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29 results for “throughfall”
Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Canopy Throughfall in Southern New England 2002
Non-native insect pests may strongly disrupt forest ecosystems and trigger major shifts on nutrient cycling, structure and composition. Although the immediate impact of these pests are frequently examined as physical disturbances (i.e., defoliation, decline in leaf area, and tree mortality) that initiate changes in ecosystem function, the insects often generate fundamental biochemical and trophic changes in tree canopies that may be equally important in altering ecosystem dynamics. Consequently, investigation of the linkages between canopy-level, ecosystem and environmental impacts may be critical for a thorough understanding of functional, structural, and compositional changes resulting from pest infestation. We sought to establish a better understanding of these linkages for the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), which is devastating hemlock forests in an expanding region across eastern North American and has the potential to eliminate this long-lived and extremely shade-tolerant species across much of its range. We examined the impact of the adelgid on hemlock needle chemistry and epiphytic microorganisms, litter production, and shoot growth in stands differing in their levels of infestation and linked these to shifts in canopy nutrient cycling and stand and landscape dynamics. HWA initiated major changes in canopy biomass and distribution. Whereas uninfested trees exhibit a decline in canopy biomass from the center to the periphery and a positive correlation between total needle litter and estimated biomass, infested trees support predominantly woody biomass, have significantly less total canopy biomass, produce less new foliage and exhibit no correlation between litter and canopy biomass. Foliar %N was strongly influenced by needle age and the level of infestation and was highest in young foliage supporting the highest densities of HWA. Foliar %C was unaffected by HWA or foliar age. Epiphytic microorganisms on hemlock needles exhibited little variation in abundance
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Leaf Area Index (LAI) Throughfall Plots
Leaf area index (LAI) of the mature deciduous forest adjacent to WS6 at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest is estimated on the basis of leaf litterfall collections; the raw data for litterfall are posted in the EDI data package – Fine Litterfall Data at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 1992 – present (https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-hbr&identifier=49). These plots are designated TF, referring to throughfall chemistry collections performed at these plots many years ago (Lovett et al. 1996). Leaf litterfall is collected in 0.097 m2 litter traps raised 1.5 m above ground level and is sorted by species. The number of leaves of each species is counted. The counts are multiplied by the average area per leaf for each species in each plot to estimate LAI. Litter traps are located randomly within each of three plots that are arranged along the elevation gradient within the deciduous forest zone. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Gary M. Lovett, Scott S. Nolan, Charles T. Driscoll, and Timothy J. Fahey. Factors regulating throughfall flux in a New Hampshire forested landscape. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26(12): 2134-2144. https://doi.org/10.1139/x26-242
NTF01 Volume and chemistry of throughfall in tallgrass prairie
Amounts and nitrogen content of water passing through the canopy of tallgrass prairie are compared to similar measurements of bulk precipitation. Measurements include nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and organic nitrogen and phosphorus content of bulk precipitation and throughfall. Variables of interest include vegetation type and amounts, time of year, and time since burning.
Bisley rainfall and throughfall, and chemistry of rainfall and throughfall
This data set contain summaries and analyses mean of collected weekly measurements expressed as mm per day, and calculation of fluxes, rates and means calculated after water chemistry analyses are conducted. Rainfall and throughfall are collected weekly at the Bisley LEF site. These data sets begin March 1988 and ends December 2003. Rain and throughfall samples are the total catch for the week, and are exposed to field conditions for that time. No event sampling is conducted on a routine basis. Rainfall Collected in Bisley (RCB) are bulk or always-open collectors that receive dry deposition by sedimentation. All samples are measured for pH and conductivity, and then filtered (pre-combusted Whatman GF/F glass fiber filter) prior to further analysis. From 1983-1994 samples were cooled and returned to the San Juan chemistry laboratory for analysis. During those years, samples for NH4 and NO3 analyses were refrigerated continuously until analysis. Sub samples for NH4 analysis were also preserved with 1 molar HCl. From 1994 on, samples for NH4 and NO3 were frozen until analysis, were not acidified, and all analyses were conducted at the University of New Hampshire. Nutrient fluxes in rainfall and throughfall were measured weekly in a mature subtropical wet forest in NE Puerto Rico over a 15-year period that included the effects of five hurricanes and several prolonged droughts. Annual inputs of K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na, and SO4-S are similar to those reported from other marine-influenced tropical forests. Rainfall input of nitrogen is comparatively low and reflects the relative isolation of the air shed. Mean annual rainfall and throughfall were 3482 and 2131 mm yr-1 respectively. On average, rainfall, throughfall, rainfall pH, and rainfall flux NH4-N and NO3-N had small but significant decreases throughout the study period. More nutrients fluxes had seasonal differences in rainfall (6 out of 12) than throughfall (4 out of 12). All volume weighted enrichment ratios calculated f
Chemistry of rainfall and throughfall from El Verde and Bisley
Rain, throughfall, and stream water are collected weekly at the LEF sites listed below. Samples are collected by USDA Forest Service technicians Carlos Estrada in the field filtered in the lab by Miriam Salgado. These data sets begin as early as 1983; LTER sampling began in 1988. Rain and throughfall samples are the total catch for the week, and are exposed to field conditions for that time. No event sampling is conducted on a routine basis. Rain samples from WDEV are wet only from an automatically-closing collector that prevents any dry deposition (Aerochem Metrics NADP collector). RCEV and RCB are bulk or always-open collectors that receive dry deposition by sedimentation. All samples are measured for pH and conductivity, and then filtered (pre-combusted Whatman GF/F glass fiber filter) prior to further analysis. From 1983-1994 samples were cooled and returned to the San Juan chemistry laboratory for analysis. During those years, samples for NH4 and NO3 analyses were refrigerated continuously until analysis. Subsamples for NH4 analysis were also preserved with 1 molar H2SO4. From 1994 on, samples for NH4 and NO3 were frozen until analysis, were not acidified, and all analyses were conducted at the University of New Hampshire. Rain and Throughfall Sampling SitesDescriptions of LTER LUQ rain and throughfall weekly sample chemistry data from 1988 onwards. Chemical concentrations are recorded as mg/L or ug/L as appropriate. Values below detection limits are recorded as 1/2 the detection limit. Site Abbreviation Description Comments Rain collector Bisley. RCB Bulk collector. Rain collector El Verde RCEV Bulk collector. Wet/dry El Verde. WDEV. Wet only collector. Throughfall Bisley. TFB=TCB TF bulk 10-collector composite Bisley gap= BGAP, TF bulk 10-collector composite Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation
Throughfall equations at OAL-UK
<p>Dataset containing fitting equations from linear regression models for predicting throughfall from gross rainfall for multiple woody and non-woody plant species -i.e. sycamore, ash, goat willow, basket willow and herbs. The equations were fitted per tree species and individual. </p> <p>Throughfall is a relevant eco-hydrological mechanism related to rainfall partitioning at the tree's canopy. Throughfall is basically the amount of rain passing through the canopy without being intercepted by the leaves or woody parts. More information on throughfall can be found here:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.014">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.014</a></p>
Throughfall and Isotopic Ratios on WS1 at the Andrews Experimental Forest, 2010-2011
The data in this set describes the throughfall collection on WS1 during 2010 and 2011, as well as the isotopic data assessed from these samples. In the Fall of 2010 there were eleven collection periods and in the Spring of 2011 there were eight collection periods. Data is no longer being collected. Throughfall and rainfall were measured at point locations, measured for the quantity and isotopic composition (Oxygen-16/18 and Hydrogen/Deuterium). Stemflow was also collected off of two PSME trees, one on the north-facing and one on the south-facing slope. These are the "plots" for this study, although they have no defined radius. During the Fall 2010 collection period, thirteen collectors were used, near the stream channel, along the trail in WS1. During the Spring 2011, there were eighteen collectors at each of two plots. Rainfall was also measured in an opening at the WS1 landing for comparison.
Canopy gradient throughfall.
Throughfall (precipitation that falls through the canopy) was collected on three sites across an elevation gradient at Coweeta. For more information see Reynolds and Hunter, 2001 in Publications section below. The researchers tested whether inputs from canopy herbivores would affect soil processes such as respiration, nutrient cycling, and decomposition along an elevation gradient. The five treatments we used were frass additions, throughfall additions, removal of all litter that fell during the study, removal of greenfall that fell during the study, and controls.
Throughfall and wet deposition N data for C1, 2001.
A field study at a Rocky Mountain spruce-fir-pine forest was undertaken to obtain measures of canopy nitrogen uptake. Wet deposition, dry deposition, and throughfall fluxes of ammonium and nitrate were measured during the 2001 growing season. Estimation of CNU, for both ammonium and nitrate, was obtained by subtracting throughfall (TF) flux from the sum of wet deposition (WD) and dry deposition (DD): CNU = WD+DD-TF. Total dissolved nitrogen was also determined for TF and WD samples. The organic nitrogen flux in WD and TF was determined by subtracting the inorganic N flux (sum of ammonium and nitrate fluxes) from total dissolved N fluxes.
Data for: Nitrogen deposition in forests: Statistical modeling of total deposition from throughfall loads
<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Nitrogen (N) gradient studies in some cases use N deposition in throughfall as measure of N deposition to forests. For evaluating critical loads of N, however, information on total N deposition is required, i.e., the sum of estimates of dry, wet and occult deposition.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present paper collects a number of studies in Europe where throughfall and total N deposition were compared in different forest types. From this dataset a function was derived which allows to estimate total N deposition from throughfall N deposition.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>At low throughfall N deposition values, the proportion of canopy uptake is high and thus the underestimation of total deposition by throughfall N needs to be corrected. At throughfall N deposition values >20 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> canopy uptake is getting less important.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work shows that throughfall clearly underestimates total deposition of nitrogen. With the present data set covering large parts of Europe it is possible to derive a critical load estimate from gradient studies using throughfall data.</p>
High-resolution throughfall measurement design, Hainich, Germany, project AquaDiva
<p>This dataset contains the sampling design for throughfall data used for the analysis published in Metzger et al. (2017) and Fischer et al. (2023). It gives spatially distributed throughfall measurement points and their forest structural properties. The measurement points are grouped into randomly distributed “kernel” points and “transect” points which are not part of the random design.</p> <p>The field site and sampling design are described in Metzger et al. (2017). The throughfall data is given in an associated published dataset (Metzger and Hildebrandt, 2023).</p>
Data for: Nitrogen deposition in forests: Statistical modeling of total deposition from throughfall loads
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Summer Throughfall Precipitation Recorded at LTER Moisture Exclusion Treatment Plots: 1991-Present(weekly)
Standard rain cans were located at the three corners of the summer moisture exclosure plots and read weekly during the summer season starting in 1991.
Gradient throughfall (thrufall) collection at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1992 to 1997
To investigate long term forest ecosystem responses to disturbance and stress along an elevational gradient, five plots were established as follows: xeric oak-pine (782 m), cove hardwood (795 m), low elevation mixed oak (865 m), high elevation mixed oak (1001 m), and northern hardwoods (1347 m). Phenomena being studied in these plots include: climatology, nutrient dynamics, decomposition, vegetation productivity and population dynamics, and below-ground processes. As part of study on nutrient dynamics, throughfall was sampled weekly and concentrations and fluxes were examined from each of the five gradient plots.
Bulk throughfall at Coweeta White Pine, Watershed One at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1985 to 1988
None provided by researcher.
Bulk throughfall at Coweeta Hardwoods, Watershed Two (Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory) from 1985 to 1988
Data was collected from six collectors. Statistical means were volume weighted.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Throughfall Data, 1989-1992
Throughfall was collected during the growing season (1 June - 30 September) from sites on or near Watershed 5 (1989, 1990, 1992) and Watershed 6 (1989 - 1992). Samples were analysed for cations, anions, pH and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Throughfall water volume and chemistry from the Ice Storm Experiment (ISE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
An ice storm simulation was performed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest to evaluate impacts of these extreme weather events on northern hardwood forests. Water was pumped from the main branch of Hubbard Brook and sprayed above the forest canopy in subfreezing conditions so that it rained down and froze on contact with trees. The experiment included five ice storm intensities (0, 6.4, 12.7 and 19.1 mm radial ice accretion) applied in a single year, and one ice storm intensity (12.7 mm) applied in two consecutive years. The volume and chemistry of throughfall was quantified and fluxes of major elements were calculated. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Data from: Partitioning between atmospheric deposition and canopy microbial nitrification into throughfall nitrate fluxes in a Mediterranean forest
1. Microbial activity plays a central role in nitrogen (N) cycling, with effects on forest productivity. Though N bio-transformations, such as nitrification, are known to occur in the soil, here we investigate whether nitrifiers are present in tree canopies and actively process atmospheric N. 2. This study was conducted in a Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forest in Spain during the transition from hot dry summer to cool wet winter. We quantified NH4+—N and NO3-—N fluxes for rainfall (RF) and throughfall (TF) and used δ15N, δ18O, and Δ17O to elucidate sources of NO3-. Finally, we characterized microbial communities and abundance of nitrifiers on foliage, RF and TF water through metabarcoding and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, respectively. 3. NO3—N fluxes at the site were larger in TF than RF, suggesting a contribution from dry deposition, as also supported by δ15N and δ18O. However, Δ17O indicated that about 20% of NO3- in TF derived from canopies nitrification in August, after a severe drought, with a lower proportion in September (≈ 8%). This seasonal partitioning between biologically and atmospherically derived NO3- coincided with a decreasing trend of the abundance of archaeal nitrifiers. Tree canopies and TF had more diverse microbial communities than RF. Yet, RF showed higher variability in microbial composition, likely associated to the origin of air masses. 4. Synthesis. Atmospheric N deposition is significantly altered after passing through tree canopies. While nitrification has been proposed as one of the mechanisms responsible for these changes, very few studies directly investigate its occurrence. Here, we showed that nitrification by epiphytic leaf microbes contributed to increasing NO3 in TF and that nitrifiers' activity was reduced going from the dry and hot summer to the cool winter. Overall, these results highlight the power of coupling microbial community analysis, functional gene amplification and stable isotope approaches to examine ecosystem-scale processes.
Canopy Interception and Throughfall of Turfgrass
<p>Datasets including precipitation (rain_mm) and throughfall (rain_zoy and rain_bent) for two turfgrass species.</p> <p>Example python notebook for filtering data is included based on date range.</p>
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