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836 results for “toad”
Potential current and future distribution of the Andean toad Rhinella spinulosa (ANURA: BUFONIDAE): basis for conservation.
<p>Data and script for ecological niche model. Layers are included for. the present and future</p>
Maternal body condition affects the response of the gut microbiome to a widespread contaminant in larval spined toads
<p>Datasets (metadata and phyloseq object) </p> <p>Scripts used for the statistical analyses</p>
FIGURE 2 in Environmental correlates of the European common toad hybrid zone
FIGURE 2 Two-species 'global' distribution model for Bufo toads in western Europe. The colour scale runs from deep red for B. spinosus (Pb is zero) to deep blue for B. bufo (Pb at unity). The interrupted black line represents the center of the species' hybrid zone from molecular data, as in fig. 1. Outlined circular windows are those for which model fit is less than good (AUC <0.8, windows 1, 6–8 and 14–16).
FIGURE 3 in Environmental correlates of the European common toad hybrid zone
FIGURE 3 Two regions in the common–spined toad hybrid zone where the mutual species border appears to coincide with rivers. Coloured dots indicate toad populations with nuclear genetic species identifications as Bufo bufo (Q = Pb> 0.5, blue symbols) and B. spinosus (Q = Pb <0.5, red symbols). Open dots have Q-values in the 0.2–0.8 range. For numerical detail see supplementary table S1. Base map figure credits as in fig. 1. A) central France where the species border appears to coincide with the northern- most sections of the Loire (windows 5 and 6) and the upper stretches of the Cher (windows 7 and 8). B) southeastern France where the species border coincides with the Rhône and the lower Isère river at window 13. Note the paucity of data for the high Alps at windows 15 and 16 (see also Lescure and de Downloaded from Brill.com 12/12/2023 03:07:30PM Massary, 2012; Arntzen et al., via2017Open). Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
FIGURE 1 in Environmental correlates of the European common toad hybrid zone
FIGURE 1 Western Europe with France and adjacent countries in Mercator projection. Colours from green to brown indicate increasing altitudes. The Bufo bufo versus B. spinosus mutual range delineation is based upon molecular genetic data, in which the smooth interrupted line is derived by linear interpolation whereas the more angular line is based upon Dirichlet cells (for details see text). The small bodied common toad B. bufo occurs to the northeast and the large bodied spined toad B. spinosus to the southwest of the mutual range border. Environmental data were gathered for 17 overlapping and adjoining circular windows positioned over the mutual range border. Here shown are window 1 in the northwest of France, window 17 in the northwest of Italy and windows 5, 9 and 13 in between. The two boxed areas are highlighted in fig. 3. The base map was downloaded from MapsLand at https://www.mapsland.com, under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Licence. The animal drawings are by Bas Blankevoort, Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
FIGURE 4 Average values for eight environmental variables over 17 windows that follow the Bufo bufo – B in Environmental correlates of the European common toad hybrid zone
FIGURE 4 Average values for eight environmental variables over 17 windows that follow the Bufo bufo – B. spinosus hybrid zone from the Atlantic coast (window 1) to the Mediterranean (window 17). Variables shown are those selected by a logistic regression analysis, with 'species' as dependent variable and explanatory variables available for selection as in table 1. Units are as in table 1; see also Hijmans et al. (2005). Values for B. bufo and B. spinosus are shown by small and large dots, respectively. Grey areas indicate that values for B. bufo are lower than for B. spinosus. The graph at the top left provides AUC model fit values along with major topographical references. Rectangles indicate stretches of the species contact for which the environmental models have good fit (AUC> 0.8), with consistent results indicated by green shadings. For the other windows with less than good model fit, signals are likely to be absent or void, either from poor sampling (window 1), the presence of rivers (windows 5–9, 13–14), or a thin or absent species' contact (windows 16–17) (see fig. 3).
Data from: Genomic and bioacoustic variation in a midwife toad hybrid zone: a role for reinforcement?
<p>This data package includes the following datasets and scripts used in the corresponding publication: </p> <ul> <li>An alignment (fasta format) of the 16S sequences obtained fromt the 221 new <em>A. obstetricans</em>/<em>almogavarii </em>samples barcoded in this study + the <em>A. cisternasii</em> sequence used as outgroup (16S_alignment.fas).</li> <li>A matrix of 1,642 SNPs genotyped in 89 <em>A. obstetricans</em>/<em>almogavarii </em>samples used for ancestry analyses (n89p41r0.5wrs_1642SNP_STRUCTURE.str).</li> <li>The R script used to compute geographic clines with HZAR and their graphical displays (Cline_analyses.r) and the input files it uses (Transect_Q_mtDNA_HZAR.csv; Transect_n57p19r0.5_diag_loci_HZAR.csv; dist_transect.txt; clines_diag_SNPs_1perlocus.csv).</li> <li>The R script used for the bioacoustic analyses (Alytes_FR_Bioacoustics.r) and the corresponding input data extracted from 71 mating calls of <em>A. obstetricans</em>/<em>almogavarii </em>(Alytes_FR_Bioacoustics.csv) the R script used for their analysis.</li> </ul>
Phylogenomics, introgression, and demographic history of South American true toads (Rhinella)
<p>The effects of genetic introgression on species boundaries and how they affect species' integrity and persistence over evolutionary time have received increased attention. The increasing availability of genomic data has revealed contrasting patterns of gene flow across genomic regions, which impose challenges to inferences of evolutionary relationships and of patterns of genetic admixture across lineages. By characterizing patterns of variation across thousands of genomic loci in a widespread complex of true toads (<em>Rhinella</em>), we assess the true extent of genetic introgression across species thought to hybridize to extreme degrees based on natural history observations and multi-locus analyses. Comprehensive geographic sampling of five large-ranged Neotropical taxa revealed multiple distinct evolutionary lineages that span large geographic areas and, at times, distinct biomes. The inferred major clades and genetic clusters largely correspond to currently recognized taxa; however, we also found evidence of cryptic diversity within taxa. While previous phylogenetic studies revealed extensive mito-nuclear discordance, our genetic clustering analyses uncovered several admixed individuals within major genetic groups. Accordingly, historical demographic analyses supported that the evolutionary history of these toads involved cross-taxon gene flow both at ancient and recent times. Lastly, ABBA-BABA tests revealed widespread allele sharing across species boundaries, a pattern that can be confidently attributed to genetic introgression as opposed to incomplete lineage sorting. These results confirm previous assertions that the evolutionary history of <em>Rhinella</em> was characterized by various levels of hybridization even across environmentally heterogeneous regions, posing exciting questions about what factors prevent complete fusion of diverging yet highly interdependent evolutionary lineages.</p>
Fig. 3 in Histological Changes In Common Toad, Bufo Bufo (Anura, Bufonidae), Liver Tissue Under Conditions Of Anthropogenically Transformed Ecosystems
Fig. 3. Adipose dystrophy and hypopigmentation of Fig. 4. Well-seen adipose dystrophy combined with common toad's liver. Vacuol and pigment remain- protein dystrophy and a foci of necrosis in the middle ings are seen in melano-macrophagal aggregations. of the picture. Destroyed cells and pigment remain- Hematoxyline-eosine staining, ×200. ings are seen in melano-macrophagal aggregations. Hematoxyline-eosine staining, ×200.
Fig. 1 in Histological Changes In Common Toad, Bufo Bufo (Anura, Bufonidae), Liver Tissue Under Conditions Of Anthropogenically Transformed Ecosystems
Fig. 1. Protein dystrophy in common toad. Protein Fig. 2. Foci of necrosis in common toad liver tissue. granules are visible inside hepatocytes. Hematoxy- Destructed cells are seen. Hematoxyline-eosine stainline-eosine staining, ×200. ing, ×200.
Fig. 7 in Histological Changes In Common Toad, Bufo Bufo (Anura, Bufonidae), Liver Tissue Under Conditions Of Anthropogenically Transformed Ecosystems
Fig. 7. Histological changes in liver tissue of common toads from breeding population in NNP "Holosiivskyi", %.
Fig. 5 in Histological Changes In Common Toad, Bufo Bufo (Anura, Bufonidae), Liver Tissue Under Conditions Of Anthropogenically Transformed Ecosystems
Fig. 5. Manifestation of protein dystrophy and hyper- Fig. 6. Abnormally big melano-macrophagal aggrepigmentation in common toad liver tissue. Hematox- gation surrounded by lymphoid infiltrate (inflammayline-eosine staining, ×200. tion) and hyperpigmentation in common toad's liver
Fig. 1. The potential distribution map for B in Long-Term Bioclimatic Modelling The Distribution Of The Fire-Bellied Toad, Bombina Bombina (Anura, Bombinatoridae), Under The Influence Of Global Climate Change
Fig. 1. The potential distribution map for B. bombina under contemporary climatic conditions. The colour gradient represents high (red) to low (green) habitat suitability for the species.
Fig. 4. The potential distribution map for B. bombina under projected 2050 in Long-Term Bioclimatic Modelling The Distribution Of The Fire-Bellied Toad, Bombina Bombina (Anura, Bombinatoridae), Under The Influence Of Global Climate Change
Fig. 4. The potential distribution map for B. bombina under projected 2050 climatic conditions. The colour gradient represents high (red) to low (green) habitat suitability for the species.
Fig 3 in Long-Term Bioclimatic Modelling The Distribution Of The Fire-Bellied Toad, Bombina Bombina (Anura, Bombinatoridae), Under The Influence Of Global Climate Change
Fig 3. Response curve showing how the logistic prediction changes as the environmental variable Bio2 (Mean diurnal temperature range, oC, X-axis) is varied, keeping all other environmental variables at their average sample value. The curve shows the mean response of the 10 replicate Maxent runs (red) and and the mean +/– one standard deviation (blue).
Sex-based differences in the use of post-fire habitats by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina)
<p>Wildfires can modify habitat attributes, and those changes may differentially affect males versus females within a species if there is pre-existing niche divergence between the sexes. We used radio-tracking and dissections to study invasive cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>), and performed transect counts on native frogs and cane toads 12 months after extensive fires in forests of eastern Australia. Both toads and native frogs were encountered more frequently in burned sites than in unburned sites. Most microhabitat features were similar between burned versus unburned areas, but fire had differential impacts on the ecology of male versus female toads. In burned areas females were less numerous but were larger, in better body condition, and had consumed more prey (especially, coleopterans and myriapods). The impact of fire on attributes of retreat-sites (e.g., temperature, density of vegetation cover) also differed between the sexes. More generally, intraspecific divergence in ecological traits within a species (as a function of body size as well as sex) may translate into substantial divergences in the impacts of habitat change.</p>
Fig. 3 in New distributional records of the Toad-headed Pitviper Bothrocophias hyoprora (Amaral, 1935) in Brazil
Fig. 3. Adult Bothrocophias hyoprora (UF 157255) from Altamira, Pará, Brazil. Photography by Ivanei S. Araujo.
Fig. 1 in New distributional records of the Toad-headed Pitviper Bothrocophias hyoprora (Amaral, 1935) in Brazil
Fig. 1. Known geographic range of Bothrocophias hyoprora in South America: white circles = literature data, red star = type locality, red squares = records from Jardim do Ouro, Itaituba, Pará, Brazil (MPEG 24662) and from Floresta Estadual Canutama, Canutama, Amazonas, Brazil (INPA-H 33106), red triangle = record from Chapleau mining company concession, Altamira, Pará, Brazil (UF 157255).
Fig. 2 in New distributional records of the Toad-headed Pitviper Bothrocophias hyoprora (Amaral, 1935) in Brazil
Fig. 2. Adult Bothrocophias hyoprora (INPA-H 33106) from Canutama, Amazonas, Brazil. Photography by Vinícius T. de Carvalho.
Fig. 2 in Genetic diversity of Egyptian populations of the African Common Toad (Sclerophrys regularis, Reuss 1833)
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of African Common Toad, using COI haplotypes based on the Maximum Likelihood method. Numbers refer to localities mentioned in the text: 1. Sharm El-Shaikh; 2. Arish; 3. Ismailia; 4. Damietta; 5. Alexandria; 6. Matrouh; 7. Gharbiya; 8. Cairo; 9. SiwaOasis; 10. Bani Sweif; 11. Menia; 12. Sohag; 13. Qena; 14. Aswan.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.