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53 results for “top-down control”
Occipital Nerve Stimulation Selectively Modulates Top-down Inhibitory Control
<p><strong>Objective:</strong> Here we investigate the effect of occipital nerve stimulation using low-gamma range alternating current on goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention and inhibitory training and performance. We sought to determine if stimulation modulated performance over a two-day period. <strong>Methods</strong>: We studied this effect in 47 participants recruited in one of two experiments. The goal-directed task used the stop-signal reaction time task (SSRT) during stimulation and stop-change reaction time (SCRT) in a 24-hour follow-up. Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) and Stop-change reaction time (SCRT) were recorded in seconds, calculated using a non-integration method. SSRT/SCRT and accuracy were used as outcome measures. The stimulus-driven task used a sustained-attention reaction time task (SART), and reaction time and inhibition (NoGo) accuracy were used as outcome measures. <strong>Results</strong>: Compared to the control group, the stimulation group had improved SCRT 24 hours after combined stimulation and training. No difference in accuracy on either day were present. No difference between groups arose in the SART during training or testing. </p>
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Priority effects in coral-macroalgae interactions can drive alternate community paths in the absence of top-down control, data for Adam 2022 Ecology
These data were generated in support of the manuscript: Adam TC, Holbrook SJ, Burkepile DE, Speare KE, Brooks AJ, Ladd MC, Shantz AA, Thurber RLV, and Schmitt RJ, Ecology The outcomes of species interactions can vary greatly in time and space with the outcomes of some interactions determined by priority effects. On coral reefs, benthic algae rapidly colonize the disturbed substrate. In the absence of top-down control from herbivorous fishes, these algae can inhibit the recruitment of reef-building corals, leading to a persistent phase shift to a macroalgae-dominated state. Yet, corals may also inhibit colonization by macroalgae, and thus the effects of herbivores on algal communities may be strongest following disturbances that reduce coral cover. Here, we report results from experiments conducted on the fore reef of Moorea, French Polynesia, where we: 1) tested the ability of macroalgae to invade coral-dominated and coral-depauperate communities under different levels of herbivory, 2) explored the ability of juvenile corals (Pocillopora spp.) to suppress macroalgae, and 3) quantified the direct and indirect effects of fish herbivores and corallivores on juvenile corals. We found that macroalgae proliferated when herbivory was low but only in recently disturbed communities where coral cover was also low. When coral cover was < 10%, macroalgae increased 20-fold within one year under reduced herbivory conditions relative to high herbivory controls. Yet, when coral cover was high (50%), macroalgae were suppressed irrespective of the level of herbivory despite ample space for algal colonization. Once established in communities with low herbivory and low coral cover, macroalgae suppressed recruitment of coral larvae, reducing the capacity for coral replenishment. However, when we experimentally established small juvenile corals (2 cm diameter) following a disturbance, juvenile corals inhibited macroalgae from invading local neighborhoods, even in the absence of herbivore
Datasets to article "Selection history alters attentional filter settings persistently and beyond top-down control"
<p>Single-Subject Behavioral and ERP mean amplitude data for Experiments 1 to 3.</p>
Data from: warming and top-down control of stage-structured prey: linking theory to patterns in natural systems
<p>Warming has broad and often nonlinear impacts on organismal physiology and traits, allowing it to impact species interactions like predation through a variety of pathways that may be difficult to predict. Predictions are commonly based on short-term experiments and models, and these studies often yield conflicting results depending on the environmental context, spatiotemporal scale, and the predator and prey species considered. Thus, the accuracy of predicted changes in interaction strength, and their importance to the broader ecosystems they take place in, remain unclear. Here, we attempted to link one such set of predictions generated using theory, modeling, and controlled experiments to patterns in the natural abundance of prey across a broad thermal gradient. To do so, we first predicted how warming will impact a stage-structured predator-prey interaction in riverine rock pools between Pantala spp. dragonfly nymph predators and Aedes atropalpus mosquito larval prey. We then described temperature variation across a set of hundreds of riverine rock pools (n = 775) and leveraged this natural gradient to look for evidence for or against our model's predictions. Our model's predictions suggested that warming should weaken predator control of mosquito larval prey by accelerating their development and shrinking the window of time that aquatic dragonfly nymphs could consume them in. This was consistent with data collected in rock pool ecosystems, where the negative effects of dragonfly nymph predators on mosquito larval abundance were weaker in warmer pools. Our findings provide additional evidence to substantiate our model-derived predictions, while emphasizing the importance of assessing similar predictions using natural gradients of temperature whenever possible.</p>
Fig. 5 in Top-Down Control Of Phytoplankton By Zooplankton In Tropical Reservoirs In Singapore?
Fig. 5. The correlations of cladocerans with phytoplankton genera with high loadings on PC3; i.e. Anabaena, Dictyosphaerium, Melosira and "other cyanobacteria" (see Table 3). Cladoceran counts were expressed in number per m3 while phytoplankton counts were expressed as number per ml3.
Fig. 4 in Top-Down Control Of Phytoplankton By Zooplankton In Tropical Reservoirs In Singapore?
Fig. 4. The correlations of rotifers with phytoplankton genera with high loadings on PC1 and PC2; i.e. Ankistrodesmus, Cosmarium, Melosira, Peridinium, Planktotrix sp. 1 and 2, Scenedesmus, Synedra and Trachelomonas (see Table 3). Rotifer counts were expressed in number per m3 while phytoplankton counts were expressed as number per ml3.
Fig. 3 in Top-Down Control Of Phytoplankton By Zooplankton In Tropical Reservoirs In Singapore?
Fig. 3. The correlations of cyclopoid copepods with phytoplankton genera with high loadings on PC1 and PC2; i.e. Ankistrodesmus, Cosmarium, Melosira, Peridinium, Planktotrix sp. 1 and 2, Scenedesmus, Synedra and Trachelomonas (see Table 3). Cyclopoid counts were expressed in number per m3 while phytoplankton counts were expressed as number per ml3.
Fig. 2 in Top-Down Control Of Phytoplankton By Zooplankton In Tropical Reservoirs In Singapore?
Fig. 2. The correlations of calanoid copepods with phytoplankton genera with high loadings on PC1 and PC2; i.e. Ankistrodesmus, Cosmarium, Melosira, Peridinium, Planktotrix sp. 1 and 2, Scenedesmus, Synedra and Trachelomonas (see Table 3). Calanoid counts were expressed in number per m3 while phytoplankton counts were expressed as number per ml3.
Fig. 1 in Top-Down Control Of Phytoplankton By Zooplankton In Tropical Reservoirs In Singapore?
Fig. 1. Location of reservoirs within Singapore within which zooplankton and phytoplankton samples were monitored every month between 1992 and 2006. 1. Bedok, 2. Lower Seletar, 3. Upper Seletar, 4. Lower Peirce, 5. Upper Peirce, 6. MacRitchie, 7. Kranji, 8. Pandan, 9. Jurong Lake, 10. Murai, 11. Poyan and 12. Tengeh.
From bottom-up to top-down control of invertebrate herbivores in a retrogressive chronosequence
<p>In the long-term absence of disturbance, ecosystems often enter a decline or retrogressive phase which leads to reductions in primary productivity, plant biomass, nutrient cycling and foliar quality. However, the consequences of ecosystem retrogression for higher trophic levels such as herbivores and predators, are less clear. Using a post-fire forested island-chronosequence across which retrogression occurs, we provide evidence that nutrient availability strongly controls invertebrate herbivore biomass when predators are few, but that there is a switch from bottom-up to top-down control when predators are common. This trophic flip in herbivore control probably arises because invertebrate predators respond to alternative energy channels from the adjacent aquatic matrix, which were independent of terrestrial plant biomass. Our results suggest that effects of nutrient limitation resulting from ecosystem retrogression on trophic cascades are modified by nutrient-independent variation in predator abundance, and this calls for a more holistic approach to trophic ecology to better understand herbivore effects on plant communities.</p>
Data for: Top-down control and species composition non-linearly influence the short-term response of experimental food webs to a nutrient pulse perturbation
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From bottom-up to top-down control of invertebrate herbivores in a retrogressive chronosequence
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Data from: warming and top-down control of stage-structured prey: linking theory to patterns in natural systems
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Top-down control of saccades requires inhibition of suddenly appearing stimuli
<p>Data from:</p> <p>Wolf, C. & Lappe, M. (202x). Top-down control of saccades requires inhibition of suddenly appearing stimuli.</p> <p>For each of the six experiments the data set can be found in the corresponding txt file (e.g. e1.txt for experiment 1). Labels of the columns can be found in ColumnLabels.pdf</p> <p>For experiments 1-4 the same set of participants has been recorded and identical participant numbers refer to the same individual. For each of the last two experiments, experiment 5 and 6, a new set of participants has been recorded and identical participant numbers do not refer to the same individual from other experiments.</p> <p>For questions please contact chr.wolf[at]wwu.de</p>
Bottom-up when it is not top-down: Predators and plants control biomass of grassland arthropods
1) We investigate where bottom-up and top-down control regulates ecological communities as a mechanism linking ecological gradients to the geography of consumer abundance and biomass. We use standardized surveys of 54 North American grasslands to test alternate hypotheses predicting 100-fold shifts in the biomass of four common grassland arthropod taxa—Auchenorrhyncha, sucking herbivores, Acrididae, chewing herbivores, Tettigoniidae, omnivores, and Araneae, predators. 2) Bottom-up models predict that consumer biomass tracks plant quantity (e.g. productivity and standing biomass) and quality (nutrient content) and that ectotherm access to food increases with temperature. Each of the focal trophic groups responded differently to these drivers: the biomass of sucking herbivores and omnivores increased with plant biomass; that of chewing herbivores tracked plant quality; and predator biomass did not depend on plant quality, plant quantity, or temperature. 3) The exploitation ecosystem hypothesis (EEH) is a top-down hypothesis that predicts a shift from resource limitation of herbivores when plant production is low, to predator limitation when plant production is high. In grasslands where spider biomass was low, herbivore biomass increased with plant biomass, whereas bottom-up structuring was not evident when spiders were abundant. Furthermore, neither predator biomass nor trophic position (via stable isotope analysis) increased with plant biomass, suggesting predators themselves are top-down limited. 4) Stable isotope analysis revealed that trophic position of the chewing herbivore and omnivore increased significantly with plant biomass, suggesting these groups increased scavenging and meat consumption in grasslands with higher carbohydrate availability. 5) Taken together, our snapshot sampling documents gradients of food web structure across 54 grasslands, consistent with multiple hypotheses of bottom-up and top-down regulation. 10-Jan-2020
Multiple parasitoid species enhance top-down control, but parasitoid performance is context-dependent
<ol> <li>Ecological communities are composed of many species, forming complex networks of interactions. Current environmental changes are altering community composition. We thus need to identify which aspects of species interactions are primarily driven by community structure and which by species identity to predict changes in the functioning of communities. Yet, this partitioning of effects is challenging and thus rarely explored.</li> <li>Here we disentangled the influence of community structure and the identity of co-occurring species on the outcome of consumer-resource interactions using a host-parasitoid system.</li> <li>We used four community modules that are common in host-parasitoid communities to represent community structure (i.e., host-parasitoid, exploitative competition, alternative host, and a combination of both exploitative competition and alternative host). We assembled nine different species combinations per community module in a laboratory experiment using a pool of three <em>Drosophila </em>hosts and three larval parasitoid species. To investigate the potential mechanisms at play, we compared host suppression and parasitoid performance across community modules and species assemblages.</li> <li>We found that multiple parasitoid species enhanced host suppression due to sampling effect, weaker interspecific than intraspecific competition between parasitoids, and synergism. However, the effects of community structure on parasitoid performance were species-specific and dependent on the identity of co-occurring species. Consequently, multiple parasitoid species generally strengthen top down-control, but the performance of the parasitoids depends on the identity of either the co-occurring parasitoid species, the alternative host species, or both. </li> </ol>
Data from: Top-down control of a marine mesopredator: Increase in native white-tailed eagles accelerates the extinction of an endangered seabird population
<p><span>1. </span><span>Bottom-up control is an important regulator of marine mesopredators such as seabirds. The prevalence of top-down control on these species is however less well understood. In particular, how native predators affect seabird populations has rarely been quantified. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Here, we investigate how an increase in white-tailed eagles in northern Norway, a stronghold for the species, affected a local population of 25,000 pairs of black-legged kittiwakes, a red-listed seabird, during a 42-year period ending with colony extinction. We use a natural experiment of two neighbouring colonies with/without eagle predation to disentangle the effects of eagles from local kittiwake foraging conditions (using size of young herring as a proxy). </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>At the colony where eagle predation occurred, and in contrast to the eagle-free colony, kittiwake breeding success and population size declined with increased eagle abundance, the latter more strongly under poor foraging conditions. Breeding success increased with foraging conditions at both colonies. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Simple population modelling shows that although conditions were insufficient to sustain the eagle-exposed colony, the increased abundance of eagles sped up its extirpation by many years.</span></p> <p><span>5. </span><span>Policy implications</span><span>. Our study shows that top-down effects from avian predators can be significant regulators of seabird populations, challenging their conservation where native, often protected, predators are rising. Such effects, and their possible interaction with other factors, must also be accounted for when using seabird demographic traits as environmental indicators and when developing more flexible and effective management and action plans. </span></p>
Functional identity of dominant species in a predator community prevails over functional diversity in shaping the top-down control of herbivores
<ol> <li><span>Decline in species richness as well as changes in community evenness or functional diversity have been hypothesized to jointly affect ecosystem functioning. However, disentangling the relative effects of these changes in community structure is hard as these different aspects often covary with species richness in real-world ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the individual and interactive effects of functional diversity and community evenness of predators on the level of control of herbivorous prey. </span></li> <li><span>Using a highly-replicated mesocosm experiment, we crossed three levels of functional diversity of arthropod predators with two levels of community evenness while controlling for the effect of species richness. Using this experimental setting, we hypothesized that the effect size of functional diversity of predators depends on community evenness. We expected a positive effect of functional diversity of predators on top-down control at a high level of community evenness while we thought that species identity and their associated traits should drive most of the effect on top-down control at a low level of community evenness. </span></li> <li><span>Our results did not provide any evidence for an interaction between functional diversity and community evenness nor any beneficial effect of increased functional diversity overall on predation rates of herbivorous prey. In addition, our results revealed that species and functional identity drives most of the effects of predator community composition on top-down control of their prey in our study system. Assemblages composed of active hunters with low handling time and no starvation ability tended to have the highest impacts on prey biomass.</span></li> <li><span>By indicating that top-down control of herbivorous prey by arthropod predators is mainly driven by species and functional identity and not by functional diversity, our study provides insights into the consequences of ongoing species loss on ecosystem functioning. Future research should now explore the predictability of trophic interactions based on functional traits of predator and herbivorous prey to anticipate the consequences of changes in species composition on ecosystem functioning.</span></li> </ol>
Top-Down Executive Control in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), PTSD and Combined
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01072006. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Top-down control of a marine mesopredator: Increase in native white-tailed eagles accelerates the extinction of an endangered seabird population
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