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29 results for “tree community composition”
Data from: Do temperate tree species diversity and identity influence soil microbial community function and composition?
Studies of biodiversity-ecosystem function in treed ecosystems have generally focused on aboveground functions. The present study investigates inter-trophic links between tree diversity and soil microbial community function and composition.We examined how microbial communities in surface mineral soil responded to experimental gradients of tree species richness (SR), functional diversity (FD), community-weighted mean trait value (CWM) and tree identity. The site was a 4-yr-old common garden experiment near Montreal, Canada, consisting of deciduous and evergreen tree species mixtures. Microbial community composition, community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) and respiration were evaluated using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and the MicroRespTM system, respectively. The relationship between tree species richness and glucose induced respiration (GIR), basal respiration (BR), metabolic quotient (qCO2) followed a positive but saturating shape. Microbial communities associated with species mixtures were more active (basal respiration (BR)), with higher biomass (glucose induced respiration (GIR)), and used a greater number of carbon sources than monocultures. Communities associated with deciduous tree species used a greater number of carbon sources than those associated with evergreen species, suggesting a greater soil carbon storage capacity. There were no differences in microbial composition (PLFA) between monocultures and SR mixtures. The FD and the CWM of several functional traits affected both BR and GIR. In general, the CWM of traits had stronger effects than did FD, suggesting that certain traits of dominant species have more effect on ecosystem processes than does FD. Both the functions of GIR and BR were positively related to aboveground tree community productivity. Both tree diversity (SR) and identity (species and functional identity – leaf habit) affected soil microbial community respiration, biomass and composition. For the first time, we identified functional traits related to life history strategy, as well as root traits that influence another trophic level, soil microbial community function, via effects on BR and GIR.
Data from: Uniqueness of tree stand composition and soil microbial communities are related across urban spruce-dominated forests
<p>The dataset contains data obtained from urban spruce-dominated forests in southern Finland where we have measured tree stand composition, forest management history, soil chemical properties, and soil microbial communities. Data files include (1) microbial OTU tables describing microbial community composition (sequence read counts of Operational Taxonomic Units) across the study plots, (2) taxonomic assignments and other metadata related to OTUs, and (3) measured and calculated variables describing the characteristics of sites and their microbial assemblages (site metadata).</p>
Data from: Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Amazonia hosts more tree species, from numerous evolutionary lineages both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonised multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Amazonia.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Data for the abundance of 5,082 tree species in 1,989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> In the terra firme and várzea forest types, phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate, and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R <sup>2</sup> = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). Phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R <sup>2</sup> = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization on specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions. </p>
Stem decomposition of temperate tree species is determined by stem traits and fungal community composition during early stem decay
<p>Dead trees are vital structural elements in forests playing key roles in the carbon and nutrient cycle. Stem traits and fungal community composition are both important drivers of stem decay, and thereby affect ecosystem functioning, but their relative importance for stem decomposition over time remains unclear.</p> <p>To address this issue, we used a common garden decomposition experiment in a Dutch larch forest hosting fresh logs from 13 common temperate tree species. In total 25 fresh wood and bark traits were measured as indicators of wood accessibility for decomposers, nutritional quality, and chemical or physical defense mechanisms. After one and four years of decay, we assessed the richness and composition of wood-inhabiting fungi using amplicon sequencing and determined the proportional wood density loss.</p> <p>Average proportional wood density loss for the first year was 18.5%, with further decomposition occurring at a rate of 4.3% yr<sup>-1</sup> for the subsequent three years across tree species. Proportional wood density loss varied widely across tree species in the first year (8.7-24.8% yr<sup>-1</sup>) and subsequent years (0-11.3% yr<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>). The variation was directly driven by initial wood traits during the first decay year, then later directly driven by bark traits and fungal community composition. Moreover, bark traits affected the composition of wood-inhabiting fungi and thereby indirectly affected decomposition rates. Specifically, traits promoting resource acquisition of the living tree, such as wide conduits that increase accessibility and high nutrient concentration, increased initial wood decomposition rates. Fungal community composition, but not fungal richness explained differences in wood decomposition after four years of exposure in the field, where fungal communities dominated by brown-rot and white-rot Basidiomycetes were linked to higher wood decomposition rate.</p> <p><em>Synthesis.</em> Understanding what drives deadwood decomposition through time is important to understand the dynamics of carbon stocks. Here, using a tailor-made experimental design in a temperate forest setting, we have shown that stem trait variation is key to understanding the roles of these drivers; Initially, wood traits explained decomposition rates while subsequently, bark traits and fungal decomposer composition drove decomposition rates. These findings inform forest management with a view to selecting tree species to promote carbon storage.</p>
Data from: Incomplete recovery of tree community composition and rare species after 120 years of tropical forest succession in Panama
<p>Determining how fully tropical forests regenerating on abandoned land recover characteristics of old-growth forests is increasingly important for understanding their role in conserving rare species and maintaining ecosystem services. Despite this, our understanding of forest structure and community composition recovery throughout succession is incomplete, as many tropical chronosequences do not extend beyond the first 50 years of succession. Here, we examined trajectories of forest recovery across eight 1-hectare plots in middle and later stages of forest succession (40 – 120 years) and five 1-hectare old-growth plots, in the Barro Colorado Nature Monument (BCNM), Panama. We first verified that forest age had a greater effect than edaphic or topographic variation on forest structure, diversity and composition and then corroborated results from smaller plots censused 20 years previously. Tree species diversity (but not species richness) and forest structure had fully recovered to old-growth levels by 40 and 90 years, respectively. However, rare species were missing, and old-growth specialists were in low abundance, in the mid- and late secondary forest plots, leading to incomplete recovery of species composition even by 120 years into succession. We also found evidence that dominance early in succession by a long-lived pioneer led to altered forest structure and delayed recovery of species diversity and composition well past a century after land abandonment. Our results illustrate the critical importance of old-growth and old secondary forests for biodiversity conservation, given that recovery of community composition may take several centuries, particularly when a long-lived pioneer dominates in early succession.</p>
Data from: Incomplete recovery of tree community composition and rare species after 120 years of tropical forest succession in Panama
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Data from: Do temperate tree species diversity and identity influence soil microbial community function and composition?
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Data from: Uniqueness of tree stand composition and soil microbial communities are related across urban spruce-dominated forests
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Differential effects of tree species identity on rhizospheric bacterial and fungal community richness and composition across multiple trace element-contaminated sites
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Data from: Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities
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Stem decomposition of temperate tree species is determined by stem traits and fungal community composition during early stem decay
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Tree composition mitigates the negative effects of urbanization on specialist and generalist forest moth communities
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Data from: Can variation in seed removal patterns of Neotropical pioneer tree species be explained by local ant community composition?
<p>Many plants depend on animals for seed dispersal, and ants commonly fill this role. We examined if heterogeneity in ant community composition among sites, between above- and below-ground foraging guilds, or between seasons predicts observed variation in seed removal rates for 12 nonmyrmecochorous Neotropical pioneer tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We also investigated if ants associated with removing seeds differed in specific morphological characters from the larger ant community. We observed ant-seed interactions at caches to determine which ants removed seeds of 12 tree species. We also sampled ant community composition by placing 315 pitfall traps and 160 subterranean traps across the five sites where seed removal rates were quantified. Above-ground ant community composition varied by site but not season. Among-site variation in ant composition did not predict seed removal patterns at these same sites. Below-ground ant communities differed from above-ground ant communities but were not structured by either site or seed cache type. Finally, ants that removed seeds did not differ morphologically from the broader ant community. Overall, our results suggest ant communities vary over relatively small spatial scales but exhibit a high degree of functional redundancy in terms of seed removal services provided for Neotropical pioneer tree species.</p>
Riparian cottonwood trees and adjacent river sediments have different microbial communities and produce methane with contrasting carbon isotope compositions
<p class="Abstract">Rivers and their adjacent riparian forests are intimately linked by the exchange of water, nutrients, and organic matter. Both riparian cottonwood trees and adjacent river sediments host microbial communities including archaeal methanogens, supporting methane production and emission to the atmosphere. Here we combine microbial community and stable isotope analyses to characterize the drivers of methane cycling in distinct anoxic habitats (river sediments versus riparian cottonwood stems) in the Oldman River, southern Alberta (Canada). We demonstrate that, differences in the chemical characteristics of organic matter support divergent microbial communities that generate methane from distinct metabolic pathways. Organic matter in river sediments had C/N ratios approximately 50-fold lower than in tree stems and had more diverse dissolved organic components. Contrasting substrate availability between river sediment and tree stems was likely the primary mechanism for the observed differences in bacterial and methanogen community compositions, and greater microbial diversity in river sediments than in tree stems. The methane carbon isotope composition (δ<sup>13</sup>C values) differed for the tree stem (-103.6 to -70.6‰) and river sediment (-55.1 to -48.4‰) environments, suggesting that methane was primarily produced via CO<sub>2</sub>-reduction in tree stems by Methanobacteriales, while river sediments produced more methane through acetate fermentation primarily by Methanosarcinales. This study demonstrates the importance of organic matter quality and microbial community composition in driving metabolic processes contributing to methane production and emission in rivers and adjacent riparian forests.</p>
Data for: Sun, Ogushi, Tseng -Lepidoptera species richness and community composition in urban street trees
<p>The triple threats of climate change, habitat loss, and environmental pollution have stimulated discussion on how urban areas can be modified to both mitigate heat increases and provide habitat for wildlife such as insects. The strategy of using trees to reduce temperatures has been adopted by numerous cities. However, the majority of street trees planted around the world are non-native. Studies conducted in non-urban areas have demonstrated in comparison to native plants, non-native plants are less likely to support native insect diversity. Here we use a database approach to quantify the number of native Lepidoptera species associated with 76 of the most common street tree species planted in Vancouver, Canada. We tested the prediction that compared to non-native trees, native street trees will support a higher diversity and unique community of native Lepidoptera. As predicted, native street trees were associated with five times as many native Lepidoptera species, and the Lepidoptera communities supported by native vs. non-native street trees were distinct. There was no difference in native Lepidoptera associations between broadleaf vs. coniferous street trees. These results are consistent with studies that have used active sampling techniques to investigate insect richness on a smaller subset of native and non-native tree species. Collectively, these data provide good evidence that the planting native instead of non-native trees will help stem the loss of insect diversity in urban areas.</p>
Invasive tree cover covaries with environmental factors to explain the functional composition of riparian plant communities
<p>Invasive species are a major cause of biodiversity loss worldwide, but their impact on communities and the mechanisms driving those impacts are varied and not well understood. This study employs functional diversity metrics and guilds - suites of species with similar traits - to assess the influence of an invasive tree (<em>Tamarix</em> spp.) on riparian plant communities in the southwestern United States. We asked: 1) What traits define riparian plant guilds in this system? 2) How do the abundances of guilds vary along gradients of <em>Tamarix </em>cover and abiotic conditions? 3) How does the functional diversity of the plant community respond to the gradients of <em>Tamarix </em>cover and abiotic conditions? We found nine distinct guilds primarily defined by reproductive strategy, as well as height, seed weight, specific leaf area, drought and anaerobic tolerance. Guild abundance varied along a covarying gradient of local and regional environmental factors and <em>Tamarix </em>cover. Guilds relying on sexual reproduction, in particular those producing many light seeds over a long period of time were more strongly associated with drier sites and higher <em>Tamarix </em>cover. <em>Tamarix </em>itself appeared to facilitate more shade tolerant species with higher specific leaf areas than would be expected in resource poor environments. Additionally, we found a high degree of specialization (low functional diversity) in the wettest, most flood-prone, lowest <em>Tamarix </em>cover sites as well as in the driest, most stable, highest <em>Tamarix </em>cover sites. These guilds can be used to anticipate plant community response to restoration efforts and in selecting appropriate species for revegetation.</p>
Data from: BIOVERA-Tree: tree diversity, community composition, forest structure and functional traits along gradients of forest-use intensity and elevation in Veracruz, Mexico
<p>Here, we describe BIOVERA-Tree, a database on tree diversity, community composition, forest structure, and functional traits collected in 120 forest plots distributed along an extensive elevational gradient in Veracruz State, Mexico. BIOVERA-Tree includes information on forest structure from three levels of forest-use intensity, namely old-growth, degraded, and secondary forest, replicated across eight elevations from sea-level to near the tree line at 3500 m and on size and location of 4549 tree individuals with a diameter at breast height ≥ 5 cm belonging to 216 species, 154 genera, and 80 families. We also report measurements of eight functional traits, namely wood density for 143 species, maximum height for 216 species and leaf traits including: specific leaf area, lamina density, leaf thickness, chlorophyll content, and leaf area for 148 species and leaf dry matter content for 145 species.</p>
Tree community composition stabilizes ecosystem functions in response to drought
In summer 2018, Central Europe was hit by an extreme drought event that widely impacted ecosystems and markedly increased tree mortality in forest ecosystems across the continent. As climate models predict an increase in frequency and severity of such events, there is an urgent need to adapt forests in order to maintain the diverse benefits they provide. Soil processes play an essential role in this context and are key for a plethora of terrestrial ecosystem functions but are strongly dependent on water availability. Here we investigated how tree species richness, composition, and identity in a 13-year-old temperate tree diversity experiment influenced selected ecosystem functions (as important representatives of different ecosystem processes) during the 2018 summer drought. We focused on the stability of soil microbial biomass and standard litter decomposition, as well as tree species-specific mortality rates. Contrary to our expectations, tree species richness did not generally increase the resistance of soil functions and decrease tree mortality rates. However, the resistance of these functions was determined by tree species identity and community composition. For the resistance of both soil functions (microbial biomass and litter decomposition), we found that tree species richness effects depended on the presence of certain tree species. Moreover, we found that the performance of a specific tree species in monoculture, Norway Spruce, was a poor predictor of its response to drought in tree species mixtures. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate that the species composition of tree stands determines tree mortality and the resistance of soil functions under drought. This indicates that enhancing multiple ecosystem functions under environmental disturbance requires maintaining diverse forests.
Data from: Partitioning the effect of composition and diversity of tree communities on leaf litter decomposition and soil respiration
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Data for: Sun, Ogushi, Tseng -Lepidoptera species richness and community composition in urban street trees
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