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FIG. 9 in Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters

FIG. 9. — Monachus marinus, sea-monk. Conrad Gessner (1558: 519). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Rar. 2234.

FIG. 4 in Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters

FIG. 4. — Anglicus cetus, Atlantic spotted dolphin.Conrad Gessner (1558: 256). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Rar. 2234.

FIG. 1 in Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters

FIG. 1. — Leo Marinus, sea lion. Conrad Gessner (1558: 558). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Rar. 2234.

FIG. 6 in Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters

FIG. 6. — Cetus oceani Germanici, North Sea whale. Conrad Gessner (1558: 255). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Rar. 2234.

FIG. 3 in Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters

FIG. 3. — Balaena vulgo, bowhead whale. Conrad Gessner (1558: 132). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Rar. 2234.

FIG. 11 in Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters

FIG. 11. — Monstrum marinus, sea-monster. Conrad Gessner (1558: 522). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Rar. 2234.

Fig. 4 in Algal genomics perspective: the pangenome concept beyond traditional molecular phylogeny and taxonomy

Fig. 4. The pangenome concept based on a comparison of gene inventory. Colored squares indicate commonly shared or newly acquired genes between species or populations.

Fig. 1 in Algal genomics perspective: the pangenome concept beyond traditional molecular phylogeny and taxonomy

Fig. 1. Phase-contrast microscopy images of diverse algal taxa. A. Rhodella maculata CCMP736 (Rhodophyta). B. Dixoniella grisea CCMP1916 (Rhodophyta). C. Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta). D. Diacronema lutheri LIMS-PS-0073 (Haptophyta). E. Proteomonas sulcata (Cryptophyta). F. Rhinomonas nottbecki (Cryptophyta). G. Coolia monotis (Alveolata). H. Sungminbooa australiensis (Pelagophyceae; Stramenopiles). I. Halamphora pseudohyalina (Bacillariophyceae; Stramenopiles). J. Navicula avium (Bacillariophyceae; Stramenopiles). K. Thalassiosira gravida (= T. rotula; Bacillariophyceae; Stramenopiles). L. Ditylum sol (Bacillariophyceae; Stramenopiles). Multifocus light microscopy images were merged, and white balances were properly adjusted by Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator (scale bars: A-F, and H-J = 15 μm; G, and K = 40 μm; L = 100 μm).

Fig. 3 in Algal genomics perspective: the pangenome concept beyond traditional molecular phylogeny and taxonomy

Fig. 3. Major photosynthetic algal lineages in the eukaryote Tree of Life (eToL). The eToL is reconstructed based on previous studies (Burki et al., 2019; Keeling and Burki, 2019; Strassert et al., 2019; Bhattacharya and Price, 2020; Sibbald and Archibald, 2020).

Fig. 2. The red algal phylogenomic approaches. A. Concatenated multigene phylogeny using 170 in Algal genomics perspective: the pangenome concept beyond traditional molecular phylogeny and taxonomy

Fig. 2. The red algal phylogenomic approaches. A. Concatenated multigene phylogeny using 170 plastid genes (Muñoz-Gómez et al., 2017). B. Concatenated multigene phylogeny using 4,777 nuclear genes (Lee et al., 2019). C. Intertwining phylogenetic network tree of red algal plastid and nuclear multigene phylogenies.

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Supplementary material 1 from: Gutiérrez EE, Helgen KM, McDonough MM, Bauer F, Hawkins MTR, Escobedo-Morales LA, Patterson BD, Maldonado JE (2017) A gene-tree test of the traditional taxonomy of American deer: the importance of voucher specimens, geographic data, and dense sampling. ZooKeys 697: 87-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.697.15124

Gazetteer : Authors: Eliécer E. Gutiérrez, Kristofer M. Helgen, Molly M. McDonough, Franziska Bauer, Melissa T. R. Hawkins, Luis A. Escobedo-Morales, Bruce D. Patterson, Jesús E. Maldonado

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Supplementary material 3 from: Gutiérrez EE, Helgen KM, McDonough MM, Bauer F, Hawkins MTR, Escobedo-Morales LA, Patterson BD, Maldonado JE (2017) A gene-tree test of the traditional taxonomy of American deer: the importance of voucher specimens, geographic data, and dense sampling. ZooKeys 697: 87-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.697.15124

Supplementary information figure : Authors: Eliécer E. Gutiérrez, Kristofer M. Helgen, Molly M. McDonough, Franziska Bauer, Melissa T. R. Hawkins, Luis A. Escobedo-Morales, Bruce D. Patterson, Jesús E. Maldonado

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Supplementary material 2 from: Gutiérrez EE, Helgen KM, McDonough MM, Bauer F, Hawkins MTR, Escobedo-Morales LA, Patterson BD, Maldonado JE (2017) A gene-tree test of the traditional taxonomy of American deer: the importance of voucher specimens, geographic data, and dense sampling. ZooKeys 697: 87-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.697.15124

Name and DNA sequences of pairs of primers used for amplification and sequencing of the CYTB gene : Data type: molecular data

dryad32/100

Phylogenomics of piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae) uncovers how dietary convergence and parallelism obfuscate traditional morphological taxonomy

The Amazon and neighboring South American river basins harbor the world's most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes. One of the most prominent South American fish families is the Serrasalmidae (pacus and piranhas), found in nearly every continental basin. Serrasalmids are keystone ecological taxa, being some of the top riverine predators as well as the primary seed dispersers in the flooded forest. Despite their widespread occurrence and notable ecologies, serrasalmid evolutionary history and systematics are controversial. For example, the sister taxon to serrasalmids is contentious, the relationships of major clades within the family are inconsistent across different methodologies, and half of the extant serrasalmid genera are suggested to be non-monophyletic. We analyzed exon capture to reexamine the evolutionary relationships among 63 (of 99) species across all 16 serrasalmid genera and their nearest outgroups, including multiple individuals per species to account for cryptic lineages. To reconstruct the timeline of serrasalmid diversification, we time-calibrated this phylogeny using two different fossil-calibration schemes to account for uncertainty in taxonomy with respect to fossil teeth. Finally, we analyzed diet evolution across the family and comment on associated changes in dentition, highlighting the ecomorphological diversity within serrasalmids. We document widespread non-monophyly of genera within Myleinae, as well as between Serrasalmus and Pristobrycon, and propose that reliance on traits like teeth to distinguish among genera is confounded by ecological homoplasy, especially among herbivorous and omnivorous taxa. We clarify the relationships among all serrasalmid genera, propose new subfamily affiliations, and support hemiodontids as the sister taxon to Serrasalmidae.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Fig. 11 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 11. Distribution map, face view, lateral view of petiole-AIV, and dorsal view of AIII-AIV of Syscia madrensis (holotype worker), S. JTL066 (worker, CASENT0610648), S. benevidesae (holotype worker), S. chiapaneca (holotype worker), S. parietalis (holotype worker), S. setosa (holotype worker), S. JTL073 (worker, MCZ-ENT00511569), S. JTL075 (worker, CASENT0601445), S. disjuncta (holotype worker), and S. augustae (worker, CASENT0644275). Species are in order of mean HW, which is shown in the lower left of the distribution map. Scale bars 0.2 mm. On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality.

Fig. 10 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 10. Distribution map, face view, lateral view of petiole-AIV, and dorsal view of AIII-AIV of Syscia jennierussae (holotype worker), S. persimilis (holotype worker), S. JTL018 (worker, JTLC000013995), S. machaquila (holotype worker), S. murillocruzae (holotype worker), S. truncata (holotype worker), S. JTL084 (worker, FMNHINS0000095760), S. JTL050 (worker, CASENT0249320), S. JTL082 (worker, CASENT0617700), and S. honduriana (lectotype worker). Species are in order of mean HW, which is shown in the lower left of the distribution map. Scale bars 0.2 mm. On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality.

Fig. 7 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic relationships among COI barcode sequences for Syscia. Red samples were sequenced for UCEs. Black samples were downloaded from the BOLD database.The tree was inferred using IQ-TREE with the data partitioned by codon position. Black circles on nodes indicate high support, which we define as ≥95% ultrafast bootstrap support and ≥95% SH-like branch support. Clades of named species are shaded as a visual aid, with gray outlines indicating non-monophyly of species.

Fig. 1 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 1. Variation in Syscia occipital carina. (A) Flange weakly developed, less visible in face view. (B) Flange strongly developed, easily visible in face view.

Fig. 6 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 6. Phylogeny of New World Syscia, inferred using the program IQ-TREE and 1,388 UCE loci.Two outgroup taxa (two species of Ooceraea) are not shown. Node support values (ultrafast bootstrap/SH-like) <100/100 are depicted with red dots.The imaged specimen is S. ticomontana (CASENT0644376).

Fig. 3 in Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Fig. 3. Variation in Syscia profiles and pilosity. (A) AIII in dorsal view trapezoidal, with convex sides. (B) AIII in dorsal view weakly trapezoidal, with convex sides. (C) AIII in dorsal view trapezoidal, with flat sides. (D) AIV in dorsal view, with convex sides, anterior margin not truncate. (E) AIV in dorsal view, with convex sides, anterior margin moderately truncate. (F) AIV in dorsal view, with nearly flat sides, anterior margin strongly truncate. (G) AIII dorsal profile strongly convex. (H) AIII dorsal profile weakly convex. (I) AIII dorsal profile flat. (J) AIV dorsal profile convex. (K) AIV dorsal profile weakly convex. (L) AIV dorsal profile flat. (A, B, G, J) Standing pilosity long, coarse. (C, H, K) Standing pilosity of medium length and thickness. (I, L) Standing pilosity short, fine.