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22 results for “thermal performance curve”
A thermal performance curve perspective explains decades of disagreements over how air temperature affects the flight metabolism of honey bees
<p>While multiple studies have shown that honey bees and some other flying insects lower their flight metabolic rates when flying at high air temperatures, critics have suggested such patterns result from poor experimental methods as, theoretically, air temperature should not appreciably affect aerodynamic force requirements. Here, we show that apparently contradictory studies can be reconciled by considering the thermal performance curve of flight muscle. We show that prior studies that found no effects of air temperature on flight metabolism of honey bees achieved flight muscle temperatures that were near or on equal, opposite sides of the thermal performance curve. Honey bees vary their wing kinematics and metabolic heat production to thermoregulate, and how air temperature affects the flight metabolic rate of honey bees <em>is</em> predictable using a non-linear thermal performance perspective of honey bee flight muscle.</p>
The thermal performance curve for aerobic metabolism of a flying endotherm
<p>Performance benefits of stable, warm muscles are believed to be important for the evolution of endothermy in mammals, birds, and flying insects. However, thermal performance curves have never been measured for a free-flying endotherm, as it is challenging to vary body temperatures of these animals, and maximal flight performance is difficult to elicit. We varied air temperatures and gas densities to manipulate thoracic temperatures of flying honey bees from 29-44°C, with low air densities used to increase flight metabolic rates to maximal values. Honey bees showed a clear thermal performance curve with an optimal temperature of 39°C. Maximal flight metabolic rates increased by ~2% per 1°C increase in thoracic temperature at suboptimal thoracic temperatures, but decreased ~5% per 1°C increase as the bees continued to heat up. This study provides the first quantification of the maximal metabolic performance benefit of thermoregulation in an endotherm. These data directly support aerobic capacity models for benefits of thermoregulation in honey bees, and suggest that improved aerobic capacity likely contributes to the multiple origins of endothermic heterothermy in bees and other insects.</p>
Data from: Usefulness and limitations of thermal performance curves in predicting ectotherm development under global change
1. Thermal performance curves (TPCs) have been estimated in multiple temperate ectotherm species and used to predict the effect of global warming. However, TPCs are typically assessed under constant temperature regimes, so their reliability for predicting thermal responses in the wild where temperature fluctuates diurnally and seasonally remains poorly documented. 2. Here we use distant latitudinal populations of five species of sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) from the temperate region (Europe, North Africa, North America) to compare estimates derived from constant TPCs with observed development rate under fluctuating temperatures in laboratory and field conditions. 3. TPCs changed across gradients in that flies originating from higher latitudes or altitudes showed accelerated development, an adaptive response. TPCs were then used to predict development rates observed under fluctuating temperatures; these predictions were relatively accurate in the laboratory but not in the field. Interestingly, the precision of TPC-predictions depended not only on the resolution of temperature data, with diurnal and overall temperature summing performing better than hourly temperature summing, but also on the frequency of temperatures falling below the estimated critical minimum temperature. Hourly temperature resolution most strongly underestimated actual development rates, because flies apparently either did not stop growing when temperatures dropped below this threshold, or they speed up their growth when the temperature rises again, thus most severely reflecting this error. 4. We conclude that when flies do not encounter cold temperatures, TPC-predictions based on constant temperatures can accurately reflect performance under fluctuating temperatures if adequately adjusted for non-linearities, but when they encounter cold temperatures this method is more error-prone. 5. Our study emphasizes the importance of the resolution of temperature data and cold temperatures in shaping thermal reaction norms, thus improving predictions of the responses of ectotherms to climate change in the age of big data and citizen science.
Data: Rapid evolution of unimodal but not of linear thermal performance curves in Daphnia magna
<p>Species may cope with warming through both rapid evolutionary and plastic responses. While thermal performance curves (TPCs), reflecting thermal plasticity, are considered powerful tools to understand the impact of warming on ectotherms, their rapid evolution has been rarely studied for multiple traits. We capitalized on a 2-year experimental evolution trial in outdoor mesocosms that were kept at ambient temperatures or heated 4 °C above ambient, by testing in a follow-up common garden experiment, for rapid evolution of the TPCs for multiple key traits of the water flea Daphnia magna. The heat-selected Daphnia showed evolutionary shifts of the unimodal TPCs for survival, fecundity at 1st clutch and intrinsic population growth rate toward higher optimum temperatures, and a less pronounced downward curvature indicating a better ability to keep fitness high across a range of high temperatures. We detected no evolution of the linear TPCs for somatic growth, mass and development rate, and for the traits related to energy gain (ingestion rate) and costs (metabolic rate). As a result, also the relative thermal slope of energy gain vs. energy costs did not vary. These results suggest the overall (rather than per capita) top-down impact of D. magna may increase under rapid thermal evolution.</p>
Data: Rapid evolution of unimodal but not of linear thermal performance curves in Daphnia magna
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A thermal performance curve perspective explains decades of disagreements over how air temperature affects the flight metabolism of honey bees
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Data from: Usefulness and limitations of thermal performance curves in predicting ectotherm development under global change
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The thermal performance curve for aerobic metabolism of a flying endotherm
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Data from: Thermal performance curves reveal shifts in optima, limits, and breadth in early life
<p>Understanding thermal performance at life stages that limit persistence is necessary to predict responses to climate change, especially for ectotherms whose fitness (survival and reproduction) depends on environmental temperature. Ectotherms often undergo stage-specific changes in size, complexity and duration that are predicted to modify thermal performance. Yet performance is mostly explored for adults, while performance at earlier stages that typically limit persistence remains poorly understood. Here, we experimentally isolate thermal performance curves at fertilization, embryo development and larval development stages in an aquatic ectotherm whose early planktonic stages (gametes, embryos and larvae) govern adult abundances and dynamics. Unlike previous studies based on short-term exposures, responses with unclear links<br> to fitness or proxies in lieu of explicit curve descriptors (thermal optima, limits and breadth), we measured performance as successful completion of each stage after exposure throughout, and at temperatures that explicitly capture curve descriptors at all stages. Formal comparisons of descriptors using a combination of generalized linear mixed modelling and parametric bootstrapping reveal important differences among life stages. Thermal performance differs significantly from fertilization to embryo development (with thermal optimum declining by ∼2°C, thermal limits shifting inwards by ∼8–10°C and thermal breadth narrowing by ∼10°C), while performance declines independently of temperature thereafter. Our comparisons show that thermal performance at one life stage can misrepresent performance at others, and point to gains in complexity during embryogenesis, rather than subsequent gains in size or duration of exposure, as a key driver of thermal sensitivity in early life. </p>
Data from: Connecting thermal performance curve variation to the genotype: a multivariate QTL approach
Thermal performance curves (TPCs) are continuous reaction norms that describe the relationship between organismal performance and temperature and are useful for understanding trade-offs involved in thermal adaptation. While thermal trade-offs such as those between generalists and specialists or between hot- and cold-adapted phenotypes are known to be genetically variable and evolve during thermal adaptation, little is known of the genetic basis to TPCs – specifically, the loci involved and the directionality of their effects across different temperatures. To address this, we took a multivariate approach, mapping QTL for locomotor activity TPCs in the fly, Drosophila serrata using a panel of 76 recombinant inbred lines. The distribution of additive genetic (co)variance in the mapping population was remarkably similar to the distribution of mutational (co)variance for these traits. We detected 11 TPC-QTLs in females and 4 in males. Multivariate QTL effects were closely aligned with the major axes genetic (co)variation between temperatures; most QTL effects corresponded to variation for either overall increases or decreases in activity with a smaller number indicating possible trade-offs between activity at high and low temperatures. QTLs representing changes in curve shape such as the 'generalist-specialist' trade-off, thought key to thermal adaptation, were poorly represented in the data. We discuss these results in light of genetic constraints on thermal adaptation.
Data from: Embryonic developmental temperatures modulate thermal acclimation of performance curves in tadpoles of the frog Limnodynastes peronii
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Data from: Thermal performance curves reveal shifts in optima, limits, and breadth in early life
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Data from: Transgenerational and within-generation plasticity shape thermal performance curves
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Experimental evolution on heat tolerance and thermal performance curves under contrasting thermal selection in Drosophila subobscura
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Thermal performance curves dataset based on <em>Littorina littorea</em> from different locations along a latitudinal gradient: Physiological and life history traits
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Data from: Connecting thermal performance curve variation to the genotype: a multivariate QTL approach
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Data from: Comparing thermal performance curves across traits: how consistent are they?
Thermal performance curves (TPCs) are intended to approximate the relationship between temperature and fitness, and are commonly integrated into species distributional models for understanding climate change responses. However, TPCs may vary across traits because selection and environmental sensitivity (plasticity) differ across traits or because the timing and duration of the temperature exposure, here termed time-scale, may alter trait variation. Yet the extent to which TPCs vary temporally and across traits is rarely considered in assessments of climate change responses. Using a common garden approach, we estimate TPCs for standard metabolic rate (SMR), and activity in Drosophila melanogaster at three test temperatures (16, 25 and 30 ˚C), using flies from each of six developmental temperatures (16, 18, 20, 25, 28 and 30 ˚C). We examined the effects of time-scale of temperature exposure (mins/hours vs days/weeks) in altering the TPC shape, position and commonly used descriptors of the TPC- thermal optimum (TOPT), thermal limits (TMIN and TMAX) and thermal breadth (TBR). In addition we collated previously published estimates of TPCs for fecundity and egg-to-adult viability in D. melanogaster. We found that the descriptors of the TPCs varied across traits (egg-to-adult viability, SMR, activity and fecundity), but variation in TPCs within these traits was small across studies when measured at the same time-scales. The time-scale at which traits were measured contributed to greater variation in TPCs than the observed variance across traits, although the relative importance of time-scale differed depending on the trait (activity vs fecundity). Variation in the TPC across traits and time-scales suggests that TPCs using single traits may not be an accurate predictor of fitness and thermal adaptation across environments.
Data from:Microgeographic differentiation in thermal performance curves between rural and urban populations of an aquatic insect
The rapidly increasing rate of urbanization has a major impact on the ecology and evolution of species. While increased temperatures are a key aspect of urbanization ("urban heat islands"), we have very limited knowledge whether this generates differentiation in thermal responses between rural and urban populations. In a common garden experiment, we compared the thermal performance curves (TPCs) for growth rate and mortality in larvae of the damselfly Coenagrion puella from three urban and three rural populations. TPCs for growth rate shifted vertically, consistent with the faster-slower theoretical model whereby the cold-adapted rural larvae grew faster than the warm-adapted urban larvae across temperatures. In line with costs of rapid growth, rural larvae showed lower survival than urban larvae across temperatures. The relatively lower temperatures, hence expected shorter growing seasons in rural populations compared to the populations in the urban heat islands likely impose stronger time constraints to reach a certain developmental stage before winter, thereby selecting for faster growth rates. In addition, higher predation rates at higher temperature may have contributed to the growth rate differences between urban and rural ponds. A faster-slower differentiation in TPCs may be a widespread pattern along the urbanization gradient. The observed microgeographic differentiation in TPCs supports the view that urbanization may drive life history evolution. Moreover, because of the urban heat island effect, urban environments have the potential to aid in developing predictions on the impact of climate change on rural populations.
Data from:Microgeographic differentiation in thermal performance curves between rural and urban populations of an aquatic insect
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Data from: Comparing thermal performance curves across traits: how consistent are they?
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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