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Fig. 6. Misgolas trangae n in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Sydney Region, Australia, With Notes on Synonymies Attributed to M. rapax

Fig. 6. Misgolas trangae n.sp. (A–D) Ƌ, holotype AM KS49026. (A), right palp retrolateral. (B,C), right bulb: (B),

Fig. 12 in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Sydney Region, Australia, With Notes on Synonymies Attributed to M. rapax

Fig. 12. Species distribution of Misgolas species in the Sydney region (eastern Australia) based on material examined. Key to symbols for maps (A) and (B): O Misgolas gracilis; A M. melancholicus; Z M. villosus. Map (C): • M. beni; Z M. cliffi; Δ M. lynabra; M. maculosus; O M. michaeli; * M. rodi; A M. trangi; * M. wayorum.

Fig. 9. Misgolas rodi n in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Sydney Region, Australia, With Notes on Synonymies Attributed to M. rapax

Fig. 9. Misgolas rodi n.sp. (A–D) Ƌ, holotype AM KS50083. (A), right palp retrolateral. (B,C), right bulb: (B),

Fig. 3 in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Sydney Region, Australia, With Notes on Synonymies Attributed to M. rapax

Fig. 3. Misgolas gracilis. (A–D) Ƌ, AM KS22910. (A), right palp retrolateral. (B,C), right bulb: (B), dorsal; (C), prolateral. (D), venter. (E) Ƌ, AM KS34720, venter. (F,G) ♀, AM KS44339; (F), tarsus and metatarsus IV retrodorsal; (G), venter. (H,I) Ƌ, AM KS86211; (H), ventral aspect, palpal tibia excavation; (I), tibial excavation texture.

Fig. 4. Misgolas cliffi n in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Sydney Region, Australia, With Notes on Synonymies Attributed to M. rapax

Fig. 4. Misgolas cliffi n.sp. (A–D) Ƌ, holotype AM KS36559. (A), right palp retrolateral. (B,C), right bulb: (B), dorsal; (C), prolateral. (D), venter. (E) ♀, allotype AM KS7472, tarsus and metatarsus IV retrodorsal.

Fig. 10. Misgolas beni n in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Sydney Region, Australia, With Notes on Synonymies Attributed to M. rapax

Fig. 10. Misgolas beni n.sp. (A–D) Ƌ, holotype AM KS38550. (A), right palp retrolateral. (B,C), right bulb: (B), dorsal; (C), prolateral. (D), venter.

Figures 7–8. Aporus hirsutus prey transport. 7 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figures 7–8. Aporus hirsutus prey transport. 7) Aporus hirsutus female dragging Aptostichus simus juvenile backwards across sand, grasping end of its right foreleg with her mandibles. Sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 17 June 2015; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela. 8) Aporus hirsutus female dragging Aptostichus simus juvenile backwards across sand, grasping tibia of its 2nd left leg with her mandibles. The wasp's wings are folded on her dorsum, sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 17 June 2015; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela.

Figure 10 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figure 10. Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) antenna orbit/socket position (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985, this study).

Figures 1–2. Aporus hirsutus and Aptostichus simus. 1 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figures 1–2. Aporus hirsutus and Aptostichus simus. 1) Aporus hirsutus resting on sand, digging in sand, sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 12 June 2014; A. Abela. The species name "hirsutus" refers to the hairiness of the body. Species identification structures include short antennae and forelegs, quasi-triangular flattened head, elongate pronotum, swollen forefemur and foretibia, thick foretarsal rake spines, and only two submarginal cells in forewing. The concave back of the head, not seen to this degree in other Nearctic Aporus species, fits snugly against the front of the convex pronotum, enabling the wasp to tunnel unobstructed through sand. Photograph © Alice Abela. 2) Aptostichus simus female on sand, Montaña de Oro State Park, San Luis Obispo County, CA; 8 June 2014; A. Abela. Females lack obvious distinguishing external morphological features, except for sharply delineated patch of endite cuspules on abdominal venter. All Aptostichus species have psammophilous body coloration (Bond 2012). Photograph © Alice Abela.

Figure 9 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figure 9. Aptostichus species California geographic distribution (from Bond 2012) and Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) geographic range (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985; this study).

Figures 5–6. Aporus hirsutus hunting behavior. 5 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figures 5–6. Aporus hirsutus hunting behavior. 5) Aporus hirsutus female digging into sand, using her mandibles and foretarsal digging rake, apparently searching for host Aptostichus simus, sandy coastal back dunes, Santa Barbara County, CA; 12 June 2014; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela. 6) Aptostichus simus trapdoor being propped open by a twig. Note the flimsy silk and sand consistency of the trapdoor and sides of entrance, Montaña de Oro State Park, San Luis Obispo, CA; 5 July 2020; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela.

Figures 3–4. Aporus hirsutus adult feeding. 3 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figures 3–4. Aporus hirsutus adult feeding. 3) Aporus hirsutus female taking nectar from flowers of Eriogonum parvifolium, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Barbara County, CA; 6 August 2014; A. Abela. Photograph © Alice Abela. 4) Aporus hirsutus female with immobilized Aptostichus simus, immature, on sand, Surf Beach at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Barbara County, CA; 28 March 2015; A. Abela. The wasp appressed her mouthparts and basal antennal segments to the paralyzed prey and, apparently, used this individual only for adult feeding. Photograph © Alice Abela.

Figure 11 in Nesting behavior, ecology, and functional morphology of the trapdoor spider-hunting spider wasp Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Figure 11. Aporus (Plectraporus) hirsutus (Banks) degree of body hairiness (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985; this study).

Figs 89–94 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 89–94. Nemesia cominensis sp. nov. observations. 89. Thin wafer-type trapdoor cracked open (a). 90. Opened trapdoor (b). 91. Closed trapdoor (c). 92. Flash-attack by spider as a reaction on subtle movements near the trapdoor (d). 93. Spider retreats after attack (e). 94. Trapdoor remains ajar after retreat (f).

Figs 80–88 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 80–88. Nemesia cominensis sp. nov. sub-adult, ♂ (no. TC.003, NHMR) vs sub-adult, ♀ (no. TC.001, NHMR). 80. Dorsal habitus sub-adult male, note the similarity in general appearance with the adult female holotype (Fig. 74). 81. Sub-adult female, palp tarsus, prolateral, note the slightly conical, normal female shape of the article (nt). 82. Sub-adult male, palp tarsus, prolateral, note the slightly swollen shape of the article (sst). 83. Similar as 81, but ventral view. 84. Similar as 82, but ventral view. 85. Epigastric furrow in sub-adult female, note the vulva structure (sf). 86. Epigastric furrow in sub-adult male, note the absence of a vulva structure (cf). 87. Genital zone sub-adult female with cuticle removed, note the presence of spermathecae (spe). 88. Idem sub-adult male, note the absence of spermathecae.

Figs 70–73 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 70–73. Nemesia maltensis sp. nov. observations. 70. Natural habitat. 71. Borrow top cut open, note virtual absence of a silk lining of the burrow shaft and the compacted soil from which the burrow walls derive most of their structural integrity. 72. Natural burrow entrance flush with the soil surface, note absence of trapdoor. 73. Two surface openings of the bifurcated burrow seen in an observation container.

Figs 74–79 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 74–79. Nemesia cominensis sp. nov. holotype, ♀ (TC.002, NHMR). 74. Dorsal habitus. 75. Lateral habitus, note the elevated cephalic part or high carapace profile (hp). 76. Chelicerae in ventro-lateral view, note the hooked fangs and the finely serrated fang-keel (arrow indication). 77. Prolateral patella III, not the two spines in line (sp). 78. Spinnerets ventral view, note the digitiform PMS. 79. Spermathecae with elongated, wavy, wiggly, tube-shaped receptacles.

Figs 54–63 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 54–63. Nemesia maltensis sp. nov. holotype, ♂ (TC.004, NHMR). 54. Dorsal habitus (note distinct dark flanks of cephalic part). 55. Prosoma in lateral view (note dark margin of the carapace and cephalic part not elevated). 56. Dorso-distal right palp (note strong development of PTR). 57. Prolateral left metatarsus and distal tibia leg I (note CF with dense brush of short bristles, short TA and smoothly curved TS). 58. Spinnerets, lateral view showing macula (MAC) on external proximal article of PLS. 59–63. Right palpal organ in four different positions rotated clock-wise by 90°. 59. Ventral view. 60. Prolateral view. 61. Dorsal view. 62. Retrolateral view. 63. Embolus tip at high magnification, note short row of tiny denticles (den) and bevelled tip.

Figs 45–53. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 45–53. Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903 excavates its burrows in various natural settings such as crevices between rocks and roots and pre-existing, soil filled cavities in rocks and tree trunks. 45. Circular outline of a trapdoor in open, moss-covered soil. 46. Same trapdoor opened to show its thick, plug-like structure that snugly fits into the borrow entrance opening. 47. Trapdoor capping a burrow excavated in a soil filled hole near the base of a carob tree. 48. The same trapdoor (47) in closeup. 49. Trapdoor capping a burrow excavated in a soil filled hole in an olive tree. 50. Trapdoor capping a burrow excavated in a soil filled hole in an unidentified tree. 51. The same trapdoor (50) in close-up and opened. 52. Circular outline of a trapdoor in dry soil at the bottom of a rubble wall. 53. Exposed top of a burrow and trapdoor in soil between rocks of a rubble wall.

Figs 36–44 in The Nemesia trapdoor spider fauna of the Maltese archipelago, with the description of two new species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Figs 36–44. Female characters in Nemesia arboricola Pocock, 1903. 36–42. Variation in general appearance of seven female specimens contained in our study sample, with collection site indication and total body length (TBL). 36. TC.015, NHMR, found on tree Phoenix canariensis H.Wildpret, TBL = 23.0. 37. TC.016, NHMR, found on tree Ceratonia siliqua L., TBL = 23.3. 38. TC.014, NHMW, terrestrial burrow at Zebbug, TBL = 21.1. 39. TC.017, NHMR, terrestrial burrow on Comino Island, TBL = 26.9. 40. TD.1, NHMR, terrestrial burrow at Wied Incita, TBL = 26.1. 41. TD.2, NHMR, terrestrial burrow at Buskett, TBL = 20.0. 42. TD.3, NHMR, terrestrial burrow at St Paul's Island, TBL = 22.3. 43. Labial cuspules (cu) were present in all specimens shown. 44. Swollen PMS were present in all specimens shown. The presence of labial cuspules and swollen PMS distinguish N. arboricola from the closely related N. macrocephala Ausserer, 1871.