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23 results for “time allocation”
BRAIN Journal-Intelligent Continuous Double Auction method For Service Allocation in Cloud Computing-Figure 2. bid value for time factor
<p>Each consumer is looking for utilizing its requested service with minimum price before its<br> deadline. To utilize a service all required resources should be allocated before deadline and<br> otherwise service failed to utilize and consumer must pay penalty to providers for all other<br> resources which is allocated to it. So Consumer should adjust its bid price rapidly to the acceptable<br> price of the market. Since consumers are generally sensitive to deadline in acquiring requested<br> service, it is intuitive to consider deadline time when formulating the bid price. Consumer agent<br> time dependent bid price formula is determined in.</p>
COVID-19's lockdown and time allocation in Russian households
<p>The database contains the survey on <strong>the changes of gender time allocation during two waves of the coronavirus lockdown (self-isolative restrictions) in Russia</strong>. Self-isolation included shift to remote work and study, the closure of childcare facilities, restrictions of mobility, etc.</p> <p> </p> <p>Sample information</p> <p>The survey was conducted on Yandex.Survey platform. The first wave was conducted on 22-23<sup> th</sup> of May, 2020, after 2 months of the beginning of first lockdown. The second wave took place on 17-19<sup>th</sup> of November, 2020 after 1 month of the second lockdown’start.</p> <p>Data was collected via online service Yandex.Survey. The platform offers a service for conducting an online survey among 50 million users of the Yandex advertising network with the ability to make a random sample, including a sample by demographic, geographic and some socio-economic characteristics.</p> <p>The respondents were women of predominantly working/reproductive age (15-55) from Russia. 1411 women took part in the first wave and 1408 in the second. After cleaning data and removing outliers 2795 respondents left.</p> <p>The coincidence of the distributions with the general population in terms of the main parameters (age, size of the settlement, employment, household composition) is satisfactory. The observed (insignificant) deviations are as follows: the proportion of women aged 30-43, living in cities with a population over one million has increased; decreased - at the age of 50-54 years, living in settlements with a population of less than 100 thousand people working in agriculture.</p> <p> </p> <p>The female respondents were asked if they spend more or less time household chores and care, including: cleaning, cooking, laundry, shopping, management, child care, other care or nothing. If a woman marked, that she is living with a partner during the lockdown, she was also asked if her partner spends more or less time on each chore.</p> <p>The survey also includes questions concerning the occupation type (work, work and study, study, child care leave, doesn’t work), if a woman works (or works and studies), how the lockdown effected on her job: shift to remote work, fired, paid leave, unpaid leave, no income on restrictions, continues in-person work, and if a woman lives with a partner the same question was asked considering his work on the lockdown. Further, occupational features were divided into three: income (or husband’s income) means that a woman (or her partner) has her income on the lockdown which includes remote work, in person work, paid leave; gotowork means a woman (in her partner’s case – husb_gotowork) continues in person work; and distant if a woman is working online (husb_distant for her partner). Further, we asked whether a woman has an experience of remote work: no, and it is impossible, no, but it is possible, yes. We also asked about the size and type of her employer (small, medium, large firm or state firm).</p> <p>The next set of questions considers who a woman is living with on self isolation: alone, children, partner, parents, parents-in-law, others. At last, we asked respondents age, number of children and the age of the youngest child (if the number of children >0).</p> <p> </p> <p>The database’ structure</p> <p><strong><em>Survey's wave variables</em></strong></p> <p><strong><em>Social and demographic variables</em></strong></p> <p>age of female respondent</p> <p>size of the city</p> <p>number of children</p> <p>the age of the youngest child</p> <p>age at last birth</p> <p>woman lives with her husband</p> <p>woman lives with children</p> <p>woman lives with children over 18 years old</p> <p>woman lives with her parents</p> <p>woman lives with her husband's parents</p> <p>woman lives alone</p> <p>woman lives with someone else</p> <p>type of activity</p> <p>how the lockdown effected female occupation</p> <p>field of employment</p> <p>type of enterprise where woman works (or does not)</p> <p>there is wife's income in household</p> <p>how the lockdown effected her husband's occupation</p> <p>there is husband's income in household</p> <p>woman's work experience at a remote location</p> <p>woman has remote work in the period of lockdown</p> <p>her husband has remote work in the period of lockdown</p> <p>her husband has out of home work in the period of lockdown</p> <p>woman has out of home work in the period of lockdown</p> <p>her husband is fired or doesn't have income temporarily because of the lockdown</p> <p>her husband was fired because of the lockdown</p> <p><strong><em>Time use variables: the changes in lockdown</em></strong></p> <p><strong><em>WOMAN MORE</em></strong></p> <p>childcare</p> <p>care</p> <p>cleaning</p> <p>cooking</p> <p>laundry</p> <p>shopping</p> <p>management</p> <p>nothing</p> <p><strong><em>WOMAN LESS</em></strong></p> <p>childcare</p> <p>care</p> <p>cleaning</p> <p>cooking</p> <p>laundry</p> <p>shopping</p> <p>management</p> <p>nothing</p> <p><strong><em>HER HUSBAND MORE</em></strong></p> <p>childcare</p> <p>care</p> <p>cleaning</p> <p>cooking</p> <p>laundry</p> <p>shopping</p> <p>management</p> <p>nothing</p> <p><strong><em>HER HUSBAND LESS</em></strong></p> <p>childcare</p> <p>care</p> <p>cleaning</p> <p>cooking</p> <p>laundry</p> <p>shopping</p> <p>management</p> <p>nothing</p> <p><strong><em>TOGETHER MORE</em></strong></p> <p>childcare</p> <p>care</p> <p>cleaning</p> <p>cooking</p> <p>laundry</p> <p>shopping</p> <p>management</p> <p>nothing</p> <p><strong><em>TOGETHER LESS</em></strong></p> <p>childcare</p> <p>care</p> <p>cleaning</p> <p>cooking</p> <p>laundry</p> <p>shopping</p> <p>management</p> <p>nothing</p> <p><strong><em>INSTEAD MORE</em></strong></p> <p>childcare</p> <p>care</p> <p>cleaning</p> <p>cooking</p> <p>laundry</p> <p>shopping</p> <p>management</p> <p>nothing</p> <p><strong><em>INSTEAD LESS</em></strong></p> <p>childcare</p> <p>care</p> <p>cleaning</p> <p>cooking</p> <p>laundry</p> <p>shopping</p> <p>management</p> <p>nothing</p> <p>There are English and Russian versions of variables’ description.</p> <p>During exploratory data analysis we introduced features instead or together. These new features are restricted to answers of women who live with partners. Whether a woman marks that she spends less(more) time on the chore and her husband spends more(less) time on that exact type of chore, that means he does it instead of his wife. Whether both a woman and her partner spend more (less) time one the chore, it means they do it together.</p> <p>The variable “type of enterprise” was built on the criteria of credibility and stability during the corona-crisis from a small to a state firm (small, medium, large, state firm). Small and medium enterprises were hit the most by the pandemic (http://doklad.ombudsmanbiz.ru/2020/7.pdf), whether large and especially state firms had more resources to maintain employment and payments.</p>
Time Allocation for Disinfecting 50 L of Water Over a Traditional Fire vs the InStove Water Purifier in Mbale, Uganda
<p>A chronological time-allocation comparison of tasks performed while disinfecting 50 L of water over a traditional open fire vs the InStove Water Purifier</p>
Does the effect of flowering time on biomass allocation across latitude differ between invasive and native salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora?
<p><span>Parallel latitudinal clines in flowering time have been documented in both the invasive and native ranges of plants. Furthermore, flowering time has been found to affect biomass at maturity. Therefore, understanding how these flowering times affect biomass accumulation across latitude is essential to understanding plant adaptations and distributions. </span><span>We investigated and compared trends in first flowering day (FFD), aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB) and BGB:AGB ratio of the salt marsh grass <em>Spartina alterniflora</em> along latitudinal gradients from the invasive (China, 19-40<sup>o</sup> N) and native range (United States, 27-43<sup>o</sup> N) in a greenhouse common garden experiment, and tested whether FFD would drive these divergences between invasive and native ranges. </span><span>The invasive populations produced more (~20%, ~19%) AGB and BGB than native populations, but there were no significant differences in the FFD and BGB:AGB ratio. We found significant parallel latitudinal clines in FFD in both invasive and native ranges. In addition, the BGB:AGB ratio was negatively correlated with the FFD in both the invasive and native ranges but non-significant in invasive populations. In contrast, AGB and BGB increased with latitude in the invasive range, but declined with latitude in the native range. Most interestingly, we found AGB and BGB positively correlated with the FFD in the native range, but no significant relationships in the invasive range. </span>Our results indirectly support the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis (EICA) that <em>S. alterniflora</em> has evolved to produce greater AGB and BGB in China, and climatic conditions in the native might select for a flowering and allocation pattern is maintained in the invasive range. Our results also suggest that invasive <em>S. alterniflora</em> in China is not constrained by the trade-off of earlier flowering with smaller size, and that flowering time has played an important role on biomass allocation across latitude.</p>
The rhythms of transient relationships: Allocating time between weekdays and weekends
<p>A fundamental question of any new relationship is, will it last? Transient relationships, recently defined by the authors, are an ideal type of social tie to explore this question: these relationships are characterized by distinguishable starting and ending temporal points, linking the question of tie longevity to relationship finite lifetime. In this study, we use mobile phone data sets from the UK and Italy to analyze the weekly allocation of time invested in maintaining transient relationships. We find that more relationships are created during weekdays, with a greater proportion of them receiving more contact during these days of the week in the long term. The smaller group of relationships that receive more phone calls during the weekend tend to remain active for more time. We uncover a sorting process by which some ties are moved from weekdays to weekends and <em>vice versa</em>, mostly in the first half of the relationship. This process also carries more information about the ultimate lifetime of a tie than the part of the week when the relationship started, which suggests an early evaluation period that leads to a decision on how to allocate time to different types of transient ties.</p>
Does the effect of flowering time on biomass allocation across latitude differ between invasive and native salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora?
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Data from: Importance of whole-plant biomass allocation and reproductive timing to habitat differentiation across the North American sunflowers
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The rhythms of transient relationships: Allocating time between weekdays and weekends
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Replication Archive for "Parental Disability and Teenagers' Time Allocation"
<p>This archive includes the STATA code to replicate all results in the referenced paper.</p>
Phosphorus allocation to and resorption from leaves regulate the residence time of phosphorus in aboveground forest biomass on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo
<p>1. The residence time of phosphorus (P) in trees is a consequence of plant adaptation to P deficiency, with longer P residence time on soils with low P availability. P residence time has been studied at the leaf or canopy level but seldom at the whole-tree level. Whereas P residence time at the leaf or canopy level is largely determined by leaf longevity and the resorption of P before leaf abscission, P residence time at the whole-tree level will also be influenced by differences in P allocation to different plant parts because leaves and woody organs have distinct longevities.</p> <p>2. We estimated the residence time of P in aboveground tree biomass (AGB) as the ratio of P mass (i.e. leaves plus wood) to the annual flux of P via litterfall (i.e. fine litter plus coarse woody debris) for seven tropical rain forests with different soil P availabilities on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. We analysed the effects of P allocation to and resorption from leaves on P residence time along a soil P gradient.</p> <p>3. P residence time (2.7–9.8 years) was approximately one fifth of biomass residence time (AGB/annual litterfall mass; 19.8–48.8 years). This was due to a disproportionately greater relative allocation of P to leaves (P mass in leaves/P mass in AGB; 0.11–0.46), which had a smaller fraction of biomass (leaf biomass/AGB; 0.02–0.05) but a shorter longevity (1.0–1.8 years).</p> <p>4. The relative allocation of P to leaves was often high on low-P soils, and P residence time was expected to be short. By contrast, the resorption rate of P from leaves was also high on low-P soils, which extended P residence time with P deficiency. Consequently, P residence time was nearly constant across the forests.</p> <p>5. The short residence time of P relative to biomass indicates that P residence time depends largely on relative P allocation among plant organs. Similar P residence times among sites were maintained because greater P allocation to leaves on low-P soils was effectively offset by higher P-resorption efficiency.</p>
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus for Labor Analgesia During First Stage of Labor: A Sequential Allocation Trial to Determine the Optimum Interval Time Between Boluses of a Fixed Volume of 2.5ml
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03735771. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Phosphorus allocation to and resorption from leaves regulate the residence time of phosphorus in aboveground forest biomass on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo
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Data from: Irrational time allocation in decision-making
Time is an extremely valuable resource but little is known about the efficiency of time allocation in decision making. Empirical evidence suggests that in many ecologically relevant situations, decision difficulty and the relative reward from making a correct choice, compared to an incorrect one, are inversely linked, implying that it is optimal to use relatively less time for difficult choice problems. This applies, in particular, to value-based choices, in which the relative reward from choosing the higher-valued item shrinks as the values of the other options get closer to the best option and are thus more difficult to discriminate. Here, we experimentally show that people behave sub-optimally in such contexts. They do not respond to incentives that favor the allocation of time to choice problems in which the relative reward for choosing the best option is high; instead they spend too much time on problems in which the reward difference between the options is low. We demonstrate this by showing that it is possible to improve subjects' time allocation with a simple intervention that cuts them off when their decisions take too long. Thus we provide a novel form of evidence that organisms systematically spend their valuable time in an inefficient way, and simultaneously offer a potential solution to the problem.
Data from: Density-dependent, central-place foraging in a grazing herbivore: competition and trade-offs in time allocation near water
Optimal foraging theory addresses one of the core challenges of ecology: predicting the distribution and abundance of species. Tests of hypotheses of optimal foraging, however, often focus on a single conceptual model rather than drawing upon the collective body of theory, precluding generalization. Here we demonstrate links between two established theoretical frameworks predicting animal movements and resource use: central-place foraging and density-dependent habitat selection. Our goal is to better understand how the nature of critical, centrally placed resources like water (or minerals, breathing holes, breeding sites, etc.) might govern selection for food (energy) resources obtained elsewhere – a common situation for animals living in natural conditions. We empirically test our predictions using movement data from a large herbivore distributed along a gradient of water availability (feral horses, Sable Island, Canada, 2008–2013). Horses occupying western Sable Island obtain freshwater at ponds while in the east horses must drink at self-excavated wells (holes). We studied the implications of differential access to water (time needed for a horse to obtain water) on selection for vegetation associations. Consistent with predictions of density-dependent habitat selection, horses were reduced to using poorer-quality habitat (heathland) more than expected close to water (where densities were relatively high), but were free to select for higher-quality grasslands farther from water. Importantly, central-place foraging was clearly influenced by the type of water-source used (ponds vs. holes, the latter with greater time constraints on access). Horses with more freedom to travel (those using ponds) selected for grasslands at greater distances and continued to select grasslands at higher densities, whereas horses using water holes showed very strong density-dependence in how habitat could be selected. Knowledge of more than one theoretical framework may be required to explain observed variation in foraging behavior of animals where multiple constraints simultaneously influence resource selection.
Resource allocation effects on the timing of reproduction in an avian habitat specialist
<p>Variation in nutrient allocation can influence the timing of breeding and ultimately reproductive output. Time and space constraints might exist, however, if fewer food resources are available to meet the costs of reproduction early during the reproductive season. Here, for the first time, we test whether nutrient allocation strategies for reproduction in a shrub-dependent avian species differs with timing of breeding in different ecoregions: a high-elevation landscape, containing spatially complex vegetation (Rocky Mountains) versus a low-elevation, more homogenous landscape (Great Plains). We analyzed data collected from radio-telemetry and stable isotopes to assess the degree to which endogenous (body) reserves are used for reproduction and whether variation in allocation strategies was associated with time of year, ecoregion, habitat quality (including sagebrush type and plant greenness), or maternal characteristics. Using a Bayesian statistical framework, we found that females relied on a similar amount of endogenous reserves for reproduction in first nesting and renesting attempts. Additionally, endogenous contributions declined more rapidly throughout the nesting season in the Rocky Mountains than in the Great Plains. Individuals in high- and intermediate-elevation sagebrush types in the Rocky Mountains used similar amounts of endogenous reserves, whereas females nesting in low-elevation sagebrush used less. Females nesting at intermediate elevations, which experience the greatest flush of new green vegetation during the nesting season, switched their reliance from endogenous to exogenous sources for reproduction as green vegetation became available during spring. Our study highlights adaptations of a nutrient-allocation strategy across areas with varying levels of resources in time and space in a habitat specialist bird. Nutrient allocation by individuals residing in high-elevation areas favors a strategy that mainly uses nutrients gained from wintering habitats, whereas individuals residing in low-elevation areas mainly use exogenous sources for reproduction.</p>
Resource allocation effects on the timing of reproduction in an avian habitat specialist
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Data from: Irrational time allocation in decision-making
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Data from: Density-dependent, central-place foraging in a grazing herbivore: competition and trade-offs in time allocation near water
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Data from: Weighing density and kinship: aggressive behavior and time allocation in fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata)
Kin-biased behavior (that is responding differentially to kin and non-kin) is thought to be adaptive in many social interactions. One example of this kin bias is behaving less aggressively toward a relative than a non-relative, a behavior which yields inclusive fitness benefits. However, data are lacking about the ability of animals to weigh their preference for kinship and the density of conspecifics simultaneously and to respond accordingly. Fire salamanders (Salamandra infraimmaculata) larviposit in high densities in ponds. Thus, larvae of different females confront competition and predation by other larvae. We studied whether larvae prefer their kin over particular density or vice versa. We experimentally used a transparent glass aquarium with inner chambers to test the responses of a focal larva toward its siblings and non-siblings. Specifically, we quantified the time a focal larva spent near its siblings or non-siblings, presented in varying densities, and the aggression level it demonstrated. We found that focal larvae spent more time near non-siblings if non-sibling and sibling groups were of equal density. The focal larvae were also more aggressive toward non-siblings. The results may be explained by the cannibalistic nature of these larvae: high density may provide more opportunities for food, especially when non-siblings are present. Further explanations for these findings may include other advantages of staying in a larger group and/or the stronger olfactory and visual stimulation offered by groups compared to a single individual. These findings suggest that larvae make differential responses toward conspecifics depending simultaneously on the level of relatedness and the density of the group. Such responses have important implications for social - aggregation decisions and may especially affect the fitness of cannibalistic species.
Factors Determining Time Allocation of a MCQ Examination
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06210997. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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