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Data and code for "Salomon et al. 2024: Effects of dissolved organic matter on the toxicity of micro- and nanoplastic particles to Daphnia - a meta-analysis."
<div> <p>All data and R code for</p> <p><strong>Salomon S, Grubmüller E, Kropf P, Nickl E, Rühl A, Weigel S, Becker F, Antonio Vital AL, Laforsch C, Schott M, Mair MM. (2024). Effects of dissolved organic matter on the toxicity of micro- and nanoplastic particles to <em>Daphnia</em> - a meta-analysis. <em>Microplastics and Nanoplastics</em>. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-024-00088-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-024-00088-4</a>)</strong></p> <p><em>Abstract</em></p> <p>Effects of micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNP) on organisms have been increasingly reported in recent years, with a large number of studies conducted on water fleas of the genus <em>Daphnia</em>. Most of the available studies used pristine particles that have not been exposed to the environment or to organic substances. In natural environments, however, organic substances like dissolved organic matter (DOM) attach to the MNP, forming an ecocorona on the particles’ surface. How the formation of an ecocorona influences MNP toxicity is still uncertain. While some studies suggest that DOM can mitigate the negative effects of MNP on organisms, other studies did not find such associations. In addition, it is unclear whether the DOM attached to the particles’ surface is attenuating the effects of MNP directly or whether co-exposure with DOM solved in the medium attenuates MNP toxicity indirectly, for instance by increasing Daphnia‘s resilience to stressors in general. To draw more solid conclusions about the direction and size of the mediating effect of DOM on MNP-associated immobilization in <em>Daphnia</em> spp., we synthesized evidence from the published literature and compiled 305 data points from 13 independent studies. The results of our meta-analysis show that the toxic effects of MNP are likely reduced in the presence of certain types of DOM in the exposure media. We found similar mediating effects when MNP were incubated in media containing DOM before the exposure experiments, although to a lesser extent. Future studies designed to disentangle the effects of DOM attached to the MNP from the general effects of DOM in the exposure medium will contribute to a deeper mechanistic understanding of MNP toxicity in nature and enhance the reliability of MNP risk assessment.</p> </div>
Fig 1 in Sub-lethal toxic effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl ) on freshwater murrel Channa punctata (BLOCH)
Fig 1: Protein Content of the tissues (gill and liver) of C. punctata at 5 ppm and 10 ppm of CdCl2 after 7 days of exposure
Figure 3 in Ameliorative effects of morel mushroom (Morchella esculenta) against Cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in adult male rats
Figure 3. Photomicrograph of seminiferous tubules. (A) Control; showing compact tubules, filled lumen with spermatid, normal germ cell proliferation along epithelium; (B) Cd treated group; showing tubules with empty lumen and degenerated epithelial layer with increased interstitial space; (C) Cd+10 mg extract treated group & (D) Cd+ 20 mg extract treated group; showing minimal damage to epithelium, lumen filled with spermatid and less interstitial space; (E) 10 mg extract alone group and (F) 20 mg extract alone group; showing narrow lumen, increased epithelial height and compact tubules with less interstitial space. Magnification x40. Spermatogonia (SP), Elongated spermatids (ES), Interstitial space (IS), Epithelium (E).
Figure 5 in Ameliorative effects of morel mushroom (Morchella esculenta) against Cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in adult male rats
Figure 5. Mean ± SEM of plasma testosterone (ng/ml) concentration in rats of control, Cadmium, Cd + 10 mg of extract, Cd +20 mg extract, 10 mg extract and 20 mg extract group. (All values are expressed as Mean ± SEM) (*= P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P <0.001, a=control, b= Cadmium, c= Cd+10 mg extract).
Figure 4 in Ameliorative effects of morel mushroom (Morchella esculenta) against Cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in adult male rats
Figure 4. photomicrograph of cross section of epididymis (cauda) of rats (H&E, 40X) from: (A) Control group; showing normal morphology of cauda epididymis showing compactly arranged tubules with thick epithelium, lumen filled with sperm; (B) Cadmium group; showing marked changes in structure of tubule with decreased concentration of sperm; (C) Cd+10 mg extract group & (D) Cd+ 20 mg extract group; showing regular arrangement of tubules surrounded by stroma, lumen filled with spermatozoa; (E) 10 mg extract alone group and (F) 20 mg extract alone group; showing increase in epithelium an lumen sperm concentration. Spermatozoa (S), Epithelium (E), Stroma (St). G, H and I summarizes the variations in tubule and lumen diameter and height of epithelium.
Figure 1 in Ameliorative effects of morel mushroom (Morchella esculenta) against Cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in adult male rats
Figure 1. experimental design showing that the control group is treated with ip dosage of saline, 3 groups are treated with ip dosage of Cd, in which 2 received oral dosage of ME, and final 2 groups received oral gavage of ME alone (ME= Morchella esculenta).
Figure 2 in Ameliorative effects of morel mushroom (Morchella esculenta) against Cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in adult male rats
Figure 2. Fluorescent photomicrograph of sperm DNA, using comet assay, stained with acridine orange. (A) control with more intact DNA; (B) cadmium group with comets; (C) Cd + 10 mg extract group showing intact DNA with a very short tail length; (D) Cd +20 mg extract group having tail of long length and intact DNA; (E) 10 mg extract alone group in which a tail could be notice but very lesser DNA damage was found; (F) 20 mg extract alone group having short tails and intact DNA.
Fig. 1 in Toxicities and residual effects of toxic baits containing spinosad or malathion to control the adult Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Fig. 1. The mortality of Anastrepha fraterculus adult afer 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of exposure to toxic baits. (Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the mean). Mortality was calculated by the formula of Schneider-Orelli (1947).
Fig. 6 in Chemical constituents and toxic, repellent, and oviposition-deterrent effects of ethanol-extracted Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) oil on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Fig. 6. Greenhouse experiments testing repellency and oviposition deterrence of nutmeg essential oil against whiteflies. A. Repellency at 24 h, B. repellency at 48 h, C. oviposition at 24 h, D. oviposition at 48 h of exposure. Values are means of 8 replications. The mean numbers of adults or eggs were compared by paired t-tests at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. Asterisk indicates a significant difference between control and treatment.
Fig. 3 in Chemical constituents and toxic, repellent, and oviposition-deterrent effects of ethanol-extracted Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) oil on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Fig. 3. Repellency of nutmeg essential oil to whitefly adults in laboratory experiments at 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure to concentrations of 10, 5, and 2.5 mg/mL. Values are the means of 8 replications. The mean numbers of adults were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA,with a Tukey HSD post-hoc test at a significance level of P <0.05; means topped by the same letter are not significantly different.
Figure 11 in All aspects of the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide on rat liver and the protective effect of vitamin E and sodium selenite
Figure 11. DNA damage in rat liver exposed to LPS + VE and/or SS. (a) Control group, (b) VE, (c) SS, (d, e) LPS, (f) LPS + VE, (g) LPS + SS, and (h, i) LPS + VE + SS groups.
Figure 10 in All aspects of the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide on rat liver and the protective effect of vitamin E and sodium selenite
Figure 10. Histological features of the apoptotic areas in the liver of the rats. A, B, C → Control; D, E, F → SS; G, H, I →VE; J, K, L → SS + VE; M, N, O → LPS; P, Q, R → LPS + SS; S, T, U, → LPS + VE; and V, W, X → LPS + SS + VE.
Figure 6 in All aspects of the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide on rat liver and the protective effect of vitamin E and sodium selenite
Figure 6. Liver sections of the LPS + SS-treated rats. Showing (A) ⇑: dilation of the sinusoids, *: necrosis, and ►: vacuolar degeneration; and (B) ↑↑: vascular congestion and ⇒: hemorrhage at 200×.
Figure 4 in All aspects of the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide on rat liver and the protective effect of vitamin E and sodium selenite
Figure 4. Liver sections of the LPS-treated rats. (A) Showing Δ: leukocyte infiltration, *: necrosis, Δ: dilation of the sinusoids at 200×; (B) ►: vacuolar degeneration, →: binucleated hepatocytes at 400×; (C) ⇒: hemorrhage, Δ: leukocyte infiltration, *: necrosis, ↑↑: vascular congestion; and (D) ⇑: dilation of the sinusoids and *: necrosis at 200×.
Figure 3 in All aspects of the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide on rat liver and the protective effect of vitamin E and sodium selenite
Figure 3. Liver section of the control rats, CV: central vein at 200×. Histological structures (A, B) of the control, VE, SS, and VE + SStreated rats were similar to the control group.
Figure 2 in All aspects of the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide on rat liver and the protective effect of vitamin E and sodium selenite
Figure 2. TEAC values (μmol of Trolox equiv/gram tissue) in the liver of rats treated with LPS (10 mg/kg bw), VE (200 mg/kg bw), and SS (0.35 mg/kg bw). Significance was accepted as P <0.05.
Figure 1 in All aspects of the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide on rat liver and the protective effect of vitamin E and sodium selenite
Figure 1. FRAP values (μmol of FeII equiv/gram tissue) in the liver of rats treated with LPS (10 mg/kg bw), VE (200 mg/kg bw), and SS (0.35 mg/kg bw). Significance was accepted as P <0.05.
Figure 5 in Investigation of protective effects of lithium borate on spermatogenesis and testes histopathology against cadmium-induced acute toxicity in rats
Figure 5. Testes tissue, control and LTB groups, negative COX-2 expression (AC), Cd group, severe COX-2 expressions in damaged tubules and intertubular intervals (B), LTB + Cd group, mild COX-2 expression in interstitial tissue (arrowheads) (D), IHC - P, Bar: 20µm.
Figure 4 in Investigation of protective effects of lithium borate on spermatogenesis and testes histopathology against cadmium-induced acute toxicity in rats
Figure 4. Testes tissue, Control and LTB groups, negative 8-OHdG expression (AC), Cd group, severe cytoplasmic 8-OHdG expressions in spermatocytes and spermatogonium in damaged tubules (arrowheads) (B), LTB + Cd group, mild cytoplasmic 8-OHdG expression in spermatocytes (arrowheads) (D), IHC - P, Bar: 20 µm.
Figure 3. Negative Caspase-3 in Investigation of protective effects of lithium borate on spermatogenesis and testes histopathology against cadmium-induced acute toxicity in rats
Figure 3. Negative Caspase-3 expressions in testes tissues of control and LTB groups (A and C), severe Caspase-3 expression in spermatocytes of Cd group (arrowheads) (B), mild Caspase- 3 expression in spermatocytes (arrowheads) of LTB + Cd group (D), IHC - P, Bar: 20 µm.
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