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14 results for “trade-off hypothesis”
Fungi and deadwood diversity: A test of the area-heterogeneity trade-off hypothesis
<p>Environmental heterogeneity is one of the most fundamental drivers of species diversity. For decades, ecologists have suggested that heterogeneity-diversity relationships are generally positive. But today, a greater variety of heterogeneity-diversity relationships is discussed. In this study, we contrasted two hypotheses for wood-inhabiting fungi: The classical heterogeneity-diversity hypothesis, that predicts positive relationships due to an increase in niche dimensionality with increasing heterogeneity. And the more recently stated area-heterogeneity trade-off hypothesis, that predicts a unimodal pattern due to an inherent trade-off between the number of occupied niches and the effective area per species. It allows positive and negative relationships only as special cases.</p> <p>We sampled 3,715 deadwood objects on 135 plots along a forest structure gradient in the Black Forest, Germany, and recorded 284 wood-inhabiting fungal species. To assess heterogeneity of deadwood structures, we calculated two multidimensional structural diversity indices: Structural richness was used as a measure of available niche space, and structural divergence as a measure of multivariate variance within that niche space. Those indices were then related to species richness estimates for rare, common, and dominant species, using the framework of Hill numbers.</p> <p>We found a linear, positive effect of structural richness and a unimodal effect for structural divergence on estimated species diversity. Structural richness, but not structural divergence was strongly correlated with the number of sampled deadwood objects. No clear differences between the responses of rare, common, and dominant species to the two heterogeneity gradients were found. We also estimated the mean abundance as proxy for mean population size, which decreased significantly with structural richness, but was non-significantly related to structural divergence.</p> <p><em>Synthesis: </em>In general, the results of this study suggest a unimodal heterogeneity-diversity relationship for deadwood-inhabiting fungi, and are thereby in line with the area-heterogeneity trade-off hypothesis. Thus, the negative effect of heterogeneity should lead to lower species richness and higher risk of stochastic extinctions at high levels of heterogeneity. However, as deadwood amount and deadwood diversity are often strongly correlated, we argue that the positive effect of resource availability on species richness may mask the negative effect of structural heterogeneity in some cases.</p>
Data from: A test of the competitive ability – cold tolerance trade-off hypothesis in seasonally breeding beetles
<p><span>Closely related species that use similar resources often differ in their seasonal patterns of activity, but the factors that limit their distributions across seasons are unknown for most species. One hypothesis to explain seasonal variation in the distributions of species involves a trade-off between competitive ability and cold tolerance, where tolerance to the cold compromises competitive ability in warmer (benign) temperatures, either at the level of the individual or population.</span></p> <p><span>We tested both individual-level and population-level mechanisms of this hypothesis in two co-occurring species of temperate burying beetles (Silphidae: <em>Nicrophorus sayi</em>, <em>N. orbicollis</em>) that differ in their seasonal patterns of activity.</span></p> <p><span>We measured cold tolerance, breeding activity as a function of temperature, and competitive ability as a function of temperature and season.</span></p> <p><span>Consistent with our hypothesis, the mid-season <em>N. orbicollis</em> was less able to function at the cold temperatures that characterize early spring, when the early-season <em>N. sayi</em> is most active. The larger beetle, however, always won one-on-one competitive trials at warm temperatures, regardless of species, inconsistent with an individual-level trade-off. <em>N. orbicollis</em> was usually larger and successful when competing for the same carrion later in the season, mostly because of its larger population size, consistent with a trade-off between competitive ability and cold tolerance acting at the population level.</span></p> <p><span>Our findings suggest that cold temperatures limit the mid-season <em>N. orbicollis</em> from earlier spring emergence, while competitive pressure from the more abundant, larger <em>N. orbicollis</em> constrains the early-season <em>N. sayi</em> from remaining active through the summer.</span></p>
Fungi and deadwood diversity: A test of the area-heterogeneity trade-off hypothesis
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Data from: A test of the competitive ability – cold tolerance trade-off hypothesis in seasonally breeding beetles
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Data from: Trade-off between somatic and germline repair in a vertebrate supports the expensive germ line hypothesis
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Data from: Does the niche-breadth or trade-off hypothesis explain the abundance-occupancy relationship in avian haemosporidia?
Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the abundance-occupancy relationship (AOR) in parasites. The niche-breadth hypothesis suggests that host generalists are more abundant and efficient at colonizing different host communities than specialists. The trade-off hypothesis argues that host specialists achieve high density across their hosts' ranges, whereas generalists incur the high cost of adaptation to diverse immuno-defense systems. We tested these hypotheses using 386 haemosporidian cytochrome-b lineages (1894 sequences) recovered from 2318 birds of 103 species sampled in NW Africa, NW Iberia, W Greater Caucasus, and Transcaucasia. The number of regions occupied by lineages was associated with their frequency suggesting the presence of AOR in avian Haemosporidia. However, neither hypothesis provided a better explanation for the AOR. Although, the host-generalist Plasmodium SGS1 was over 3 times more abundant than other widespread lineages, both host specialists and generalists were successful in colonizing all study regions and achieved overall high prevalence.
Data from: Does the niche-breadth or trade-off hypothesis explain the abundance-occupancy relationship in avian haemosporidia?
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Data from: Size evolution in microorganisms masks trade-offs predicted by the growth rate hypothesis
Adaptation to local resource availability depends on responses in growth rate and nutrient acquisition. The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) suggests that growing fast should impair competitive abilities for phosphorus and nitrogen due to high demand for biosynthesis. However, in microorganisms, size influences both growth and uptake rates, which may mask trade-offs and instead generate a positive relationship between these traits (size hypothesis, SH). Here, we evolved a gradient of maximum growth rate (μmax) from a single bacterium ancestor to test the relationship among μmax, competitive ability for nutrients and cell size, while controlling for evolutionary history. We found a strong positive correlation between μmax and competitive ability for phosphorus, associated with a trade-off between μmax and cell size: strains selected for high μmax were smaller and better competitors for phosphorus. Our results strongly support the SH, while the trade-offs expected under GRH were not apparent. Beyond plasticity, unicellular populations can respond rapidly to selection pressure through joint evolution of their size and maximum growth rate. Our study stresses that physiological links between these traits tightly shape the evolution of competitive strategies.
Data from: An experimental test of the transmission−virulence trade-off hypothesis in a plant virus
The transmission–virulence trade-off hypothesis is one of the few adaptive explanations of virulence evolution, and assumes that there is an overall positive correlation between parasite transmission and virulence. The shape of the transmission–virulence relationship predicts whether virulence should evolve toward either a maximum or to an intermediate optimum. A positive correlation between each of these traits and within-host growth is often suggested to underlie the relationship between virulence and transmission. There are few experimental tests of this hypothesis; this study reports on the first empirical test on a plant pathogen. We infected Brassica rapa plants with nine natural isolates of Cauliflower mosaic virus and then estimated three traits: transmission, virulence, and within-host viral accumulation. As predicted by the trade-off hypothesis, we observed a positive correlation between transmission and virulence, suggestive of the existence of an intermediate optimum. We discovered the unexpected existence of two groups of within-host accumulation, differing by at least an order of magnitude. When accumulation groups were not accounted for, within-host accumulation was correlated neither to virulence nor transmission, although our results suggest that within each group these correlations exist.
Data from: Size evolution in microorganisms masks trade-offs predicted by the growth rate hypothesis
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Data from: An experimental test of the transmission−virulence trade-off hypothesis in a plant virus
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Data from: Behavioural mediators of genetic life-history trade-offs: a test of the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis in field crickets
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Data from: Do large-seeded herbs have a small range size? The seed mass-distribution range trade-off hypothesis
We aimed to introduce and test the "seed mass–distribution range trade-off" hypothesis, that is, that range size is negatively related to seed mass due to the generally better dispersal ability of smaller seeds. Studying the effects of environmental factors on the seed mass and range size of species, we also aimed to identify habitats where species may be at risk and need extra conservation effort to avoid local extinctions. We collected data for seed mass, global range size, and indicators for environmental factors of the habitat for 1,600 species of the Pannonian Ecoregion (Central Europe) from the literature. We tested the relationship between species' seed mass, range size, and indicator values for soil moisture, light intensity, and nutrient supply. We found that seed mass is negatively correlated with range size; thus, a seed mass–distribution range trade-off was validated based on the studied large species pool. We found increasing seed mass with decreasing light intensity and increasing nutrient availability, but decreasing seed mass with increasing soil moisture. Range size increased with increasing soil moisture and nutrient supply, but decreased with increasing light intensity. Our results supported the hypothesis that there is a trade-off between seed mass and distribution range. We found that species of habitats characterized by low soil moisture and nutrient values but high light intensity values have small range size. This emphasizes that species of dry, infertile habitats, such as dry grasslands, could be more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation or degradation than species of wet and fertile habitats. The remarkably high number of species and the use of global distribution range in our study support our understanding of global biogeographic processes and patterns that are essential in defining conservation priorities.
Data from: Do large-seeded herbs have a small range size? The seed mass-distribution range trade-off hypothesis
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