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258 results for “transgenerational effects”
Physiological and biochemical data for an experiment examining transgenerational effects in response to MHWs in S. purpuratus from the Santa Barbara Channel
Kelp forests of the Santa Barbara Channel have experienced prolonged marine heatwave (MHW) events that overlap in time with the phenology of life history events (e.g., gametogenesis and spawning) of marine invertebrates. To study the effect of thermal stress from MHWs during gametogenesis in the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), adult urchins were acclimated to two conditions in the laboratory – a MHW (18°C) and a non-MHW (13°C) temperature at a time when gametogenesis would occur in situ. Following a four-month long acclimation period (October– January), adults were spawned and offspring from each parental condition were reared at MHW and non-MHW temperatures, creating a total of four offspring treatments. To assess for transgenerational effects in gamete traits, we measured egg size and biochemical composition. In addition, evidence of transgenerational effects was assessed by measuring embryo size and thermal tolerance of the progeny. Results indicated that MHW temperatures did affect life history traits. MHW-acclimated females had eggs with higher protein concentrations. Additionally, maternal thermal history influenced embryo body size at multiple stages of development while offspring developmental temperatures influenced body size only at the prism stage. Lastly, embryos from MHW-acclimated females were more thermally tolerant with higher LT50 values as compared to progeny from non-MHW-acclimated females. Overall, results showed that the thermal history of female S. purpuratus and developmental temperature influenced offspring traits and performance indicating that prolonged thermal stress, when it occurs during critical life history events, could influence reproductive success in situ. Moreover, our results suggest that transgenerational acclimation may aid in the capacity to resist the thermal stress associated with MHWs during early development in S. purpuratus.
Transgenerational plasticity of inducible defenses: combined effects of grand-parental, parental and current environments - PDF, datasets and R script
<p><strong>PDF, dataset and R script for the paper:</strong></p> <p>Tariel J, Plénet S, & Luquet E. <em>Transgenerational plasticity of inducible defenses: combined effects of grand-parental, parental and current environments</em>. </p> <p>Two data sets are provided: one for the analysis of the behavior (dataBehaviour.csv) and one for the analysis of other variables (weight, shell thickness and morphology; dataMorphology.csv). There are analyzed in the same R script (Script_TARIEL-Juliette.R)</p> <p><strong>Signification of variables names:</strong></p> <p>G1: treatment/environment of the grand-parental generation (control C or with predator-cue P)<br> G2: treatment/environment of the parental generation (control C or with predator-cue P)<br> G3: treatment/environment of the offspring generation (control C or with predator-cue P)<br> Family: unique ID for each family<br> Individual: number to identify siblings within a family <br> ID: unique ID for each individual <br> W: snail total weight (g)<br> Th: shell thickness (mm)<br> L: shell length (mm)<br> l: shell width (mm)<br> Lo: aperture length (mm)<br> lo: aperture width (mm)<br> crawlout : position of the snail (0: below the water surface; 1: above/on the water surface)<br> Day : day of measurement (crawling-out behaviour was measured three times through three consecutives days d2, d3 and d4)</p>
Within- and transgenerational stress legacy effects of ocean acidification on red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) growth and survival
<p>Understanding the mechanisms by which individual organisms respond and populations adapt to global climate change is a critical challenge. The role of plasticity and acclimation, within and across generations, may be essential given the pace of change. We investigated plasticity across generations and life stages in response to ocean acidification (OA), which poses a growing threat to both wild populations and the sustainable aquaculture of shellfish. Most studies of OA on shellfish focus on acute effects, and less is known regarding the longer-term carryover effects that may manifest within or across generations. We assessed these longer-term effects in red abalone (<em>Haliotis</em> <em>rufescens</em>) using a multi-generational split-brood experiment. We spawned adults raised in ambient conditions to create offspring that we then exposed to high pCO<sub>2</sub> (1,180 μatm; simulating OA) or low pCO<sub>2</sub> (450 μatm; control or ambient conditions) during the first three months of life. We then allowed these animals to reach maturity in ambient common garden conditions for four years before returning the adults into high or low pCO<sub>2</sub> treatments for 11 months and measuring growth and reproductive potential. Early-life exposure to OA in the F1 generation decreased adult growth rate, even after 5 years, especially when abalone were re-exposed to OA as adults. Adult, but not early-life exposure, to OA negatively impacted fecundity. We then exposed the F2 offspring to high or low pCO<sub>2</sub> treatments for the first three months of life in a fully factorial, split-brood design. We found negative transgenerational effects of parental OA exposure on survival and growth of F2 offspring, in addition to significant direct effects of OA on F2 survival. These results show that the negative impacts of OA can last within and across generations, but that buffering against OA conditions at critical life-history windows can mitigate these effects.</p>
Data from: Transgenerational effects of doxycycline and anhydrotetracycline on the microbiome of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina
<p>Tetracyclines are a family of broad-spectrum antibiotics commonly used in agriculture, medicine, and research. However, exposure to tetracyclines is associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes. In some cases, these negative effects are transgenerational: when individuals are treated with tetracyclines, their untreated offspring exhibit phenotypic abnormalities. The causes of such transgenerational effects are not well-understood, but disruption of the microbiome and/or mitochondria may play an important role. Transgenerational effects from tetracyclines may threaten the success of an environmentally-friendly form of pest control, the release of transgenic males carrying a tetracycline-repressible female lethal gene. In this study, we investigated the direct and transgenerational effects of two tetracycline-class antibiotics, doxycycline (DOX) and anhydrotetracycline (ATC), on the blowfly<em> Lucilia cuprina</em>, a facultative parasite of sheep. To simulate the rearing conditions used in a male-only release program, blowflies were reared on diet alone, or diet plus DOX or ATC, for three generations, then reared for an additional fourth generation off tetracyclines. We used 16S amplicon sequencing and qPCR to examine whole-body microbiome composition and bacterial and mitochondrial DNA abundance in third and fourth generation flies. The microbiomes of third generation flies reared on DOX or ATC were similar in composition and diversity to the microbiomes of flies reared exclusively on the control diet. However, we found that the untreated fourth generation offspring of DOX- or ATC-treated flies displayed major shifts in microbiome composition relative to both their treated parents and untreated control groups. Our study supports a growing body of evidence that tetracyclines exert both direct and transgenerational effects on arthropods, and highlights the need to address these impacts in the context of insect pest management.</p>
Transgenerational effect on sexual reproduction in rotifer populations in relation to the environmental predictability of their habitats
<p>Understanding the processes that enable adaptation of organisms to time-varying environments is critically relevant in evolutionary ecology. A way to cope with environmental fluctuations where predictable conditions affect several generations of individuals is through non-genetic transgenerational effects. The phenotype of ancestors affects the phenotype of their descendants matching it with the expected environment of the latter. Facultatively sexual rotifers inhabiting water bodies that cover a wide gradient of environmental predictability in Eastern Spain are a good study model for this topic. In their life cycle sex is linked to diapausing-egg production that enables survival between growing seasons. In several rotifer species, sexual reproduction is inhibited in several generations after diapausing-egg hatching. We hypothesized that in ponds where the growing season length is more predictable, rotifer clones proliferate asexually longer, hence allowing a fuller exploitation of the growing season and therefore maximize diapausing-egg production by the end of the season. We tested this prediction by estimating the proportion of sexual females produced by eight clones of the rotifer <em>Brachionus plicatilis</em> inhabiting eight ponds (8x8= 64 clones) from our study system. Here, we present the raw data gathered from the experiment. </p>
Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Higher temperatures are now observed in several ecosystems and act as new selective agents that shape traits and fitness of individuals. Transgenerational effects may be important in modulating adaptation of future generations and buffering negative impacts of temperature changes. The potential for these effects may be important in freshwater fish species, as temperature is a key abiotic component of their environment. Yet, still, relatively few studies have assessed the presence and importance of transgenerational effects under natural conditions. The purpose of this study was to test how parental thermal conditions influenced offspring growth and survival following stocking in Brook charr (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>). To do so, part of the breeders were exposed to a "cold" treatment while others were exposed to a "warm" treatment during the final steps of gonad maturation (constant 2°C difference between treatments along the seasonal temperature decrease). The impact on offspring of a selection treatment targeting production traits of interest (absence of sexual maturation at 1+, combined with increased growth) in breeders was also evaluated. After 7 to 8 months of growth in captivity, offspring were stocked in natural lakes. Their growth and survival were assessed about a year later. Offspring from "cold" breeders showed lower survival than those from "warm" breeders and the selection treatment had no effect on survival. However, the selection treatment was linked to lower Fulton's condition index, which, in turn, was positively correlated to survival in lakes. This study highlights the importance of working in ecological/industrial context to fully assess the different impacts of transgenerational effects on traits and survival. Our results also have important implications for stocking practices used to support the sport fishing industry.</p>
Within- and transgenerational stress legacy effects of ocean acidification on red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) growth and survival
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Data and code for: Transgenerational pathogen effects: Maternal pathogen exposure reduces offspring fitness
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Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
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Data from: Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype
Transgenerational plasticity occurs when the conditions experienced by the parental generation influences the phenotype of their progeny. This may in turn affect progeny performance and physiological tolerance, providing a means by which organisms cope with rapid environmental change. We conditioned adult purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, to combined pCO2 and temperature conditions reflective of in situ conditions of their natural habitat, the benthos in kelp forests of nearshore California, and then assessed the performance of their progeny raised under different pCO2 levels. Adults were conditioned during gametogenesis to treatments that reflected static non-upwelling (~650 μatm pCO2, ~17°C) and upwelling (~1300 μatm pCO2, ~13°C) conditions. Following approximately 4 months of conditioning, the adults were spawned and embryos were raised under low pCO2 (~450 μatm pCO2) or high pCO2 (~1050 μatm pCO2) treatments to determine if differential maternal conditioning impacted the progeny response to a single abiotic stressor: pCO2. We examined the size, protein content, and lipid content of eggs from both sets of conditioned female urchins. Offspring were sampled at four stages of early development: hatched blastula, gastrula, prism, and echinopluteus. This resulted in four sets of offspring: (1) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO2, (2) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO2, (3) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO2, and (4) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO2. We then assessed the effects of maternal conditioning along with the effects of developmental pCO2 levels on body size of the progeny. Our results showed that differential maternal conditioning had no impact on average egg size, although non-upwelling females produced eggs that were more variable in size. Maternal conditioning did not affect protein content but did have a modest impact on egg lipid content. Developing embryos whose mothers were conditioned to simulated upwelling conditions (~1300 μatm pCO2, ~13°C) were greater in body size, although this effect was no longer evident at the echinopluteus larval stage. Although maternal conditioning affected offspring body size, the pCO2 levels under which the embryos were raised did not. Overall, this laboratory study provides insight into how transgenerational effects may function in nature. The impacts of parental environmental history on progeny phenotype during early development have important implications regarding recruitment success and population-level effects.
Data from: Transcriptomics reveal transgenerational effects in purple sea urchin embryos: adult acclimation to upwelling conditions alters the response of their progeny to differential pCO2 levels
Understanding the mechanisms with which organisms can respond to a rapidly changing ocean is an important research priority in marine sciences, especially in light of recent predictions regarding the pace of ocean change in the coming decades. Transgenerational effects, in which the experience of the parental generation can shape the phenotype of their offspring, may serve as such a mechanism. In this study, adult purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, were conditioned to regionally and ecologically relevant pCO2 levels and temperatures representative of upwelling (low temperature, high pCO2) and non-upwelling (average temperature, low pCO2) conditions typical of coastal upwelling regions in the California Current System. Following 4.5 months of conditioning, adults were spawned and offspring were raised under either high or low pCO2 levels, to examine the role of maternal effects. Using RNA-seq and comparative transcriptomics, our results indicate that differential conditioning of the adults had an effect on the gene expression patterns of the progeny during the gastrula stage of early development. For example, maternal conditioning under upwelling conditions intensified the transcriptomic response of the progeny when they were raised under high versus low pCO2 conditions. Additionally, mothers that experienced upwelling conditions produced larger progeny. The overall findings of this study are complex, but do suggest that transgenerational plasticity in situ could act as an important mechanism by which populations might keep pace with rapid environmental change.
Sex-specific transgenerational effects of diet on offspring life history and physiology
<p>Dietary variation in males and females can shape the expression of offspring life histories and physiology. However, the relative contributions of maternal and paternal dietary variation to phenotypic expression of latter generations are currently unknown. We provided male and female <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> grandparents with<em> </em>diets differing in sucrose concentration prior to reproduction, and similarly subjected their grandoffspring to the same treatments. We then investigated the phenotypic consequences of this dietary variation among the grandsons and granddaughters. We observed transgenerational effects of dietary sucrose, mediated through the grandmaternal lineage, which mimic the direct effects of sucrose on lifespan, with opposing patterns across sexes; low sucrose increased female, but decreased male, lifespan. Dietary mismatching of grandoffspring-grandparent diets increased lifespan and reproductive success, and moderated triglyceride levels of grandoffspring, providing insights into the physiological underpinnings of the complex transgenerational effects on life histories.</p>
Data of transgenerational effects of thermal stress in embryos of O. maya
<p>To evaluate the transgenerational effect of thermal stress on the cephalopod <em>Octopus maya</em>, this study experimentally tests the morphology, respiratory metabolism, antioxidant mechanisms, and oxidative stress indicators of the embryos incubated at two temperatures (24 and 30°C) produced by females acclimated at 24 (non-stressed) and 30°C (stressed). The data set is organized in such a form that researchers will have embryo morphometric data (eye diameter, arm length, mantle length, yolk length, egg length egg wide, and wet weight of O. maya. Also, there is the oxygen consumption and antioxidant defense enzymes, oxidant damage, and esterase activity of embryos from stressed and nonstressed females. The results demonstrate that, regardless of their incubation temperature, embryos from females acclimated at 30°C are smaller, show more accelerated development, and have higher respiratory rates than those from females acclimated at 24°C. These embryos confirmed a greater oxidative stress degree, as well as an increased amount of soluble carbonylated proteins and catalase activity as the main enzyme during the activation development stage (even the highest in the embryos incubated at 30°C). Finally, a collapse of the antioxidant defense system was observed, measured as lower both CAT activity and GSH concentrations. Additionally, soluble carbonylated proteins reduced and GST activity increased in embryos incubated at 30°C from females maintained at high temperatures in a clear deleterious and transgenerational effect of thermal stress on this octopus species.</p>
Evolutionary consequences of pesticide exposure include transgenerational plasticity and potential terminal investment transgenerational effects
<p>Transgenerational plasticity, the influence of the environment experienced by parents on the phenotype and fitness of subsequent generations, is being increasingly recognised. Human-altered environments, such as those resulting from the increasing use of pesticides, may be major drivers of such cross-generational influences, which in turn may have profound evolutionary and ecological repercussions. Most of these consequences are, however, unknown. Whether transgenerational plasticity elicited by pesticide exposure is common, and the consequences of its potential carry-over effects on fitness and population dynamics remains to be determined. Here we investigate whether exposure of parents to a common pesticide elicits intra-, inter- and transgenerational responses (in F0, F1 and F2 generations) in life-history (fecundity, longevity, and lifetime reproductive success-LRS-), in an insect model system, the seed beetle <em>Callosobruchus</em> <em>maculatus</em>. We also assessed sex-specificity of the effects. We found sex-specific and hormetic intergenerational and transgenerational effects on longevity and lifetime reproductive success, manifested both in the form of maternal and paternal effects. In addition, the transgenerational effects via mothers detected in this study are consistent with a new concept: terminal investment transgenerational effects. Such effects could underlie cross-generational responses to environmental perturbation. Our results indicate that pesticide exposure leads to unanticipated effects on population dynamics and have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary implications.</p>
Transgenerational effects of mycorrhiza are stronger in sexual than in clonal offspring of Fragaria vesca and are partly adaptive (dataset)
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Stronger transgenerational plasticity in clonal compared to sexual offspring of Fragaria vesca: effects of drought, elevated temperature and CO2 conditions
<div>The dataset contains phenotypic data of woodland strawberry (<em>Fragaria vesca</em>) regarding its reproductive strategy, as well as climate and water availability for both parental and offspring generations.</div> <div> </div> <div><u>F1StatGPT.csv</u>: Table containing Ramet Number at Harvest, Fruit Number at Harvest, Ramet Biomass, Offspring Ramet Biomass, and Total Biomass.</div> <div><u>StomataStatGPT.csv:</u> Table containing Number of Stomata per mm² and Stomata Size.</div>
Genetic differences in the temporal and environmental stability of transgenerational environmental effects
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Environments influence the expression of phenotypes of individuals, their progeny, and even their grandprogeny. The duration of environmental effects and how they are modified by subsequent environments are predicted to be targets of natural selection in variable environments. However, little is known about the genetic basis of the temporal persistence of environmental effects and their stability of expression across subsequent environments, or even the extent to which natural genotypes differ in these attributes of environmental effects. We factorially manipulated the thermal environment experienced in three successive generations, to quantify the temporal persistence and environmental stability of temperature effects in contrasting genotypes of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. We found that genotypes differed in the manner in which environmental effects dissipated across successive generations, the manner in which responses to ancestral environments were stably expressed in present environments, the manner in which ancestral environments altered responses to present environments, and in the manner in which ancestral environments altered fitness in present conditions. Genetic variation exists in nature for these trait-specific environmental responses, suggesting that the temporal persistence and stability of environmental effects in variable environments have the potential to evolve in response to natural selection imposed by different environments and sequences of environments.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data for: Sex-specific transgenerational plasticity: Developmental temperatures of mothers and fathers have different effects on sons and daughters
<p>Each parent can influence offspring phenotypes via provisioning of the zygote or sex-specific DNA methylation. Transgenerational plasticity may therefore depend on environmental conditions experienced by each parent. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a fully factorial experiment across three generations of guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>), determining the effects of warm (28°C) and cold (21°C) thermal backgrounds of mothers and fathers on mass and length, and thermal performance (sustained [Ucrit] and sprint swimming speeds, citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase activities; 18, 24, 28, 32 and 36°C test temperatures) of sons and daughters. Offspring sex was significant for all traits except for sprint speed. Warmer mothers produced sons and daughters with reduced mass and length, and warmer fathers produced shorter sons. U<sub>crit</sub> of male offspring was greatest when both parents were raised at 28°C, and warmer fathers produced daughters with greater U<sub>crit</sub>. Similarly, warmer fathers produced sons and daughters with greater metabolic capacities. We show that thermal variation experienced by parents can modify offspring phenotypes, and that predicting the impacts of environmental change on populations would require knowledge of the thermal background of each mothers and fathers, particularly where sexes are spatially segregated.</p>
Data from: Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype
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Data for: Sex-specific transgenerational plasticity: Developmental temperatures of mothers and fathers have different effects on sons and daughters
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