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72 results for “torrent frog”
Data from: movement or plasticity: acoustic responses of a torrent frog to stream geophony
<p>Vocalization is the main form of communication in many animals, including frogs, which commonly emit advertisement calls to attract females and maintain spacing. In noisy environments such as streams, mechanisms to maximize signaling efficiency may include vocal plasticity and/or movement of individuals to quieter sections, but which strategy is used is still uncertain. We investigated the influence of stream geophony on the advertisement call of the torrent frog <em>Hylodes perere</em> in the Atlantic Rainforest, southeastern Brazil. In a mark-recapture study, we tested if males remain in their territories and thus adjust their advertisement calls to maximize their communication. We ran mixed linear and generalized models to verify the relation of call parameters and stream geophony, body size and environmental temperature. We found that males remained in the same location across time, increased call intensity in noisier environments but did not reduce call effort. Males also increased the dominant frequency in these situations, suggesting a modulation in this parameter. Our results indicate that territoriality is an important factor to males to increase call intensity to surpass stream noise instead of repositioning along the stream. However, because call effort was maintained, we suggest that sexual selection is crucial in this system, favoring males that better detect others and adjust their call efficiency. This is the first study to evaluate simultaneously frog movements and adaptations to geophony, which contributes to the investigation of the concomitant environmental and sexual selective pressures in species that communicate in noisy environments.</p>
Figure 2 in Vocalizations of the Brazilian torrent frog Hylodes heyeri (Anura: Hylodidae): Repertoire and influence of air temperature on advertisement call variation
Figure 2. Territorial call of Hylodes heyeri from the Municipality of Morretes, Parana´, Brazil. Recorded on 11 January 2002, at 22.4°C. (A) Power spectrum; (B) spectrogram; (C) oscillogram.
Figure 3 in Vocalizations of the Brazilian torrent frog Hylodes heyeri (Anura: Hylodidae): Repertoire and influence of air temperature on advertisement call variation
Figure 3. Mean number of advertisement calls (bars) emitted by males of Hylodes heyeri during 5 min of monitoring each hour, and air temperature (line).
Data from: movement or plasticity: acoustic responses of a torrent frog to stream geophony
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Heterogeneous evolution of sex chromosomes in the torrent frog genus Amolops
<p>In sharp contrast with birds and mammals, sex chromosomes have been described as homomorphic in cold-blooded vertebrates. This sex-chromosome homomorphy has been suggested to result from high turnovers when they are often observed across deeply diverged clades. However, little is known about the tempo and mode of sex chromosome evolution among most closely related species. Here, we examine patterns of sex chromosome evolution among nine species of the torrent frog genus <em>Amolops</em>. Through the analysis of male and female GBS and RAD-seq from 182 individuals and of PCR verification for 176 individuals, we identify signatures of sex chromosomes involving two pairs of chromosomes. We find that the sex-chromosome homomorphy results from both turnover and X–Y recombination in the <em>Amolops</em> species, simultaneously exhibiting heterogeneous evolution on homologous and non-homologous sex chromosomes. The lower turnover rate of non-homologous sex chromosomes exists in these torrent frogs, whereas the ongoing X–Y recombination in homologous sex chromosomes would act as an indispensable force to prevent the sex chromosomes from differentiations. </p>
Data of the tympanum and auditory sensitivity in two torrent frogs
<p><span>Tympanic middle ears are important for anuran hearing on </span><span>land</span><span>; however, many species are observed to </span><span>lose</span><span> part or all of the tympanic apparatus. </span><span>Some </span><span>researchers have compared eared anurans' hearing sensitivity with earless species that produce calls and communicate with acoustic signals. Some anurans, however, lack both calling behaviour and well-developed tympanic membranes, and it is unclear whether they have fewer hearing perception-based selection </span><span>pressure</span><span>s and how their hearing differs </span><span>from</span><span> closely related species with a developed acoustic communication system. Here</span><span>,</span><span> we compared the tympanic membranes of two sympatric sibling species living in noisy streams and showed that Hainan torrent frogs (<em>Amolops</em> <em>hainanensis</em>) were not only "dumb" but also had a vestigial eardrum </span><span>that</span><span> was smaller than </span><span>that of </span><span>little torrent frogs (<em>Amolops</em> <em>torrentis</em>) possessing a developed acoustic communication system. Then</span><span>,</span><span> we measured their auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and compared the differences in ABR thresholds and latencies. Our results suggested that</span><span> the</span><span> two species </span><span>exhibited</span><span> significant differences in hearing sensitivity. <em>A. hainanensis</em> had higher thresholds and longer initial response </span><span>times</span><span> than <em>A. torrentis</em> </span><span>at</span><span> lower frequencies. The mechanical foundation and mechanism of such hearing changes require further study.</span></p>
Data of the tympanum and auditory sensitivity in two torrent frogs
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Heterogeneous evolution of sex chromosomes in the torrent frog genus Amolops
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Torrent frogs have fewer macroparasites but higher rates of chytrid infection in landscapes with smaller forest cover
<p>data set and R script (statistical analysis)</p>
Assigning the sex-specific markers via genotyping-by-sequencing onto the Y chromosome for a torrent frog Amolops mantzorum
<p><span>We use a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach to identify sex-linked markers in a torrent frog (<i>Amolops mantzorum</i>) using wild-caught individuals of 21 males and 19 females from the same population. A total of 141 putatively sex-linked markers were screened from 1,015,964 GBS tags through three approaches, respectively based on sex differences in allele frequencies, sex difference in heterozygosity, and sex-limited occurrence. With validations, 69 sex-linked markers were confirmed, all of which point to male heterogamety. The male specificity of eight sex markers was further verified by PCR amplifications with a large number of additional individuals covering the whole geographic distribution of the species. Y chromosome (No. 5) was microdissected under a light microscope, amplified by whole-genome amplification, and assembled a draft Y genome. 55 out of 69 sex-linked markers could be mapped to the Y chromosome assembly (i.e 79.7 %). Thus the chromosome 5 could be added as candidate chromosomes that particularly favored to recruit for sex determination than others among frogs. Three sex-linked markers that mapped on Y chromosome were aligned to three different promoter regions of <i>Rana rugosa</i> CYP19A1 gene, which might be considered as a candidate gene to trigger sex determination in <i>A</i>.<i> mantzorum</i>.</span></p>
FIGURE 1 in Redescription of the tadpole of rare Giant Torrent Frog Megaelosia boticariana Giaretta & Aguiar, 1998 (Anura, Hylodidae) with comments on natural history
FIGURE 1. Tadpoles (HCLP-A 112; GS25) and froglet of Megaelosia boticariana, from S"o Francisco Xavier, S"o Paulo state, Brazil. (A) Dorsal and (B,C) lateral views highlighting lateral lines and spiracle [A, B, C not to scale]; (D) drawing of oral disc [scale bar 1 mm] of tadpole; (E) froglet of M. boticariana (not collected); (F) Tadpole feeding on a submerged leaf in the backwater (Photos ABC by Adnan Farhat).
FIGURE 2 in The tadpole of Hylodes caete (Anura: Hylodidae), an endemic Atlantic rainforest Torrent frog of Brazil
FIGURE 2. Tadpole of Hylodes caete in life (lot CFBH 43891), Stage 25, total length 56.1 mm, lateral view. Photograph by Leo R. Malagoli.
FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of Hylodes caete (Anura: Hylodidae), an endemic Atlantic rainforest Torrent frog of Brazil
FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Hylodes caete in preservative (lot CFBH 43891), Stage 25, total length 61.6 mm. (A) Lateral view, (B) dorsal view, (C) ventral view, and (D) oral disc.
Data from: Species delimitation with gene flow: a methodological comparison and population genomics approach to elucidate cryptic species boundaries in Malaysian Torrent Frogs
Accurately delimiting species boundaries is a non-trivial undertaking that can have significant effects on downstream inferences. We compared the efficacy of commonly-used species delimitation methods (SDMs) and a population genomics approach based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to assess lineage separation in the Malaysian Torrent Frog Complex currently recognized as a single species (Amolops larutensis). First, we used morphological, mitochondrial DNA and genome-wide SNPs to identify putative species boundaries by implementing non-coalescent and coalescent-based SDMs (mPTP, iBPP, BFD*). We then tested the validity of putative boundaries by estimating spatiotemporal gene flow (fastsimcoal2, ABBA-BABA) to assess the extent of genetic isolation among putative species. Our results show that the A. larutensis complex runs the gamut of the speciation continuum from highly divergent, genetically isolated lineages (mean Fst = 0.9) to differentiating populations involving recent gene flow (mean Fst = 0.05; Nm > 5). As expected, SDMs were effective at delimiting divergent lineages in the absence of gene flow but overestimated species in the presence of marked population structure and gene flow. However, using a population genomics approach and the concept of species as separately evolving metapopulation lineages as the only necessary property of a species, we were able to objectively elucidate cryptic species boundaries in the presence of past and present gene flow. This study does not discount the utility of SDMs but highlights the danger of violating model assumptions and the importance of carefully considering methods that appropriately fit the diversification history of a particular system.
FIGURE 7 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 7. Top row: (A) female Amolops larutensis from Fraser's Hill, Pahang; (B) female A. gerutu from Chemerong, Pahang; Middle row: (C) male A. larutensis from Fraser's Hill; (D) male A. gerutu from Sekayu, Terengganu; Bottom row: (E) color-pattern comparisons of the posterodorsal portion of the thigh that diffentiates A. larutensis from (F) A. gerutu and (G) A. australis.
FIGURE 5 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 5. Top: scatterplots of snout-vent length (SVL) vs. elevation with the corresponding regression line and 95% confidence interval shaded in gray. Inset values represent the correlation coefficient (R) and p-value for the Pearson's correlation test. Bottom: boxplots of SVL vs. elevation binned into high (>900 m) and low (<650 m) elevation categories. Blue=E2; purple=E1; orange=Amolops larutensis.
FIGURE 2 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 2. Principal components scores of morphological variables visualized as hypervolumes constructed using kernel density estimation. Geometry of hypervolumes correspond to a minimum convex hull (polytopes) that minimally encloses the data. Axes show the first three principal components and their proportion of variance.
FIGURE 1 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 1. Distribution of sampled populations and an ultrametric maximum-likelihood phylogeny inferred from 1,466 bp of the 16S rRNA-encoding mitochondrial gene. All major nodes were highly supported with>90% bootstrap. Populations represented by circles belong to the western clade, triangles represent populations from the eastern clade, and star denotes the type locality of Amolops larutensis at Bukit Larut, Perak. The red box indicates a contact zone between the eastern and western clades. This figure is adapted from Chan et al. (2017).
FIGURE 3 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 3. Boxplots representing the log-transformed and body-size corrected morphological characters in males. Clusters with the same letter code are not significantly different (Tukey HSD test at p<0.05). Blue=E2; purple=E1; orange=Amolops larutensis.
FIGURE 4 in EleVational size Variation and two new species of torrent frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Ranidae: Amolops Cope)
FIGURE 4. Boxplots representing the log-transformed and body-size adjusted morphological characters in females. Clusters with the same letter code are not significantly different (Tukey HSD test at p<0.05). Blue=E2; purple=E1; orange=Amolops larutensis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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