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54 results for “three-spined sticklebacks”
Data and R script for: Shoaling behaviour in response to turbidity in three-spined sticklebacks
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Many fresh and coastal waters are becoming increasingly turbid because of human activities, which may disrupt the visually-mediated behaviours of aquatic organisms. Shoaling fish typically depend on vision to maintain collective behaviour, which has a range of benefits including protection from predators, enhanced foraging efficiency, and access to mates. Previous studies of the effects of turbidity on shoaling behaviour have focussed on changes to nearest neighbour distance and average group-level behaviours. Here, we investigated whether and how experimental shoals of three-spined sticklebacks (<em><span>Gasterosteus aculeatus</span></em>) in clear (<10 <span>Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU))</span> and turbid (~35 NTU<span>) </span>conditions differed in five local-level behaviours of individuals (nearest and furthest neighbour distance, heading difference with nearest neighbour, bearing angle to nearest neighbour, and swimming speed). These variables are important for the emergent group-level properties of shoaling behaviour. We found an indirect effect of turbidity on nearest-neighbour distances driven by a reduction in swimming speed, and a direct effect of turbidity which increased variability in furthest neighbour distances. In contrast, the alignment and relative position of individuals was not significantly altered in turbid compared to clear conditions. Overall, our results suggest that the shoals were usually robust to adverse effects of turbidity on collective behaviour, but group cohesion was occasionally lost during periods of instability.</span></p>
Cast Away in the Adriatic: Low Degree of Parallel Genetic Differentiation in Three-Spined Sticklebacks
<p>This repository incorporates data and scripts associated with the paper "Cast Away in the Adriatic: Low Degree of Parallel Genetic Divergence in Three-Spined Sticklebacks".</p> <p>Included in the repository are the following compressed folders: </p> <ul> <li>Moments_models&data.zip: two-population demographic models and SFS to run in <em>moments.</em></li> <li>Stairwayplot.zip: blueprint files for multiple mutation rates and results for StairwayPlots.</li> <li>TreeMix.zip: pipeline to infer population splits and mixture events from allele frequency data using TreeMix, including input files.</li> <li>VCF.zip: a filtered VCF file for all three-spined stickleback samples.</li> </ul> <p>The scripts for TreeMix and demographic analyses in <em>moments</em> are also available on <a href="https://github.com/carolindahms">GitHub</a>.</p>
Data and R script for: Shoaling behaviour in response to turbidity in three-spined sticklebacks
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Managing the tradeoff between reproduction and survival requires flexibility in behavior and gene regulation in three-spined stickleback
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Parallel evolution despite low genetic diversity in three-spined sticklebacks
<p>The three-spined stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) is a model organism for studies of parallel evolution in the wild; marine stickleback populations have repeatedly colonized and adapted to different brackish and freshwater habitats. Population genetic studies of European three-spined sticklebacks have usually been conducted only in high-latitude areas. Here, we analysed southern and northern European samples of marine and freshwater three-spined stickleback to test two hypotheses. First, southern European freshwater populations – which currently lack or have limited connection to marine populations – have lost genetic diversity due to population bottlenecks and inbreeding compared to their northern European counterparts. Second, the degree of genetic parallelism in response to freshwater colonisation is higher among northern than southern European populations as the latter have been isolated and likely subjected to strong genetic drift. The results show that southern populations exhibit lower genetic diversity but a higher degree of genetic parallelism than northern populations. Hence, they confirm the hypothesis that southern populations have lost genetic diversity, but this loss likely happened after they had already adapted to freshwater conditions, explaining the high degree of genetic parallelism in the south.</p>
Physiological and environmental data from: Are you ready for the heat? Plasticity vs adaptation of heat tolerance in three-spined stickleback
<p>Heat waves constitute a challenge for aquatic ectotherms. However, the thermal tolerance of animals and their individual phenotypic plasticity to respond to heat waves may be influenced by thermal history. We tested these hypotheses by comparing the upper thermal tolerance and the individual capacities of three-spined sticklebacks from populations with different thermal histories to respond to heat waves. Two populations originated from thermally polluted nuclear power plant (NPP) habitats, while four locations represented geographically adjacent control areas. To disentangle the genetic adaptation from the phenotypic plastic response, we measured the individual upper thermal tolerance and the responses at molecular level in common garden conditions before and after a laboratory-mimicked heat wave. We found that the sticklebacks exhibit considerable phenotypic plasticity in thermal tolerance since the heat wave increased fish upper thermal tolerance significantly. The individual plasticity to respond to the heat wave was also negatively correlated to initial thermal tolerance. On the other hand, neither the thermal tolerance nor the plastic responses differed between NPP and control sites despite detection of significant but low genome-wide divergence in 10 out of 15 pairwise comparisons. Our results suggest that five decades of nuclear power plant activity with warmer water has not resulted in a detectable evolutionary change in either the upper thermal tolerance or its plasticity in three-spined sticklebacks potentially rendering them sensitive to frequent heat waves.</p>
Mesocosm experiments reveal the loss of migratory tendencies in a recently isolated population of three-spined sticklebacks
<p>In the 1970s, water management in the Netherlands resulted in numerous isolated populations of three-spined sticklebacks, which can no longer migrate from freshwater to the sea. We tested whether ~50 years of isolation resulted in reduced migratory tendencies in these resident sticklebacks. Lab-based individual testing showed behavioural divergence between residents and migrants, but also produced counter-intuitive results, especially with regards to movement tendencies. To detect differences in migration tendencies, we set up a semi-natural mesocosm, consisting of connected ponds, where movements of numerous individuals could continually be tracked at larger spatial scales. We found that wild-caught residents and migrants exhibited no differences in movement tendencies within ponds, but residents moved significantly less between ponds than migrants. Between-pond movements were consistent and the observed differences were robust across contexts (changes in water flow and group size). Our study reveals that larger-scale movement tendencies can diverge over short time scales in response to human-induced isolation, and highlights the importance of observing behaviour in ecologically relevant setups that bridge the gap between lab and field studies.</p>
Physiological parameters for four fish species (rainbow trout, zebra fish, fathead minnow and three-spined stickleback) as the basis for the development of generic physiologically-based kinetic models
<p>This excel file (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1414332) provides physiological parameters and their inter-individual variability (mean, coefficient of variation, sample size) for four fish species: rainbow trout (<em>Onchorhynchus mykiss</em>), zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>), fathead minnow (<em>Pimephales promelas</em>), and three-spined stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>). These physiological parameters were estimated based on the results of extensive literature searches and specific experimental data described in Grech et al., (2018). </p> <p>This file is associated with R codes (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1414332) for generic PB-K models, partition coefficient Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) models for each fish species and parameterisation of model for males and females of each species separately.</p> <p>The full data collection and implementation of the models using case studies are described in Grech et al., 2018 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.163">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.163</a>)</p>
Mesocosm experiments reveal the loss of migratory tendencies in a recently isolated population of three-spined sticklebacks
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Parallel evolution despite low genetic diversity in three-spined sticklebacks
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Denovo assembly of a Japan Sea stickleback (Gasterosteus nipponicus) and a Japanese Pacific Ocean lineage of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
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Discrete genetic modules underlie divergent reproductive strategies in three-spined stickleback
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Physiological and environmental data from: Are you ready for the heat? Plasticity vs adaptation of heat tolerance in three-spined stickleback
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Cercarial behaviour alters the consumer functional response of three-spined sticklebacks
<p>1. Free-living parasite life stages may contribute substantially to ecosystem biomass and thus represent a significant source of energy flow when consumed by non-host organisms. However, ambient temperature and the predator's own infection status may modulate consumption rates towards parasite prey.</p> <p>2. We investigated the combined effects of temperature and predator infection status on the consumer functional response of three-spined sticklebacks towards the free-living cercariae stages of two common freshwater trematode parasites (<i>Plagiorchis</i>, <i>Trichobilharzia</i>).</p> <p>3. Our results revealed genera-specific functional responses and consumption rates towards each parasite prey: Type II for <i>Plagiorchis </i>and Type III for <i>Trichobilharzia</i>, with an overall higher consumption rate on <i>Trichobilharzia</i>. Elevated temperature (13 ºC) increased the consumption rate on <i>Plagiorchis </i>prey for sticklebacks with mild cestode infections (<5% fish body weight) only.</p> <p>4. High consumption of cercarial prey by sticklebacks may impact parasite population dynamics by severely reducing or even functionally eliminating free-living parasite life stages from the environment. This supports the potential role of fish as biocontrol agents for cercariae with similar dispersion strategies, in instances where functional response relationships have been established.</p> <p>5. Our study demonstrates how parasite consumption by non-host organisms may be shaped by traits inherent to parasite transmission and dispersal, and emphasizes the need to consider free-living parasite life stages as integral energy resources in aquatic food webs.</p>
Sex differences in laterality are associated with reproduction in three-spine stickleback
<p><span>Laterality, the partitioning of information processing into specific brain hemispheres, is widespread across animal taxa. Substantial unexplained variation in this trait exists, particularly between the sexes, despite multiple identified advantages of lateralisation. Here, we demonstrate a relationship between laterality (measured as directional biases), reproduction and experience of mating and parenting. Using three-spine sticklebacks <i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>, a species with uniparental male care, we showed that individuals of the caring sex (males) were more strongly lateralised than the non-caring sex (females) during reproduction, and that laterality was reduced outside the breeding season in males. Additionally, males with experience of mating and parenting were more strongly lateralised than males without this experience. Our findings suggest that fitness related behaviours that vary between the sexes, such as reproductive behaviours including courtship, spawning and parenting, are significant but previously unidentified sources of variation in laterality.</span></p>
Data from: No effect of elevated carbon dioxide on reproductive behaviors in the three-spined stickleback
Ocean acidification, the reduction in ocean pH resulting from anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), has been predicted to alter the behavior of fishes. During experimental exposure to CO2 concentrations projected for the year 2100 (~1000 µatm), fish have been reported to display disturbances in activity, learning, behavioral lateralization, and even attraction to predator cues. Reproductive behaviors have received far less attention, despite an intensive research effort on ocean acidification and its ecological importance. Here, we investigate whether elevated levels of CO2 affect reproduction in breeding pairs of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, a model species in behavioral, evolutionary ecology, and environmental toxicology. We found that males under both present day levels (400 µatm) and future levels (1000 µatm) of CO2 developed normal sexual ornaments, pursued normal nest building activities, exhibited similar levels of courtship behaviors and displacement fanning, and had the same mating probability. Moreover, fanning behavior during the paternal care period followed what is expected for the species for males from both treatments, and there was no effect of treatment on the numbers of offspring produced. This study is the first to investigate the effect of elevated CO2 on the complete breeding cycle in detail, studying an array of highly fitness-relevant traits. Our study showing surprising resilience of fish reproduction is an important contribution in order to realistically predict the impacts of future ocean acidification.
Data from: Where the lake meets the sea: strong reproductive isolation is associated with adaptive divergence between lake resident and anadromous three-spined sticklebacks
Contact zones between divergent forms of the same species are often characterised by high levels of phenotypic diversity over small geographic distances. What processes are involved in generating such high phenotypic diversity? One possibility is that introgression and recombination between divergent forms in contact zones results in greater phenotypic and genetic polymorphism. Alternatively, strong reproductive isolation between forms may maintain distinct phenotypes, preventing homogenisation by gene flow. Contact zones between divergent freshwater-resident and anadromous stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) forms are numerous and common throughout the species distribution, offering an opportunity to examine these contrasting hypotheses in greater detail. This study reports on an interesting new contact zone located in a tidally influenced lake catchment in western Ireland, characterised by high polymorphism for lateral plate phenotypes. Using neutral and QTL-linked microsatellite markers, we tested whether the high diversity observed in this contact zone arose as a result of introgression or reproductive isolation between divergent forms: we found strong support for the latter hypothesis. Three phenotypic and genetic clusters were identified, consistent with two divergent resident forms and a distinct anadromous completely plated population that migrates in and out of the system. Given the strong neutral differentiation detected between all three morphotypes (mean FST = 0.12), we hypothesised that divergent selection between forms maintains reproductive isolation. We found a correlation between neutral genetic and adaptive genetic differentiation that support this. While strong associations between QTL linked markers and phenotypes were also observed in this wild population, our results support the suggestion that such associations may be more complex in some Atlantic populations compared to those in the Pacific. These findings provide an important foundation for future work investigating the dynamics of gene flow and adaptive divergence in this newly discovered stickleback contact zone.
Data from: Effects of perceived predation risk and social environment on the development of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) morphology
Phenotypically plastic changes in response to variation in perceived predation risk are widespread, but little is known about if and how social environment modulates induced responses to predation risk. We investigated the influence of perceived predation risk (i.e. chemical cues from a predator) and social environment (i.e. one, two or 20 individuals reared together) on three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) morphology in a factorial common garden experiment. We found that exposure to chemical cues from potential predators did not influence growth or body condition or induce more robust morphological defences (i.e. lateral plate numbers and dorsal spine lengths). However, sticklebacks exposed to predator cues developed longer caudal peduncles and larger eyes as compared with fish from the control treatment. As these responses may improve sticklebacks' ability to avoid piscine predation, they might be adaptive. Social environment/density also influenced expression of some traits, but these effects were independent of predation-risk treatment effects. In general, these results suggest that apart from the classic morphological defence structures, which appear mostly constitutive, three-spined sticklebacks are capable of expressing potentially adaptive morphological responses to chemical cues from potential predators.
Genomic data from: Are you ready for the heat? Phenotypic plasticity vs adaptation of heat tolerance in three-spined stickleback
<p>Heat waves constitute a challenge for aquatic ectotherms. However, the thermal tolerance of animals and their individual phenotypic plasticity to respond to heat waves may be influenced by thermal history. We tested these hypotheses by comparing the upper thermal tolerance and the individual capacities of three-spined sticklebacks from populations with different thermal histories to respond to heat waves. Two populations originated from thermally polluted nuclear power plant (NPP) habitats, while four locations represented geographically adjacent control areas. To disentangle the genetic adaptation from the phenotypic plastic response, we measured the individual upper thermal tolerance and the responses at molecular level in common garden conditions before and after a laboratory-mimicked heat wave. We found that the sticklebacks exhibit considerable phenotypic plasticity in thermal tolerance since the heat wave increased fish upper thermal tolerance significantly. The individual plasticity to respond to the heat wave was also negatively correlated to initial thermal tolerance. On the other hand, neither the thermal tolerance nor the plastic responses differed between NPP and control sites despite detection of significant but low genome-wide divergence in 10 out of 15 pairwise comparisons. Our results suggest that five decades of nuclear power plant activity with warmer water has not resulted in a detectable evolutionary change in either the upper thermal tolerance or its plasticity in three-spined sticklebacks potentially rendering them sensitive to frequent heat waves.</p>
Data from: Worldwide phylogeny of three-spined sticklebacks
Stickleback fishes in the family Gasterosteidae have become model organisms in ecology and evolutionary biology. However, even in the case of the most widely studied species in this family – the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – the worldwide phylogenetic relationships and colonization history of the different populations and lineages remain poorly resolved. Using a large collection of samples covering most parts of the species distribution range, we subjected thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms to coalescent analyses in order to reconstruct a robust worldwide phylogeny of extant G. aculeatus populations, as well their ancestral geographic distributions using Statistical-Dispersal Vicariance and Bayesian Binary MCMC analyses. The results suggest that contemporary populations originated from the Pacific Ocean in the late Pleistocene, and the Atlantic was colonized through the Arctic Ocean by a lineage that diverged from Pacific sticklebacks ca 44.6 Kya. This lineage contains two branches: one that is distributed in the Mediterranean area, from the Iberian Peninsula to the Black Sea ('Southern European lineage'), and another that is comprised of populations from northern Europe and the east coast of North America ('Trans-Atlantic lineage'). Hence, the results suggest that the North American East Coast was colonized by trans-Atlantic migration. Coalescence-based divergence time estimates suggest that divergence among major clades is much more recent than previously estimated.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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