. K. CGM69186, lower tooth in labial view. L. CGM69186, lower tooth in lingual (L1) and labial (L2) views. M. Carcharias? sp. (CGM67195), lower teeth in lateral (M1) and lingual (M2) views.
Fig. 8 in A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt
Fig. 8. Left hyracoid astragalus, cf. Antilohyrax sp. (CGM67188) from the BOTM, early Oligocene, Minqar Tibaghbagh, Qattara Depression, Egypt, in plantar (A), lateral (B), and mediodorsal (C) views (photographs: A1–C1; explanatory drawings: A2–C2). D. Outline drawing of Antilohyrax pectidens from the Fayum Depression, Egypt in dorsal view, showing the similarities with the astragalus from Minqar Tibaghbagh (based on Rasmussen and Simons 2000: fig. 6b). Arrows point at the characteristic saddle-shaped navicular facet, broken parts indicated by dotted lines.
Fig. 3 in A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt
Fig. 3. Comparison between Eocene and Oligocene strata at Minqar Tibaghbagh, El-Qara, El-Arag, and the Fayum Depression, Egypt.
Fig. 10 in A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt
Fig. 10. Right anthracotheriid astragalus, cf. Bothriogenys sp. from the BOTM, early Oligocene, Minqar Tibaghbagh, Qattara Depression, Egypt, in plantar (A), lateral (B), and dorsal (C) views (photographs, A1–C1; explanatory drawings, A2–C2). Missing, reconstructed parts indicated by dotted lines. Drawings reconstructed by projection on pictures from Sileem and Hewaidy (2015: fig. 5B2, B4, B1, respectively).
Fig. 6 in A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt
Fig. 6. Molars of palaeomastodontid proboscideans cf. Phiomia sp. (A, B) and Phiomia sp. (C) from the BOTM, early Oligocene, Minqar Tibaghbagh, Qattara Depression, Egypt. A. Left M3 or M2 (CGM67199) in occlusal view (A1 stereopair; A2, reconstruction; A3, line drawing based on this reconstruction). A2 has been reconstructed by removing the fissures with Photoshop. B. Left M3? (CGM67189) in occlusal view (B1, photograph; B2, line drawing). C. Left m3 (CGM67187) in lingual (C1, arrow points at wear facet), buccal (C2), and occlusal (C3 stereopair; C4, reconstruction; C5, line drawing) views. C4 has been reconstructed by projection on a picture from Tobien (1978: fig. 19). Anterior is downwards. Scale bars 30 mm.
Fig. 1 in A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt
Fig. 1. Stratigraphic section of the Oligocene sediments at Minqar Tibaghbagh, Qattara Depression, Egypt. BOTM and BOS are indicated on the left of the section.
Fig. 11 in A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt
Fig. 11. Bivariate plot of an anthracotheriid astragalus, cf. Bothriogenys sp., from the BOTM, early Oligocene, Minqar Tibaghbagh, Qattara Depression, Egypt (star), compared with astragali of Bothriogenys sp., from the Jebel Qatrani (black and white triangles) and Qasr El-Sagha (grey triangle) formations of the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original dimensions of the astragalus from Tibaghbagh have been estimated, because of damage. Dimensions of the other astragali are from Andrews (1906: fig. 61, black triangle) and Sileem and Hewaidy (2015: table 1, grey triangle and white triangles).
Fig. 5 in A new Oligocene site with terrestrial mammals and a selachian fauna from Minqar Tibaghbagh, the Western Desert of Egypt
Fig. 5. Variegated layers in the lower part of the Oligocene sediments, right upon the BOTM at Minqar Tibaghbagh, Qattara Depression, Egypt. Point of view: E 26°26.380', N 29°10.880'.
Figure 4 in Deforestation affects biogeographical regionalization: a case study contrasting potential and extant distributions of Mexican terrestrial mammals
Figure 4. Map of Mexican provinces based on models of species' distributions in t1: baj, Baja California Chiapas; ist, Isthmus of Tehuantepec; mgu, Mexican Gulf; mpa, Mexican Pacific Coast; mpl, Mexican Sierra Madre Occidental; sms, Sierra Madre del Sur; son, Sonora; tam, Tamaulipas; vol, Transmexican
Figure 2 in Deforestation affects biogeographical regionalization: a case study contrasting potential and extant distributions of Mexican terrestrial mammals
Figure 2. Simplified consensus cladograms of (a) t1 (natural vegetation), and (b) t2 (land use and vegetation map based on the 2000 Inventario Forestal Nacional (SEMARNAT 2001).
Figure 1 in Deforestation affects biogeographical regionalization: a case study contrasting potential and extant distributions of Mexican terrestrial mammals
Figure 1. Ecological niche modelling projected as potential (based on the natural vegetation, t1) and extant (based on land use and natural vegetation, t2) distribution of two terrestrial mammals. Black areas depict part of distributions of (a) Chaetodipus spinatus in the Baja California Peninsula, and (b) Cabassous centralis in Chiapas.
Fig. 1 in Population Dynamics Of Arboreal And Terrestrial Small Mammals In A Tropical Rainforest, Sarawak, Malaysia
Fig. 1. Temporal patterns at Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, from August 1997 to December 2005. (a) percentage of fruiting trees obtained by phenology observation (%; black circle), together with weight of dried fruits obtained by seed traps from November 2000 to December 2005 (g/m2; white circle); (b) population dynamics per 100 trapnights of arboreal and terrestrial small mammals; (c) percentage of the two age classes (immature and adult) of Maxomys rajah. Total numbers of captured M. rajah at each census were shown.
Text-fig. 8. Palaeogene terrestrial fossiliferous deposits of Africa. Note the position of the Tunisian Oligocene deposits, and their obvious interest in terms of geographic position and age (data for the Palaeogene of North Africa are from Tabuce et al. 2000, 2001, 2011, Delmer et al. 2006, Coster et al. 2012, Yans et al. 2014, Solé et al. 2016). Note that Nakwai (Kenya) is no longer considered to be Oligocene. in Arsinoitherium (Embrithopoda) And Other Large Mammals And Plants From The Oligocene Of Tunisia
Text-fig. 8. Palaeogene terrestrial fossiliferous deposits of Africa. Note the position of the Tunisian Oligocene deposits, and their obvious interest in terms of geographic position and age (data for the Palaeogene of North Africa are from Tabuce et al. 2000, 2001, 2011, Delmer et al. 2006, Coster et al. 2012, Yans et al. 2014, Solé et al. 2016). Note that Nakwai (Kenya) is no longer considered to be Oligocene.
Figure 5 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 5. Regression plots of anatomical variables to log running speed in km h-1, showing the distinct curvilinearity of some of the samples, in this case, log forelimb length in mm (a) and olecranon process/radius ratio (b). The polynomial regression model yielded a significantly better fit to the data than ordinary least squares regression lines. For equation see Table 5.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.