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290 results for “thyroid hormones”
Hypothyroidism Weight and serum thyroid hormones
<p>Dataset on 50 healthy controls (HC), 25 patients before starting treatment (Hyp1), 15 out of these 25 patients before starting treatment (Hyp12) and 15 patients (same 15 patients) after 6 months of treatment with L-thyroxine (Hyp2). Variables are: ID number, patient group (HC, Hyp1,Hyp12,Hyp2), sex (1=male), age (years), weight (kg), length (m), BSA (body surface area, m^2), BMI (kg/m^2), serum-TPO (IU/ml), serum-TSH (mIU/l), serum-free T3 (pmol/l), serum-free T4 (pmol/l), ratio serum-fT3/fT4, Zulewski score (points) and difference in weight before and after treatment (Hyp2-Hyp12), and difference in TSH (Hyp2-Hyp12) and dosage of L-thyroxine (Levaxin, mg).</p>
Figure 4 in Identification of thyroid hormone receptors α and β genes and their expression profiles during metamorphosis in Rana chensinensis*
Figure 4. The levels of rcTRα and rcTRβ mRNA in several (n = 6) tadpoles as assessed by qRT-PCR. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between developmental stages.
Figure 2 in Identification of thyroid hormone receptors α and β genes and their expression profiles during metamorphosis in Rana chensinensis*
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationship of TRs among R. chensinensis and other species. Numbers at the branches are the bootstrap values.
Figure 3 in Identification of thyroid hormone receptors α and β genes and their expression profiles during metamorphosis in Rana chensinensis*
Figure 3. Organ-specific expression of rcTRα and rcTRβ in tadpoles during stages 33–46 by RT-PCR. M: DL2000 DNA marker.
Figure 1 in Identification of thyroid hormone receptors α and β genes and their expression profiles during metamorphosis in Rana chensinensis*
Figure 1. Alignment of TR polypeptide sequences in a few species of Rana. The A/B, DBD, D, and LBD domains are separated by arrows. Two conserved zinc fingers are boxed. Asterisks indicate conserved amino acid and hyphens represent spaces inserted to maximized similarity.
Data from: Mitochondrial function is enhanced by thyroid hormones during zebra finch development
<p>An organism's response to its environment is largely underpinned by changes in the energy supplied by the aerobic mitochondrial metabolism via adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP) production. ATP is especially important under energy-demanding conditions, such as during growth. The biological mechanisms through which environmental factors feed-back on mitochondrial function, and thus growth, are poorly understood, but recent studies suggest a role of hormones. In particular, thyroid hormones (THs) are key regulators of growth and metabolism in vertebrates, which react flexibly to environmental influences, such as temperature or nutrient availability. We manipulated TH levels within physiological ranges during the main growth phase in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) nestlings, to test for causal relationships with mitochondrial function and growth. Our TH-treatment accelerated skeletal growth and maximal mitochondrial working capacity, ETS – a mitochondrial trait reflecting ATP production potential. Furthermore, TH marginally elevated cellular metabolic rate and oxidative phosphorylation, the final step of ATP production. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the regulation of mitochondria by TH during development in a naturalistic context and to address the implications for fitness.</p>
Data from: Mitochondrial function is enhanced by thyroid hormones during zebra finch development
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Dataset of maternal thyroid hormones transfer in Pied flycatchers
<p>This is the dataset of an experiment conducted on Pied flycatchers (<em>Ficedula hypoleuca</em>) in which we manipulated thyroid hormones in the mother's circulation. This dataset contains all the responses measured in this experiment.</p>
Thyroid hormone induces DNA demethylation in Xenopus tadpole brain
<p>Thyroid hormone (T3) plays pivotal roles in vertebrate development, acting via nuclear receptors (TRs) that regulate gene transcription by promoting posttranslational modifications to histones. Methylation of cytosine residues in DNA also modulates gene transcription, and our recent finding of predominant DNA demethylation in the brain of Xenopus tadpoles at metamorphosis, a T3-dependent developmental process, caused us to hypothesize that T3 induces these changes in vivo. Treatment of pre-metamorphic tadpoles with T3 for 24 or 48 hr increased immunoreactivity in several brain regions for the DNA demethylation intermediates 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) and 5-carboxylcytosine, and the methylcytosine dioxygenase ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3). Thyroid hormone treatment induced locus-specific DNA demethylation in proximity to known T3 response elements within the DNA methyltransferase 3a and Krüppel-like factor 9 genes, analyzed by 5-hmC immunoprecipitation and methylation sensitive restriction enzyme digest. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that T3 induced TET3 recruitment to these loci. Furthermore, the mRNAs for several genes encoding DNA demethylation enzymes were induced by T3 in a time-dependent manner in tadpole brain. A TR ChIP-sequencing experiment identified putative TR binding sites at several of these genes, and we provide multiple lines of evidence to support that tet2 contains a bona fide T3 response element. Our findings show that T3 can promote DNA demethylation in developing tadpole brain, in part by promoting TET3 recruitment to discrete genomic regions, and by inducing genes that encode DNA demethylation enzymes.</p>
Data from: Estimation of energetic condition in wild baboons using fecal thyroid hormone determination
Understanding how environmental and social factors affect reproduction through variation in energetic condition remains understudied in wild animals, in large part because accurately and repeatedly measuring energetic condition in the wild is a challenge. Thyroid hormones (THs), such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), have a key role in mitigating metabolic responses to energy intake and expenditure, and therefore are considered important biomarkers of an animal's energetic condition. Recent method development has shown that T3 and T4 metabolites can be measured in feces, but studies measuring THs in wild populations remain rare. Here we measured fecal T3 metabolites (mT3) in baboons, and tested whether the conditions of collection and storage used for steroid hormones could also be used for mT3; we focused on mT3 as it is the biologically active form of TH and because fecal T4 metabolites (mT4) were below detection levels in our samples. We also tested if mT3 could be determined in freeze-dried samples stored for long periods of time, and if these concentrations reflected expected biological variations across seasons and reproductive states. Our results show that mT3 can be measured with accuracy and precision in baboon feces. The conditions of collection and storage we use for steroid hormones are appropriate for mT3 determination. In addition, mT3 concentrations can be determined in samples stored at -20 °C for up to 9 years, and are not predicted by the amount of time in storage. As expected, wild female baboons have lower mT3 concentrations during the dry season. Interestingly, mT3 concentrations are lower in pregnant and lactating females, possibly reflecting an energy sparing mechanism. Retroactive determination of mT3 concentration in stored, freeze-dried feces opens the door to novel studies on the role of energetic condition on fitness in wild animals.
Data from: thyroid hormone concentrations in female baboons: metabolic consequences of living in a highly seasonal environment
<p>How female mammals adapt metabolically in response to environmental variation remains understudied in the wild, because direct measures of metabolic activity are difficult to obtain in wild populations. However, recent advances in the non-invasive measurement of fecal thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3), an important regulator of metabolism, provide an opportunity to understand how female baboons living in the harsh Amboseli ecosystem in southern Kenya adapt to environmental variability and escape strict reproductive seasonality. Specifically, we assessed how a female's activity budget, diet, and concentrations of fecal T3 metabolites (mT3) changed over the course of the year and between years. We then tested which of several environmental variables (season, rainfall, and temperature) and behavioral variables (female activity budget and diet) best predicted mT3 concentrations. Finally, we determined if two important reproductive events – onset of ovarian cycling and conception of an offspring – were preceded by changes in female mT3 concentrations. We found female baboons' mT3 concentrations varied markedly across the year and between years as a function of environmental conditions. Further, changes in a female's behavior and diet only partially mediated the metabolic response to the environment. Finally, mT3 concentrations increased in the weeks prior to menarche and cycling resumption, regardless of the month or season in which cycling started. This pattern indicates that metabolic activation may be an indicator of reproductive readiness in female baboons as their energy balance is restored.</p>
Data from: Thyroid hormone tinkering elicits integrated phenotypic changes potentially explaining rapid adaptation of color vision in cichlid fish
Vision is critical for most vertebrates, including fish. One challenge that aquatic habitats pose is the high variability in spectral properties depending on depth, turbidity and composition of the water body. By altering opsin gene expression and chromophore usage, cichlid fish modulate visual sensitivities to maximize sensory input from the available light in their respective habitat. Thyroid hormone (TH) has been proposed to play a role in governing adaptive diversification in visual sensitivity in Nicaraguan Midas cichlids, which evolved in less than ~3,100 generations. As suggested by indirect measurements of TH levels (i.e., expression of deiodinases), populations adapted to short wavelength light in clear lakes have lower TH levels than ones inhabiting turbid lakes enriched in long-wavelength light. We experimentally manipulated TH levels by exposing two-week-old Midas cichlids to exogenous TH or a TH-inhibitor and measured opsin gene expression and chromophore usage (via cyp27c1 expression). Whereas exogenous TH induces long-wavelength sensitivity by changing opsin gene expression and chromophore usage in a concerted manner, TH-inhibited fish exhibit a visual phenotype with sensitivities shifted to shorter-wavelengths. Tinkering with TH levels in eyes results in concerted phenotypic changes that can provide a rapid mechanism of adaptation to novel light environments. --
Maternally-transferred thyroid hormones and life-history variation in birds
<p><span>1. In vertebrates, thyroid hormones (THs) play an important role in the regulation of growth, development, metabolism, photoperiodic responses and migration. Maternally transferred THs are important for normal early-phase embryonic development when embryos are not able to produce endogenous THs. Previous studies have shown that variation in maternal THs within the physiological range can influence offspring phenotype.</span></p> <p><span>2. Given the essential functions of maternal THs in development and metabolism, THs may be a mediator of life-history variation across species. </span></p> <p><span>3. We tested the hypothesis that differences in life histories are associated with differences in maternal TH transfer across species. Using birds as a model, we specifically tested whether maternally transferred yolk THs co-vary with migratory status, developmental mode, and traits related to pace-of-life (e.g. basal metabolic rate, maximum lifespan).</span></p> <p><span>4. We collected un-incubated eggs (n = 1-21 eggs per species, median = 7) from 34 wild and captive bird species across 17 families and 6 orders to measure yolk THs (both triiodothyronine, T3 and thyroxine, T4), compiled life-history trait data from the literature, and used Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models to test our hypotheses.</span></p> <p><span>5. Our models indicated that both concentrations and total amounts of the two main forms of THs (T3 and T4) were higher in the eggs of migratory species compared to resident species, and total amounts were higher in the eggs of precocial species, which have longer prenatal developmental periods, than in those of altricial species. However, maternal yolk THs did not show clear associations with pace-of-life related traits, such as fecundity, basal metabolic rate, or maximum lifespan.</span></p> <p><span>6. We quantified interspecific variation in maternal yolk THs in birds and our findings suggest higher maternal TH transfer is associated with the precocial mode of development and migratory status. Whether maternal THs represent a part of the mechanism underlying the evolution of precocial development and migration or a consequence of such life histories is currently unclear. We therefore encourage further studies to explore the physiological mechanisms and evolutionary processes underlying these patterns.</span></p>
Supplementary material (Sanger sequencing photo) of the case of THRB mosaicism presented in Clinically Symptomatic Resistance to Thyroid Hormone β Syndrome Because of THRB Gene Mosaicism of Donnars et al. (https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac347)
<p>Supplementary material (Sanger photo) of the case of THRB mosaicism presented in "Clinically Symptomatic Resistance to Thyroid Hormone β Syndrome Because of THRB Gene Mosaicism", by Donnars et al. (https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac347)</p>
Unravelling the role of thyroid hormones in seasonal neuroplasticity in European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
<p class="MsoNormal">Thyroid hormones clearly play a role in the seasonal regulation of reproduction, but any role they might play in song behavior and the associated seasonal neuroplasticity in songbirds remains to be elucidated. To pursue this question, we first established seasonal patterns in the expression of thyroid hormone regulating genes in male European starlings employing in situ hybridization methods. Thyroid hormone transporter LAT1 expression in the song nucleus HVC was elevated during the photosensitive phase, pointing towards an active role of thyroid hormones during this window of possible neuroplasticity. In contrast, DIO3 expression was high in HVC during the photostimulated phase, limiting the possible effect of thyroid hormones to maintain song stability during the breeding season. Next, we studied the effect of hypothyroidism on song behavior and neuroplasticity using i<em>n vivo </em>MRI. Both under natural conditions as with methimazole treatment, circulating thyroid hormone levels decreased during the photosensitive period, which coincided with the onset of neuroplasticity. This inverse relationship between thyroid hormones and neuroplasticity was further demonstrated by the negative correlation between plasma T3 and the microstructural changes in several song control nuclei and cerebellum. Furthermore, maintaining hypothyroidism during the photostimulated period inhibited the increase in testosterone, confirming the role of thyroid hormones in activating the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. The lack of high testosterone levels influenced the song behavior of hypothyroid starlings, while the lack of high plasma T4 during photostimulation affected the myelination of several tracts. Potentially, a global reduction of circulating thyroid hormones during the photosensitive period is necessary to lift the brake on neuroplasticity imposed by the photorefractory period, whereas local fine-tuning of thyroid hormone concentrations through LAT1 could activate underlying neuroplasticity mechanisms. Whereas an increase in circulating T4 during the photostimulated period potentially influences the myelination of several white matter tracts, which stabilizes the neuroplastic changes. Given the complexity of thyroid hormone effects, this study is a steppingstone to disentangle the influence of thyroid hormones on seasonal neuroplasticity.</p>
Broccoli sprout beverage is safe for thyroid hormonal and autoimmune status: Results of a 12-week randomized trial.
<p>The .csv file contains all the primary data for publication: <br> Chartoumpekis DV, Ziros PG, Chen JG, Groopman JD, Kensler TW, Sykiotis GP.<br> Broccoli sprout beverage is safe for thyroid hormonal and autoimmune status: Results of a 12-week randomized trial.<br> Food Chem Toxicol. 2019 Feb 5;126:1-6.<br> [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30735751<br> doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.004.</p> <p>These data are used in all figures of the paper (Figure 1 and Figure 2).</p> <p>The data are tabular. The headers are the following:</p> <p>sample ID: It comprises 4 digits. The first 3 digits are the unique identifier of the subject in the trial, e.g., "613".<br> The last digit indicates whether the sample was collected at the start of the trial "0", or at the end of the trial "1".<br> E.g., "6130" is the sample collected from participant 613 at the beginning of the trial,<br> and 6131 is the sample collected from the same participant at the end of the trial.</p> <p>Autoimmunity: "0" means that both anti-TG and anti-TPO antibodies were within the reference range.<br> "1" means that either anti-TG, or anti-TPO antibodies, or both, were above the reference range.</p> <p>anti-TG (IU/ml): antibodies against thyroglobuline. The units are given in the parenthesis.</p> <p>anti-TPO (IU/ml): antibodies against thyropreoxidase. The units are given in the parenthesis.</p> <p>Treatment: "1"=placebo and "2"=broccoli sprouts extract beverage.</p> <p>Gender: "F" for female and "M" for male. Data from males were not included in the analyses.</p> <p>Age: In years.</p> <p><br> For any questions, contact: gerasimos.sykiotis@chuv.ch</p>
Data from: Variation in thyroid hormone levels is associated with elevated blood mercury levels among artisanal small-scale miners in Ghana
Background: Mercury can be very toxic to human health even at low dose of exposure. Artisanal small-scale miners (ASGMs) use mercury in gold production, hence are at risk of mercury-induced organ dysfunction. Aim: We determined the association between mercury exposure, thyroid function and work-related factors among artisanal small-scale gold miners in Bibiani-Ghana. Method: We conveniently recruited 137 consenting male gold miners at their work site in Bibiani-Ghana, in a comparative cross-sectional study. Occupational activities and socio-demographic data of participants were collected using a questionnaire. Blood sample was analysed for total mercury and thyroid hormones. Results: Overall, 58.4% (80/137) of the participants had blood mercury exceeding the occupational exposure threshold (blood mercury ≥5μg/L). T3(P<0.0001) and T4(P<0.0001) were significantly reduced among the exposed group compared to the non-exposed. TSH showed no significant variation between the exposed and non-exposed groups. Longer work duration (≥5years), gold amalgamation, gold smelting and sucking of excess mercury with the mouth were associated with increased odds of mercury exposure. Blood mercury showed negative correlation with T3(r = -0.29, P<0.0001), and T4(r = -0.69, P<0.0001) and positive correlation with work duration (r = 0.88, P<0.001). Even though a positive trend of association between blood mercury and TSH levels was recorded, it was not significant (r = 0.07, P = 0.4121). Conclusion: Small scale miners in Bibiani are exposed to mercury above the occupational threshold which may affect thyroid hormone levels.
Dataset of iodine manipulation and thyroid hormone production
<p>This is the dataset of an experiment conducted on Rock pigeons (<em>Columba livia</em>) in which we restricted dietary iodine in breeding females. With this experiment we tested whether iodine availability could limit thyroid hormone production and deposition in the eggs. This dataset contains all the responses measured in this experiment.</p>
Thyroid Hormone to Induce Non-Insulin Mediated Glucose Disposal in People With Insulin Receptor Mutations
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02457897. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Thyroid Hormone for Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A Safety and Dose Finding Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02760056. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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