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23 results for “tooth size”
Left: Premaxillary tooth of Stygivenator molnari, from Molnar, 1978, left lateral and posterior views, about twice life size. Right: Lectotype tooth of Aublysodon mirandus, from Leidy, 1860, left lateral and posterior views, slightly smaller than life size. in The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1
Left: Premaxillary tooth of Stygivenator molnari, from Molnar, 1978, left lateral and posterior views, about twice life size. Right: Lectotype tooth of Aublysodon mirandus, from Leidy, 1860, left lateral and posterior views, slightly smaller than life size.
PLATE XIV Ornithomius altus, Lambe. Fig. l. Posterior dorsal vertebra, viewed from the left, natural size. Page 50 Fig. 2. Caudal vertebral., superior view, natural size. Page 52. Fig. The same, inferior view. Fig. 4. The same, left lateral view. Fig. The saule, posterior view. Fig. G. Distal end of iuetzttarszil III. of left pes, viewed from the front; natural size. Page 50. Fig. 7. The same, posterior view. Fig. ö. Terminal phalanx of pes, side view, natural size. Page 50. Fig. Ü. The same, posterior view. Fig. lo. 'Terminal phalanx of manus, side view; natural size. Page Õf. Fig. ll. The same, posterior view. Fig. 12. - Interior tooth, provisionally associated with O. altus, side view, natural size. Page 53. Fig. 13. Posterior view of the saure, showing the minute deııticulııtioııs on one of the two posterior gariugu, neural spine s, pim-zygapopliysis É, postzygapophysis, n, neural arch, J, diapophysis, _/, facet for chevron hone L', neural canal, c, posterior articular' face of ccntruin. in New genera and species from the Belly River Series (mid-Cretaceous)
PLATE XIV Ornithomius altus, Lambe. Fig. l. Posterior dorsal vertebra, viewed from the left, natural size. Page 50 Fig. 2. Caudal vertebral., superior view, natural size. Page 52. Fig. The same, inferior view. Fig. 4. The same, left lateral view. Fig. The saule, posterior view. Fig. G. Distal end of iuetzttarszil III. of left pes, viewed from the front; natural size. Page 50. Fig. 7. The same, posterior view. Fig. ö. Terminal phalanx of pes, side view, natural size. Page 50. Fig. Ü. The same, posterior view. Fig. lo. 'Terminal phalanx of manus, side view; natural size. Page Õf. Fig. ll. The same, posterior view. Fig. 12. - Interior tooth, provisionally associated with O. altus, side view, natural size. Page 53. Fig. 13. Posterior view of the saure, showing the minute deııticulııtioııs on one of the two posterior gariugu, neural spine s, pim-zygapopliysis É, postzygapophysis, n, neural arch, J, diapophysis, _/, facet for chevron hone L', neural canal, c, posterior articular' face of ccntruin.
Fig. 4. Bivariate graphs for the Smilodon populator specimen MNHN-P 957. A in An extremely large saber-tooth cat skull from Uruguay (late Pleistocene -early Holocene, Dolores Formation): body size and paleobiological implications
Fig. 4. Bivariate graphs for the Smilodon populator specimen MNHN-P 957. A, PM3 transverse diameter (PM3ML) versus PM3 anteroposterior diameter (PM3AP); B, PM4 transverse diameter (PM4ML) versus PM4 anteroposterior diameter (PM4AP). Data from different sources (see Material and methods).
Figure 3. Bivariate graphs for the Smilodon populator specimen MNHN-P 957. A in An extremely large saber-tooth cat skull from Uruguay (late Pleistocene -early Holocene, Dolores Formation): body size and paleobiological implications
Figure 3. Bivariate graphs for the Smilodon populator specimen MNHN-P 957. A, zygomatic width (ZW) versus condylobasal length (CBL); B, canine transverse diam- eter (CML) versus canine anteroposterior diameter (CAP). Data from different sources (see Material and methods).
FIGURE 9 in Scale surface microstructure and scale size in the tooth-carp genus Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from endorheic basins in Southwest Iran
FIGURE 9. Dendrogram based on the between-groups-linkage method showing the phenotypic relations among the studied populations of Aphanius sophiae (Kor River Basin), A. farsicus (Maharlu Lake Basin) and A. pluristriatus (Mond River Basin). The dendrogram is based on all characters of the scale surface morphology and microstructures (see Tables 2 and 3). I: Kor River subsystem and II: Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes subsystem. See Table 1 for codes of sampling sites.
FIGURE 5 in Scale surface microstructure and scale size in the tooth-carp genus Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from endorheic basins in Southwest Iran
FIGURE 5. Scale surface microstructures of the studied species: First circuli on the rostral field. A–I: Aphanius sophiae from the Kor River subsystem (A—Safashahr, B—Ghadamgah, C—Beyza, D—Bandeamir, E—Kharameh) and from the Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes subsystem (F—Gomban, G—Tashk, H—Bakhtegan, I—Gol); J–M: A. farsicus from the Maharlu Lake Basin (J—Dobaneh, K—Pirbanoo, L—Babunak, M—Barmeshoor); N: A. pluristriatus from Zarjan in the Mond River Basin. Arrows indicate continuous circuli. Scale bar: 20 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Scale surface microstructure and scale size in the tooth-carp genus Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from endorheic basins in Southwest Iran
FIGURE 6. Scale surface microstructures of the studied species: Tubercles on the caudal scale field. A–I: Aphanius sophiae from the Kor River subsystem (A—Safashahr, B—Ghadamgah, C—Beyza, D—Bandeamir, E—Kharameh) and from the Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes subsystem (F—Gomban, G—Tashk, H—Bakhtegan, I—Gol); J–M: A. farsicus from the Maharlu Lake Basin (J—Dobaneh, K—Pirbanoo, L—Babunak, M—Barmeshoor); N: A. pluristriatus from Zarjan in the Mond River Basin. Arrows in E and L show mucus pores. Scale bar: 20 µm.
FIGURE 2. A in Scale surface microstructure and scale size in the tooth-carp genus Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from endorheic basins in Southwest Iran
FIGURE 2. A) Schematic drawing of an Aphanius scale, including some of the terms used in this study. Terminology follows Lippitsch (1990), Kuusipalo (1998), Jawad (2005) and Jawad and Al-Jufaili (2007). Dashed lines delimit the different fields. Scale bar: 200 µm. B) Measurements of scale length and width (after Esmaeili 2001). C) Schematic shapes of scale and focus as described in this study and in Table 3; terminology follows Kuusipalo (1998): a—Pentagonal, b—Elliptic-pentagonal, c—Round-pentagonal, d—Round-triangular, e—Elliptic-rectangular, f—Oblong, g—Oval, h—Round, i—Quadrangular, j—Rectangular, k—Trapezoidal, l—Elliptical.
FIGURE 1 in Scale surface microstructure and scale size in the tooth-carp genus Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from endorheic basins in Southwest Iran
FIGURE 1. Geographic overview and position of the study sites; numbers 1–5 refer to Aphanius sophiae from the Kor River subsystem (1—Safashahr, 2—Ghadamgah, 3—Beyza, 4—Bandeamir, 5—Kharameh), 6–9 refer to A. sophiae from the Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes subsystem (6—Gomban, 7—Tashk, 8—Bakhtegan, 9—Gol), 10–13 refer to A. farsicus from the Maharlu Lake Basin (10—Dobaneh, 11—Pirbanoo, 12—Babunak, 13—Barmeshoor), and 14 is A. pluristriatus from Zarjan in the Mond River Basin.
FIGURE 8 in Scale surface microstructure and scale size in the tooth-carp genus Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from endorheic basins in Southwest Iran
FIGURE 8. Scale surface microstructures of the studied species: Lepidonts on the lateral scale fields. A–I: Aphanius sophiae from the Kor River subsystem (A—Safashahr, B—Ghadamgah, C—Beyza, D—Bandeamir, E—Kharameh) and from the Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes subsystem (F—Gomban, G—Tashk, H—Bakhtegan, I—Gol); J–M: A. farsicus from the Maharlu Lake Basin (J—Dobaneh, K—Pirbanoo, L—Babunak, M—Barmeshoor); N: A. pluristriatus from Zarjan in the Mond River Basin. Scale bar: 2 µm.
FIGURE 4 in Scale surface microstructure and scale size in the tooth-carp genus Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from endorheic basins in Southwest Iran
FIGURE 4. Scale surface microstructures of the studied species: Focus shapes and types of granules. A–I: Aphanius sophiae from the Kor River subsystem (A—Safashahr, B—Ghadamgah, C—Beyza, D—Bandeamir, E—Kharameh) and from the Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes subsystem (F—Gomban, G—Tashk, H—Bakhtegan, I—Gol); J–M: A. farsicus from the Maharlu Lake Basin (J—Dobaneh, K—Pirbanoo, L—Babunak, M—Barmeshoor); N: A. pluristriatus from Zarjan in the Mond River Basin. Scale bar: 20 µm.
FIGURE 7 in Scale surface microstructure and scale size in the tooth-carp genus Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from endorheic basins in Southwest Iran
FIGURE 7. Scale surface microstructures of the studied species: Lepidonts on the rostral scale field. A–I: Aphanius sophiae from the Kor River subsystem (A—Safashahr, B—Ghadamgah, C—Beyza, D—Bandeamir, E—Kharameh) and from the Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes subsystem (F—Gomban, G—Tashk, H—Bakhtegan, I—Gol); J–M: A. farsicus from the Maharlu Lake Basin (J—Dobaneh, K—Pirbanoo, L—Babunak, M—Barmeshoor); N: A. pluristriatus from Zarjan in the Mond River Basin. Scale bar: 2 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Scale surface microstructure and scale size in the tooth-carp genus Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from endorheic basins in Southwest Iran
FIGURE 3. Scale surface morphology of the studied species. A–I: Aphanius sophiae from the Kor River subsystem (A—Safashahr, B—Ghadamgah, C—Beyza, D—Bandeamir, E—Kharameh) and from the Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes subsystem (F—Gomban, G—Tashk, H—Bakhtegan, I—Gol). J–M: A. farsicus from the Maharlu Lake Basin (J—Dobaneh, K—Pirbanoo, L—Babunak, M—Barmeshoor). N: A. pluristriatus from Zarjan in the Mond River Basin. Arrows indicate secondary radii (A), primary radii (K), and tertiary radii (E, J, N). Dashed lines in J show the area of rostral, lateral and caudal fields. Scale bar: 200 µm.
Left: Premaxillary tooth of Stygivenator molnari, from Molnar, 1978, left lateral and posterior views, about twice life size. Right: Lectotype tooth of Aublysodon mirandus, from Leidy, 1860, left lateral and posterior views, slightly smaller than life size. in The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1
Left: Premaxillary tooth of Stygivenator molnari, from Molnar, 1978, left lateral and posterior views, about twice life size. Right: Lectotype tooth of Aublysodon mirandus, from Leidy, 1860, left lateral and posterior views, slightly smaller than life size.
Left: Premaxillary tooth of Stygivenator molnari, from Molnar, 1978, left lateral and posterior views, about twice life size. Right: Lectotype tooth of Aublysodon mirandus, from Leidy, 1860, left lateral and posterior views, slightly smaller than life size. in The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1
Left: Premaxillary tooth of Stygivenator molnari, from Molnar, 1978, left lateral and posterior views, about twice life size. Right: Lectotype tooth of Aublysodon mirandus, from Leidy, 1860, left lateral and posterior views, slightly smaller than life size.
Text-fig. 4—Growth changes in the maxilla of three species of carnivorous dinosaurs. Acronyms: H, height of the maxilla at the anterior edge of the first antorbital fenestra; LSAF, length of the second antorbital fenestra; TRL, tooth row length, a, size of the second antorbital fenestra relative to the size of the maxilla, b, rectangularity of the maxilla relative to size. in Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus, Maestrichtian Dinosaurs From Trans-Pecos, Texas
Text-fig. 4—Growth changes in the maxilla of three species of carnivorous dinosaurs. Acronyms: H, height of the maxilla at the anterior edge of the first antorbital fenestra; LSAF, length of the second antorbital fenestra; TRL, tooth row length, a, size of the second antorbital fenestra relative to the size of the maxilla, b, rectangularity of the maxilla relative to size.
METHODS. Bovine ilia were used in the simulations because their histological structure (a fibrolamellar cortex overlying cancellous bone26) was found to match that of the Triceratops ilium. Bone sections 10 x 50 x 縠 3.0 cm with cortices ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 mm in depth (the range of initial cortical-thickness estimates based on gross morphology) were mounted on a servohydraulic mechanical loading frame (MTS Bionix, Minneapolis) and penetrated with an aluminium-bronze T. rex tooth replica. The replica was cast from an actual adult T. rex maxillary tooth, after casts made from some ofthe deeper bite marks revealed the size and shape of the teeth that had impacted the pelvis8 • The replica was penetrated into the ilia sections at 1 mm s-1 to a depth of 11.5 mm, equivalent to the maximum depth of the deepest ilium bite mark8 • Forces were measured with an MTS 25 N strain-gauge-based axial load cell accurate to 0.2%. The forces increased with increasing penetration depth even after the cortical layer had been perforated and the underlying cancellous bone was being crushed. The increase in force with penetration depth is attributed to a greater cortical surface area coming into contact with the semi-conical penetrator tooth as it descended through the ilia. in Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones
METHODS. Bovine ilia were used in the simulations because their histological structure (a fibrolamellar cortex overlying cancellous bone26) was found to match that of the Triceratops ilium. Bone sections 10 x 50 x 縠 3.0 cm with cortices ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 mm in depth (the range of initial cortical-thickness estimates based on gross morphology) were mounted on a servohydraulic mechanical loading frame (MTS Bionix, Minneapolis) and penetrated with an aluminium-bronze T. rex tooth replica. The replica was cast from an actual adult T. rex maxillary tooth, after casts made from some ofthe deeper bite marks revealed the size and shape of the teeth that had impacted the pelvis8 • The replica was penetrated into the ilia sections at 1 mm s-1 to a depth of 11.5 mm, equivalent to the maximum depth of the deepest ilium bite mark8 • Forces were measured with an MTS 25 N strain-gauge-based axial load cell accurate to 0.2%. The forces increased with increasing penetration depth even after the cortical layer had been perforated and the underlying cancellous bone was being crushed. The increase in force with penetration depth is attributed to a greater cortical surface area coming into contact with the semi-conical penetrator tooth as it descended through the ilia.
Data from: Using striated tooth marks on bone to predict body size in theropod dinosaurs: a model based on feeding observations of Varanus komodoensis, the Komodo monitor
Mesozoic tooth marks on bone surfaces directly link consumers to fossil assemblage formation. Striated tooth marks are believed to form by theropod denticle contact, and attempts have been made to identify theropod consumers by comparing these striations with denticle widths of contemporaneous taxa. The purpose of this study is to test whether ziphodont theropod consumer characteristics may be accurately identified from striated tooth marks on fossil surfaces. There are three major objectives; 1) experimentally produce striated tooth marks and explain how they form; 2) determine whether body size characteristics are reflected in denticle widths; 3) determine whether denticle characters are accurately transcribed onto bone surfaces in the form of striated tooth marks. Controlled feeding trials were conducted with the dental analogue Varanus komodoensis (the Komodo monitor). Goat (Capra hircus) carcasses were introduced to captive, isolated individuals. Striated tooth marks were then identified, and striation width, number, and degree of divergence were recorded for each. Denticle widths and tooth/body size characters were taken from photographs and published accounts of both theropod and V. komodoensis skeletal material, and regressions were compared among and between the two groups. Striated marks tend to be regularly striated with a variable degree of branching, and may co-occur with scores. Striation morphology directly reflects contact between the mesial carina and bone surfaces during the rostral reorientation when defleshing. Denticle width is primarily influenced by tooth size, and correlates well with body size displaying negative allometry in both groups regardless of taxon or position. When compared, striation widths fall within or below the range of denticle widths extrapolated for similar sized V. komodoensis individuals. Striation width is directly influenced by the orientation of the carina during feeding, and may underestimate but cannot overestimate denticle width. Although body size may theoretically be estimated solely by a striated tooth mark under ideal circumstances, many caveats should be considered. These include the influence of negative allometry across taxa and throughout ontogeny, the existence of theropods with extreme denticle widths, and the potential for striations to underestimate denticle widths. This method may be useful under specific circumstances, especially for establishing a lower limit body size for potential consumers.
Data from: Using striated tooth marks on bone to predict body size in theropod dinosaurs: a model based on feeding observations of Varanus komodoensis, the Komodo monitor
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Tooth Graft of Two Different Particle Sizes in Extraction Sockets
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04377178. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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