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18 results for “timing of foraging”
Reactive response to predation risk affects foraging time of hares, yet not their phosphorus intake
<p>Antipredator responses could affect nutrient intake, which could lead to nutritional deficits. However, little is known about the antipredator response of small herbivores because most are nocturnal or crepuscular and therefore very difficult to study in the field. Therefore, we experimentally assessed the effect of a reactive response to predation risk on the nutrient (i.e., phosphorous) intake of the European hare (<em>Lepus</em> <em>europaeus</em>) using three different playback sounds. Additionally, we studied the time spent being costly vigilant, the time spent foraging, and the vegetation height in which the hares were present using accelerometers and GPS. Our results showed that elevated predation risk from our playback experiment did not affect the (1) phosphorus intake, (2) time spent being costly vigilant, and (3) time spent in tall vegetation. However, elevated predation risk did increase the time spent foraging. Possibly hares spent more time foraging with an increased predation risk because hares cannot seek refuge from predators. Additionally, the effect on phosphorus intake could be weak because phosphorous intake does not benefit a flight escape, while the reactive response acts late in the predation sequence limiting the effect on hare ecology. Prey anti-predator responses seem strongly related to the escape tactics of prey species that can differ between different habitats and the time of the day. More detailed field studies are necessary to get a better insight into species' anti-predator-food tactics.</p>
Figure 2 in Diurnal time-activity budget and foraging techniques of red-crested pochards (Netta rufina) wintering at the wetlands of West Bengal, India
Figure 2. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA with 95% ellipses) ordination diagram showing the scatter plot for the month-wise and site-wise density of the wintering RCPs together with the selected environmental variables. Vector lines represent the relationship of significant environmental variables to the ordination axes; their length is proportional to their relative significance.
Figure 1 in Diurnal time-activity budget and foraging techniques of red-crested pochards (Netta rufina) wintering at the wetlands of West Bengal, India
Figure 1. Study site (Adra saheb bandh,Purulia saheb bandh, Kadamdeuli Dam, and Gangdoa Dam) locations inWest Bengal, India (India and West Bengal maps not in scale).
Figure 4 in Diurnal time-activity budget and foraging techniques of red-crested pochards (Netta rufina) wintering at the wetlands of West Bengal, India
Figure 4. Comparison of the aggregated proportional time budget (values in percentages of the time spent) of the diurnal foraging activities of male and female RCPs in January and December; deep water conditions prevailed in both December and January at Sites 1, 2, and 4, while shallow water conditions prevailed at Site 3 in January.
Reactive response to predation risk affects foraging time of hares, yet not their phosphorus intake
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Data from: Nocturnal foraging lifts time-constraints in winter for migratory geese but hardly speeds up fueling
<p>Climate warming advances the optimal timing of breeding for many animals. For migrants to start breeding earlier, a concurrent advancement of migration is required, including pre-migratory fueling of energy reserves. We investigate whether barnacle geese are time-constrained during pre-migratory fueling and whether there is potential to advance or shorten the fueling period to allow an earlier migratory departure. We equipped barnacle geese with GPS-trackers and accelerometers to remotely record birds' behavior, from which we calculated time budgets. We examined how time spent foraging was affected by the available time (during daylight and moonlit nights) and thermoregulation costs. We used an energetic model to assess onset and rates of fueling, and whether geese can further advance fueling by extending foraging time. We show that d<span>uring winter, when facing higher thermoregulation costs, geese consistently foraged at night, especially during moonlit nights, in order to balance their energy budgets. In spring, birds made use of the increasing day length and gained body stores by foraging longer during the day, but birds stopped foraging extensively during the night. Our model indicates that by continuing night-time foraging throughout spring, geese may have some leeway to advance and increase fueling rate, potentially reaching departure body mass 4 days e</span>arlier. In light of rapid climatic changes on the breeding grounds, whether this advancement can be realized and whether it will be sufficient to prevent phenological mismatches remains to be determined.</p>
Shorebird feeding specialists differ in how environmental conditions alter their foraging time
<p>Feeding specialisation is a common cause of individual variation. Fitness payoffs of specialisation vary with environmental conditions, but the underlying behavioural mechanisms are poorly understood. Such mechanistic knowledge, however, is crucial to reliably predict responses of heterogeneous populations to environmental change. We quantified spatiotemporal allocation of foraging behaviour in wintering Eurasian oystercatchers (<i>Haematopus ostralegus</i>), a species in which feeding specialisation can be inferred from bill shape. We combined GPS and accelerometer data to quantify foraging time of 64 individuals for every tidal period in one or two winter seasons. Individuals varied widely in foraging time (3.7-6.5 hours per tidal period) and individuals that spend more time foraging had lower inferred survival. Feeding specialisation appeared a major determinant of individual variation in foraging time and its spatiotemporal allocation. Visually-hunting worm specialists foraged more during day-time and complemented intertidal foraging with grassland foraging when the exposure of intertidal flats was limited and nights were well-illuminated. Shellfish specialists increased total foraging time in cold weather, whereas foraging time of worm specialists decreased as frosty grasslands became inaccessible. Our results imply that worm specialists may be most sensitive to cold snaps and day-time disturbance, while shellfish specialists are most sensitive to high water levels. These behavioural responses can be implemented in population models to predict the vulnerability of heterogeneous populations to environmental change, and thereby provide a shortcut to long-term population studies that require fitness data across many years and conditions to make similar projections.</p>
Shorebird feeding specialists differ in how environmental conditions alter their foraging time
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Data from: Nocturnal foraging lifts time-constraints in winter for migratory geese but hardly speeds up fueling
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Data from: Flying south: foraging locations of the Hutton's shearwater (Puffinus huttoni) revealed by time-depth recorders and GPS tracking
1. The Hutton's shearwater Puffinus huttoni is an endangered seabird endemic to Kaikōura, New Zealand, but the spatial and temporal aspects of its at-sea foraging behaviour are not well known. 2. To identify foraging areas and estimate trip durations, we deployed Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devices and Time-Depth Recorders (TDR) on 26 adult Hutton's shearwaters during the chick-rearing period in 2017 and 2018. 3. We found Hutton's shearwaters travelled much further from their breeding grounds at Kaikōura than previously considered, with most individuals foraging in coastal and oceanic areas 125–365 km south and near Banks Peninsula. Trip durations varied from 1 to 15 days (mean = 5 days), and total track lengths varied from 264 to 2157 km (mean = 1092.9 km). 4. Although some diving occurred in near-shore waters near the breeding colony, most foraging was concentrated in four regions south of Kaikōura. Dive durations averaged 23.2 seconds (range 8.1 to 71.3 sec) and dive depths averaged 7.1 m (range 1.5 to 30 m). Foraging locations had higher chlorophyll a levels and shallower water depths than non-foraging locations. Birds did not feed at night, but tended to raft in areas with deeper water than foraging locations. 5. Mapping the spatial and temporal distribution of Hutton's shearwaters at-sea will be fundamental to their conservation, as it can reveal potential areas of overlap with fisheries and other industrial users of the marine environment.
Diurnal timing of nonmigratory movement by birds: the importance of foraging spatial scales
Timing of activity can reveal an organism's efforts to optimize foraging either by minimizing energy loss through passive movement or by maximizing energetic gain through foraging. Here, we assess whether signals of either of these strategies are detectable in the timing of activity of daily, local movements by birds. We compare the similarities of timing of movement activity among species using six temporal variables: start of activity relative to sunrise, end of activity relative to sunset, relative speed at midday, number of movement bouts, bout duration, and proportion of active daytime hours. We test for the influence of flight mode and foraging habitat on the timing of movement activity across avian guilds. We used 64570 days of GPS movement data collected between 2002 and 2019 for local (non-migratory) movements of 991 birds from 49 species, representing 14 orders. Dissimilarity among daily activity patterns was best explained by flight mode. Terrestrial soaring birds began activity later and stopped activity earlier than pelagic soaring or flapping birds. Broad-scale foraging habitat explained less of the clustering patterns because of divergent timing of active periods of pelagic surface and diving foragers. Among pelagic birds, surface foragers were active throughout the day while diving foragers matched their active hours more closely to daylight hours. Pelagic surface foragers also had the greatest daily foraging distances, which was consistent with their daytime activity patterns. This study demonstrates that flight mode and foraging habitat influence temporal patterns of daily movement activity of birds.
Diurnal timing of nonmigratory movement by birds: the importance of foraging spatial scales
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Data from: Flying south: foraging locations of the Hutton’s shearwater (Puffinus huttoni) revealed by time-depth recorders and GPS tracking
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Data from: Effects of experimental night lighting on the daily timing of winter foraging in common European songbirds
The ecological effects of light pollution are becoming better understood, especially in birds. Recent studies have shown that several bird species can use street lighting to extend activity into the night during the breeding season. However, most of these studies are correlational and little is known about the effects of artificial night lighting on the timing of activities outside the breeding season. During winter, low temperatures and short days may limit foraging opportunities and can negatively affect survival of resident birds. However, night lighting may allow them to expand the time niche available for foraging. Here, we report on a study where we repeatedly manipulated the amount of night lighting during early winter at automated feeding stations in a natural forest. We used video-recordings at the feeders to determine the time of the first (at dawn) and last (at dusk) foraging visits for six songbird species. We predicted that all species, and in particular the naturally early-foraging species, would advance their daily onset of foraging during the mornings with night lighting, but would show minimal or no delays in their daily cessation of foraging during the lighted evenings. We found that two early-foraging species, the blue tit and the great tit, started foraging earlier during the experimentally lighted mornings. However, in great tits, this effect was weak and restricted to nights with inclement weather. The light treatment did not have any effect on the start of foraging in the willow/marsh tit, the nuthatch, the European jay, and the blackbird. Artificial night lighting did not cause later foraging at dusk in any of the six species. Overall, our results suggest that artificial light during winter has only small effects on timing of foraging. We discuss these findings and the importance of temperature and winter weather in shaping the observed foraging patterns.
Figure 3 in Diurnal time-activity budget and foraging techniques of red-crested pochards (Netta rufina) wintering at the wetlands of West Bengal, India
Figure 3. Month-wise and time-wise proportional time budget of the RCPs. Values are given in percentages of the time spent in the diurnal activities (mean value ± SD; n = 32; 96-h observation).
Data from: Density-dependent, central-place foraging in a grazing herbivore: competition and trade-offs in time allocation near water
Optimal foraging theory addresses one of the core challenges of ecology: predicting the distribution and abundance of species. Tests of hypotheses of optimal foraging, however, often focus on a single conceptual model rather than drawing upon the collective body of theory, precluding generalization. Here we demonstrate links between two established theoretical frameworks predicting animal movements and resource use: central-place foraging and density-dependent habitat selection. Our goal is to better understand how the nature of critical, centrally placed resources like water (or minerals, breathing holes, breeding sites, etc.) might govern selection for food (energy) resources obtained elsewhere – a common situation for animals living in natural conditions. We empirically test our predictions using movement data from a large herbivore distributed along a gradient of water availability (feral horses, Sable Island, Canada, 2008–2013). Horses occupying western Sable Island obtain freshwater at ponds while in the east horses must drink at self-excavated wells (holes). We studied the implications of differential access to water (time needed for a horse to obtain water) on selection for vegetation associations. Consistent with predictions of density-dependent habitat selection, horses were reduced to using poorer-quality habitat (heathland) more than expected close to water (where densities were relatively high), but were free to select for higher-quality grasslands farther from water. Importantly, central-place foraging was clearly influenced by the type of water-source used (ponds vs. holes, the latter with greater time constraints on access). Horses with more freedom to travel (those using ponds) selected for grasslands at greater distances and continued to select grasslands at higher densities, whereas horses using water holes showed very strong density-dependence in how habitat could be selected. Knowledge of more than one theoretical framework may be required to explain observed variation in foraging behavior of animals where multiple constraints simultaneously influence resource selection.
Data from: Effects of experimental night lighting on the daily timing of winter foraging in common European songbirds
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Data from: Density-dependent, central-place foraging in a grazing herbivore: competition and trade-offs in time allocation near water
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