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41 results for “therapsid”
TABLE 1 in The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom & Haughton, 1913) (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia), with comments on sternal evolution in therapsids
<p>TABLE 1. — Representative measurements from the associated skeleton of <i>Aelurognathus tigriceps</i> (Broom & Haughton, 1913) (NHCC LB350). All measurements are in millimeters. Symbols: <b>‡</b>, estimated; <b>*</b>, measurement taken between proximal and distal articulation surfaces.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Skeleton</th><th><b>Mesurements</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Skull preorbital length</th><td>167‡</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Humerus (left)</th></tr><tr><th>length*</th><td>211</td></tr><tr><th>width across distal epicondyles</th><td>97</td></tr><tr><th>minimum midshaft diameter</th><td>22</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Humerus (right)</th></tr><tr><th>length*</th><td>214</td></tr><tr><th>width across distal epicondyles</th><td>112</td></tr><tr><th>minimum midshaft diameter</th><td>23</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Femur</th></tr><tr><th>midshaft diameter, transverse</th><td>37</td></tr><tr><th>midshaft diameter, anteroposterior</th><td>22</td></tr><tr><th>head transverse width</th><td>57</td></tr></tbody></table>
Fig. 4 in Palaeoneurology and palaeobiology of the dinocephalian therapsid Anteosaurus magnificus
Fig. 4. The maxillary canal system of Anteosaurus magnificus Watson, 1921 (A, BP/1/7074) from the middle Permian of farm Bullekraal, South Africa and Moschognathus whaitsi Broom, 1914 (B, AM4950) from the middle Permian of farm The Grant 39, South Africa. The dashed line indicates the position of a crack in BP/1/7074. Green, maxillary canal; purple, maxillary sinus; light grey, teeth.
Fig. 3 in Palaeoneurology and palaeobiology of the dinocephalian therapsid Anteosaurus magnificus
Fig. 3. The semi-transparent skulls of Anteosaurus magnificus Watson, 1921 (A, BP/1/7074) from the middle Permian of farm Bullekraal, South Africa and Moschognathus whaitsi Broom, 1914 (B, AM4950) from the middle Permian of farm The Grant 39, South Africa, aligned on the plane of their lateral semicircular canal. The black arrow indicates the tilting of the long axis of the skull compared to the plane of the lateral semicircular canal. The dashed line represents the plane of the lateral semicircular canal. Green, endocranial cast; purple, bony labyrinth; orange, pituitary fossa.
Fig. 5 in Palaeoneurology and palaeobiology of the dinocephalian therapsid Anteosaurus magnificus
Fig. 5. Phylogeny of the Dinocephalia (after Fraser-King et al. 2019). Skulls and braincase (transparent white) redrawn after Boonstra (1968). The skulls are positioned so that their braincases are oriented the same way.
Fig. 2 in Palaeoneurology and palaeobiology of the dinocephalian therapsid Anteosaurus magnificus
Fig. 2. Occiput fragment of Anteosaurus magnificus Watson, 1921 (BP/1/7074) from the middle Permian of farm Bullekraal, South Africa. Internal view showing the exposure of the bony labyrinth (purple) in the braincase (A1), enlarged view (A2).
Fig. 1 in Palaeoneurology and palaeobiology of the dinocephalian therapsid Anteosaurus magnificus
Fig. 1. The right bony labyrinth of Anteosaurus magnificus Watson, 1921 (BP/1/7074) from the middle Permian of farm Bullekraal, South Africa. In lateral view (A1), posterolateral view parallel to the plane of the anterior semicircular canal (A2), dorsal view (A3), posterior view perpendicular to the plane of the anterior semicircular canal (A4).
Fig. 5 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 5. Transverse section of the rib (BP/1/5409) of cf. Jonkeria sp. from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, overall view of the rib showing the highly cancellous nature of the cortex; note that only the top area of the section preserves the compact cortical bone tissue. A2, A3, detail showing slight change in the tissue type around the lines of arrested growths but overall matrix is woven; note: numbers associated with arrowheads indicate lines of arrested growth (LAGs) in ascending order from the medullary region to periosteal periphery. A4, detail showing enlarged erosional cavities (inset). A5, detail showing fibrolamellar bone between lines of arrested growth. A6, detail showing dense woven matrix; note the change in the density of osteocyte lacunae around the LAG (number associated with arrowhead indicates LAG). Abbreviation: wb, woven bone. Photographs under ordinary light (A1, A3, A4, A5), and cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A2, A6).
Fig. 2 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 2. Transverse sections of the radius (SAM-PK-12233b) of Jonkeria parva (Boonstra, 1955) from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, diaphyseal cross-section showing highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue in the outer cortex and the medullary cavity filled with bony trabeculae; note: the numerous enlarged resorption cavities in the perimedullary region. A2, detail showing an annulus with lamellar bone (arrowhead). A3, detail showing extension of an annulus in the cortex (arrowhead). B1, fibrolamellar bone tissue with woven matrix in the outer cortex showing circumferential and reticular organization of the vascular canals; B2, B3, detail showing the change to a reticular organization of the vascular canals. Abbreviations: mr, medullary region; po, primary osteon; tb, trabeculae; wb, woven bone. Photographs under cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A1–A3, B1, B2) and ordinary light (B3).
Fig. 4 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 4. Thin section of a core of the humerus (SAM-PK-11994) of Jonkeria ingens (Broom, 1923) from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, overall view of humerus showing laminar fibrolamellar bone in the outer cortex and the increasingly cancellous nature of the bone towards the medullary cavity; note: numerous enlarged resorption cavities in the perimedullary cavity, and the layer of indurated sediments at the top of the section. A2, A3, highly vascularized laminar fibrolamellar bone. A4, A5, details showing a few isolated simple longitudinal vascular canals and primary osteons. A6, A7, detail showing large resorption cavities lined by narrow deposit of lamellar bone (arrows). Abbreviations: po, primary osteons; rc, resorption cavity; wb, woven bone. Photographs under ordinary light (A1, A2, A4, A6), and cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A3, A5, A7).
Fig. 3 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 3. Transverse sections of the tarsal (SAM-PK-12233c) of Jonkeria parva (Boonstra, 1955) from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, diaphyseal cross-section showing highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue in the outer cortex and cancellous bone tissue with extensively developed bony trabeculae in the medullary cavity; note: numerous enlarged resorption cavities in the perimedullary region. A2, detail showing highly vascularized reticular FLB. A3, A4, detail showing simple longitudinal vascular canals. A5, A6, detail showing reticular vascular canals. Photographs under cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A1–A3, A5) and ordinary light (A4, A6).
Fig. 6 in Bone histology of the graviportal dinocephalian therapsid Jonkeria from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa
Fig. 6. Longitudinal section of the rib (BP/1/5409) of cf. Jonkeria sp. from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. A1, overall view of the rib showing highly secondarily remodeled cortex; note: numerous enlarged resorption cavities. A2, detail showing woven bone and enlarged resorption spaces. Photographs under ordinary light (A1) and cross-polarized light with lambda compensator (A2).
Fig. 4 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 4. Skulls of Dicynodontia illustrating the great variability of the shape and size of parietal foramen in Therapsida. A. Large and circular parietal foramen, with a pineal boss in Rachiocephalus, RC 95, Derdedrif, Adendorp, South Africa, Cistecephalus–Tropidostoma AZ, 260–255 Ma. B. Slit-like parietal foramen in Dinanomodon, RC09, Stylkrans, South Africa, Cistecephalus AZ, 250–255 Ma. C. Absent foramen in Cistecephalus, BPI/1/506, Towerwater, Murraysburg, South Africa, Cistecephalus AZ, 250–255 Ma.
Fig. 5 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 5. CT-sections through the sagittal crest in Cynodontia (A–D) and Therocephalia (E–H) illustrating the variability of the parietal foramina. A. Cynosaurus suppostus Schmidt, 1927, BPI/1/1563 (voxel size: 0.0291 mm); Ringsfontein, Murraysburg, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. B. Cynosaurus suppostus Schmidt, 1927, BPI/1/3926 (voxel size: 0.0708 mm); Tweefontein, Nieu Bethesda, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. C, D. Cynognathia. C. Diademodon tetragonus Seeley, 1895, BPI/1/3776a (voxel size: 0.0801 mm); Cragievar, Burgersdorp, South Africa, Cynognathus AZ, 245–237 Ma. D. Trirachodon berryi Seeley, 1895, AM461 (voxel size: 0.0668 mm); Burgersdorp, South Africa, Cynognathus AZ, 245–237 Ma. E, F. Whaitsiidae, Theriognathus microps Owen, 1876. E. BPI/1/512 (voxel size: 0.0801 mm); Suurplaas, Graaf-Reinet, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. F. BPI/1/100 (voxel size: 0.0756 mm); Vlakteplaas, Graaf-Reinet, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. G, H. Baurioidea. G. Tetracynodon darti Sigogneau 1963, NMQR3756 (voxel size: 0.0445 mm); Fairydale, South Africa, Lystrosaurus AZ, 251–245 Ma. H. Bauria cynops Broom 1909, BPI/1/3770 (voxel size: 0.0728 mm); Cragievar, Burgersdorp, South Africa, Cynognathus AZ, 245–237 Ma.
Fig. 2 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 2. Evolution of the frequency of the presence of the parietal foramen ( Fq), and average (Av) and median (Med) size of the parietal foramen across the phylogeny of Therapsida. Number of specimens examined (n) is indicated for each group. Asterisks indicate the branches of the tree where a relaxation of constraints resulting from a functionless third eye is hypothesized (zone of variability). See material and methods section for the more details about the phylogenetic tree.
Fig. 5 in A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha
Fig. 5. Burnetiamorpha gen. et sp. indet. (BP/1/7098) from Springfontein, Beaufort West district, South Africa; upper Poortjie Member, Pristerognathus AZ, latest Capitanian. A. Anterior palate in ventral view, black arrow shows direction of view in B; white arrows show lateral displacement of interchoanal portion of the vomers. B. Interchoanal portion of vomers in right ventral view (B), showing the continuation of the downturned edges of the vomer extending anteriorly onto the premaxilla; pmr, ventral ridge of premaxilla at anterior margin of choana; vrl, ventral ridge of vomer laterally flared; vrm, ventral ridge of vomer medially folded. C. Specimen in posterior view. Photographs (A1, C1) and explanatory drawings (A2, C2).
Fig. 3 in A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha
Fig. 3. Burnetiamorpha gen. et sp. indet. (BP/1/7098) from Springfontein, Beaufort West district, South Africa; upper Poortjie Member, Pristerognathus AZ, latest Capitanian; in dorsal (A) and left lateral (B) views. Photographs (A1, B1) and explanatory drawings (A2, B2).
Fig. 3 in New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids
Fig. 3. Phylogeny of Raranimus among basal therapsids. Tree (tree length = 169, consistency index = 0.54, retention index=0.75) is the strict consensus tree of four shortest trees resulting from our PAUP analysis (version 4.0b10, branch and bound search, with unordered multistate characters) of 71 cranial and dental characters. Numbers on tree indicate decay index of the respective clade. Shaded area indicates "Olson's Gap". Abbreviations: Ca, Capitanian; Ch, Changhsingian; Ma, Million years; PEN, Pennsylvanian; Ro, Roadian; W, Wordian; Wu, Wuchiapingian.
Fig. 2 in New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids
Fig. 2. Partial skull of the basal therapsid Raranimus dashankouensis gen. et sp. nov., IVPP V15424 (holotype) from Middle Permian Xidagou Formation, Dashankou, Xumen, Gansu, China in right lateral (A) and left lateral (B) views.. Photographs (A1, B1) and explanatory drawings (A2, B2). Abbreviations: c1–2, canine 1–2; ch, choana; en, external naris; i1–6, incisor 1–6; M, maxilla; N, nasal; p1–3, postcanine 1–3; Pf, prefrontal; Pl, palatine; Pm, premaxilla; Pt, pterygoid; rc, replacement canine; ri, replacement incisor; Sm, septomaxilla; sp, small precanine maxillary tooth; V, vomer.
Fig. 1 in New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids
Fig. 1. Partial skull of the basal therapsid Raranimus dashankouensis gen. et sp. nov., IVPP V15424 (holotype) from Middle Permian Xidagou Formation, Dashankou, Xumen, Gansu, China, in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Photographs (A1, B1) and explanatory drawings (A2, B2). Abbreviations: c1–2, canine 1–2; ch, choana; en, external naris; i1–6, incisor 1–6; M, maxilla; N, nasal; p1–3, postcanine 1–3; Pf, prefrontal; Pl, palatine; Pm, premaxilla; Pt, pterygoid; rc, replacement canine; ri, replacement incisor; Sm, septomaxilla; sp, small precanine maxillary tooth; V, vomer.
Fig. 9 in New features of the snout and orbit of a therocephalian therapsid from South Africa
Fig. 9. Akidnognathidae gen. et sp. indet. PMO 206.702. Upper Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa. A. Section 350. The two anterior extensions of the ectopterygoid can be seen on the right side of this section. Between them, and next to the maxilla and jugal, there is an opening. This is the foramen for the vessels of the suborbital canal as described by Mendrez (1972). B. Section 371. C. Section 390, located immediately posterior to the level where the zygomatic arch separates from the rest of the skull on the right side (appearing on the left in the figure). D. Section 400.
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