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31 results for “tree conflict”
Wind energy production in forests conflicts with tree - roosting bats
<p>Many countries are investing heavily in wind power generation,<sup>1</sup> triggering a high demand for suitable land. As a result, wind energy facilities are increasingly being installed in forests,<sup>2,3</sup> despite the fact that forests are crucial for the protection of terrestrial biodiversity.<sup>4</sup> This green-green dilemma is particularly evident for bats, as most species at risk of colliding with wind turbines roost in trees.<sup>2</sup> With some of these species reported to be declining,<sup>5-8</sup> we see an urgent need to understand how bats respond to wind turbines in forested areas, especially in Europe where all bat species are legally protected. We used miniaturized global positioning system (GPS) units to study how European common noctule bats (<em>Nyctalus noctula</em>), a species that is highly vulnerable at turbines,<sup>9</sup> respond to wind turbines in forests. Data from 60 tagged common noctules yielded a total of 8129 positions, of which 2.3% were recorded at distances <100 m from the nearest turbine. Bats were particularly active at turbines <500 m near roosts, which may require such turbines to be shut down more frequently at times of high bat activity to reduce collision risk. Beyond roosts, bats avoided turbines over several kilometers, supporting earlier findings on habitat loss for forest-associated bats.<sup>10</sup> This habitat loss should be compensated by developing parts of the forest as refugia for bats. Our study highlights that it can be particularly challenging to generate wind energy in forested areas in an ecologically sustainable manner with minimal impact on forests and the wildlife that inhabit them.</p>
Data for: Ancient rapid radiation explains most conflicts among gene trees and well-supported phylogenomic trees of nostocalean cyanobacteria
<p>Prokaryotic genomes are often considered to be mosaics of genes that do not necessarily share the same evolutionary history due to widespread Horizontal Gene Transfers (HGTs). Consequently, representing evolutionary relationships of prokaryotes as bifurcating trees has long been controversial. However, studies reporting conflicts among gene trees derived from phylogenomic datasets have shown that these conflicts can be the result of artifacts or evolutionary processes other than HGT, such as incomplete lineage sorting, low phylogenetic signal, and systematic errors due to substitution model misspecification. Here, we present the results of an extensive exploration of phylogenetic conflicts in the cyanobacterial order Nostocales, for which previous studies have inferred strongly supported conflicting relationships when using different concatenated phylogenomic datasets. We found that most of these conflicts are concentrated in deep clusters of short internodes of the Nostocales phylogeny, where the great majority of individual genes have low resolving power. We then inferred phylogenetic networks to detect HGT events while also accounting for incomplete lineage sorting. Our results indicate that most conflicts among gene trees are likely due to incomplete lineage sorting linked to an ancient rapid radiation, rather than to HGTs. Moreover, the short internodes of this radiation fit the expectations of the anomaly zone, i.e., a region of the tree parameter space where a species tree is discordant with its most likely gene tree. We demonstrated that concatenation of different sets of loci can recover up to 17 distinct and well-supported relationships within the putative anomaly zone of Nostocales, corresponding to the observed conflicts among well-supported trees based on concatenated datasets from previous studies. Our findings highlight the important role of rapid radiations as a potential cause of strongly conflicting phylogenetic relationships when using phylogenomic datasets of bacteria. We propose that polytomies may be the most appropriate phylogenetic representation of these rapid radiations that are part of anomaly zones, especially when all possible genomic markers have been considered to infer these phylogenies.</p>
Data from: CAnDI: a new tool to investigate conflict in homologous gene trees and explain convergent trait evolution
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Data for: Ancient rapid radiation explains most conflicts among gene trees and well-supported phylogenomic trees of nostocalean cyanobacteria
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Data from: Phylogenetic conflict between species tree and maternally inherited gene trees in a clade of Emberiza buntings (Aves: Emberizidae)
<p>Different genomic regions may reflect conflicting phylogenetic topologies on account of incomplete lineage sorting and/or gene flow. Genomic data are necessary to reconstruct the true species tree and explore potential causes of phylogenetic conflict. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships of four <em>Emberiza</em> species (Aves: Emberizidae) and discuss the potential causes of the observed mitochondrial non-monophyly of <em>Emberiza godlewskii</em> (Godlewski's bunting) using phylogenomic analyses based on whole genome resequencing data from 41 birds. Phylogenetic analyses based on both the whole mitochondrial genome and ~39 kilobases from the non-recombining W chromosome reveal that the northern and southern populations of <em>E. godlewskii</em> are each sister to <em>E. cioides</em> and <em>E. cia</em>, respectively. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis based on genome-wide data support the monophyly of <em>E. godlewskii</em> with the following tree topology: (((<em>E. godlewskii</em>, <em>E. cia</em>), <em>E. cioides</em>), <em>E. jankowskii</em>).<em> </em>Using D-statistics, we detected multiple gene flow events among different lineages, indicating pervasive introgressive hybridization within this clade. Introgression from an unsampled lineage that is sister to <em>E. cioides</em> or introgression from an unsampled mitochondrial + W chromosomal lineage of <em>E. cioides</em> into northern <em>E. godlewskii </em>may explain the phylogenetic conflict between the species tree estimated from genome-wide data and mtDNA/W trees. These results underscore the importance of using genomic data for phylogenetic reconstruction and species delimitation.</p>
Data from: Why do phylogenomic data sets yield conflicting trees? Data type influences the avian tree of life more than taxon sampling
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Nuclear phylogenomic analyses of asterids conflict with plastome trees and support novel relationships among major lineages
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Data from: Phylogenetic conflict between species tree and maternally inherited gene trees in a clade of Emberiza buntings (Aves: Emberizidae)
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Data from: Networks, trees, and treeshrews: assessing support and identifying conflict with multiple loci and a problematic root
Multiple unlinked genetic loci often provide a more comprehensive picture of evolutionary history than any single gene can, but analyzing multigene data presents particular challenges. Differing rates and patterns of nucleotide substitution, combined with the limited information available in any data set, can make it difficult to specify a model of evolution. In addition, conflict among loci can be the result of real differences in evolutionary process or of stochastic variance and errors in reconstruction. We used 6 presumably unlinked nuclear loci to investigate relationships within the mammalian family Tupaiidae (Scandentia), containing all but one of the extant tupaiid genera. We used a phylogenetic mixture model to analyze the concatenated data and compared this with results using partitioned models. We found that more complex models were not necessarily preferred under tests using Bayes factors and that model complexity affected both tree length and parameter variance. We also compared the results of single-gene and multigene analyses and used splits networks to analyze the source and degree of conflict among genes. Networks can show specific relationships that are inconsistent with each other; these conflicting and minority relationships, which are implicitly ignored or collapsed by traditional consensus methods, can be useful in identifying the underlying causes of topological uncertainty. In our data, conflict is concentrated around particular relationships, not widespread throughout the tree. This pattern is further clarified by considering conflict surrounding the root separately from conflict within the ingroup. Uncertainty in rooting may be because of the apparent evolutionary distance separating these genera and our outgroup, the tupaiid genus Dendrogale. Unlike a previous mitochondrial study, these nuclear data strongly suggest that the genus Tupaia is not monophyletic with respect to the monotypic Urogale, even when uncertainty about rooting is taken into account. These data concur with mitochondrial DNA on other relationships, including the close affinity of Tupaia tana with the enigmatic Tupaia splendidula and of Tupaia belangeri with Tupaia glis. We also discuss the taxonomic and biogeographic implications of these results.
Data from: Phylogenomic analyses resolve an ancient trichotomy at the base of Ischyropsalidoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones) despite high levels of gene tree conflict and unequal minority resolution frequencies
Phylogenetic resolution of ancient rapid radiations has remained problematic despite major advances in statistical approaches and DNA sequencing technologies. Here we report on a combined phylogenetic approach utilizing transcriptome data in conjunction with Sanger sequence data to investigate a tandem of ancient divergences in the harvestmen superfamily Ischyropsalidoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Dyspnoi). We rely on Sanger sequences to resolve nodes within and between closely related genera, and use RNA-seq data from a subset of taxa to resolve a short and ancient internal branch. We use several analytical approaches to explore this succession of ancient diversification events, including concatenated and coalescent-based analyses and maximum likelihood gene trees for each locus. We evaluate the robustness of phylogenetic inferences using a randomized locus sub-sampling approach, and find congruence across these methods despite considerable incongruence across gene trees. Incongruent gene trees are not recovered in frequencies expected from a simple multispecies coalescent model, and we reject incomplete lineage sorting as the sole contributor to gene tree conflict. Using these approaches we attain robust support for higher-level phylogenetic relationships within Ischyropsalidoidea.
Data from: Widespread paleopolyploidy, gene tree conflict, and recalcitrant relationships among the carnivorous Caryophyllales
PREMISE OF STUDY: The carnivorous members of the large, hyperdiverse Caryophyllales (e.g., Venus flytrap, sundews, and Nepenthes pitcher plants) represent perhaps the oldest and most diverse lineage of carnivorous plants. However, despite numerous studies seeking to elucidate their evolutionary relationships, the early-diverging relationships remain unresolved. METHODS: To explore the utility of phylogenomic data sets for resolving relationships among the carnivorous Caryophyllales, we sequenced 10 transcriptomes, including all the carnivorous genera except those in the rare West African liana family Dioncophyllaceae. We used a variety of methods to infer the species tree, examine gene tree conflict, and infer paleopolyploidy events. KEY RESULTS: Phylogenomic analyses supported the monophyly of the carnivorous Caryophyllales, with a crown age of 68–83 million years. In contrast to previous analyses, we recovered the remaining noncore Caryophyllales as nonmonophyletic, although the node supporting this relationship contained a significant amount of gene tree discordance. We present evidence that the clade contains at least seven independent paleopolyploidy events, previously unresolved nodes from the literature have high levels of gene tree conflict, and taxon sampling influences topology even in a phylogenomic data set, regardless of the use of coalescent or supermatrix methods. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate the importance of carefully considering gene tree conflict and taxon sampling in phylogenomic analyses. Moreover, they provide a remarkable example of the propensity for paleopolyploidy in angiosperms, with at least seven such events in a clade of less than 2500 species.
FIGURE 6. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 6. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R. nasuta, based on 3620 bp of nuclear DNA (partial Rag 1, Rag 2, C-mos, R35 and ODC genes). Support values along branches are thorough bootstrap values> 50. Bold branches are supported by posterior probabilities> 0.95 in Bayesian analyses. Note the monophyly of R. melanosterna; lineages I–IV are distributed in the western part, lineages VI and VII in the eastern part of the range.
FIGURE 5. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 5. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R. nasuta, based on 2050 bp of mitochondrial DNA (partial cyt b, 12S and 16S genes). Support values along branches are thorough bootstrap values> 50. Bold branches are supported by posterior probabilities of 1.0 in Bayesian analyses (no other branches had support values equal to or greater than 0.95). Note the polyphyly of R. melanosterna.
FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree for cyt b in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree for cyt b haplotypes (1060 bp) of Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, including sequences of the other eight Rhinoclemmys species. Haplotype codes correspond to Figure 3 and Appendix I (see there for GenBank accession numbers). Support values along branches are thorough bootstrap values> 50. Bold branches are supported by posterior probabilities> 0.95 in Bayesian analyses. Root length shortened by 75%. Note the polyphyly of R. melanosterna.
FIGURE 7. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R in Complex phylogeography in Rhinoclemmys melanosterna: conflicting mitochondrial and nuclear evidence suggests past hybridization (Testudines: Geoemydidae)
FIGURE 7. Maximum Likelihood tree for Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, R. diademata, R. funerea, R. punctularia and R. nasuta, based on the supermatrix of 2050 bp of mitochondrial DNA (partial cyt b, 12S and 16S genes) concatenated with 3620 bp of nuclear DNA (partial Rag 1, Rag 2, C-mos, R35 and ODC genes). Support values along branches are thorough bootstrap values> 50. Bold branches are supported by posterior probabilities of 1.0 in Bayesian analyses (no other branches had support values equal to or greater than 0.95; for further explanation see text). Root length shortened by 80%. Note the weak support for the monophyly of R. melanosterna and most other clades.
FIGURE 1. A in Reaching a compromise between conflicting nuclear and plastid phylogenetic trees: a new classification for the genus Cattleya (Epidendreae; Epidendroideae; Orchidaceae)
FIGURE 1. A comparison of the phylogenetic relationships between subgroups of Cattleya and related genera based on a Bayesian analyses of plastid and ITS sequence data (details of the data collection and analyses presented in van den Berg, 2009). Plastid regions: matK, trnL intron, trnL-F spacer, rps16, both introns of trnK, and atpB-rbcL and psbA-trnH spacers. Nuclear region: ITS.
Figure 7 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus
Figure 7. Ebiscothyris bellonensis gen. et sp. nov., cruise EBISCO, Coral Sea, South-West Pacific: A–H, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of complete specimens, CP 2616, 786–836 m depth; A–D, paratype, IB-2013-2; E–H, holotype, IB-2013-1. I, dorsal view of complete specimen, with very long, thin pedicle, paratype, CP 2616, 786–836 m depth, IB- 2013-3. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 6 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus
Figure 6. rDNA tree of taxa with modified long loops. Best maximum-likelihood tree (GTR + invariant + gamma model) from RAxML with thorough bootstrap support (%), based on 2694 nucleotides of aligned sequences from SSU and LSU nuclear-encoded genes of 15 in-group and three rhynchonellide out-group taxa. Potentially misaligned and gapped sites (5%) were pruned by GBlocks. Several backbone nodes received very low bootstrap support and the tree has been redrawn by hand to remove them, leaving no effective resolution of relationships between the in-group superfamilies represented in this alignment. The sequence for Argyrotheca (JH97) was used with the permission of Dr J. Hoffman.
Figure 2. Case 2 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus
Figure 2. Case 2: Cancellothyridoid gene tree. Best maximum-likelihood tree (GTR + invariant + gamma model) from RAxML with thorough bootstrap support (%), based on 2810 nucleotides of aligned sequences from up to four genes (12S and 16S mitochondrial, and SSU and LSU nuclear) from 30 in-group and three rhynchonellide out-group taxa. Gblocks was used to prune potentially misaligned and gap sites (18% were discarded). In-group backbone nodes with no bootstrap support value attached are considered to be unsupported (may be collapsed; boostrap <50%). Four taxa, marked (LSU), are represented by LSU sequence data alone, and in each case this sequence clusters with the cognate multiple sequences, indicating that the LSU fragment alone can accurately place the taxon.
Figure 5 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus
Figure 5. Laqueoidea rDNA tree. Best maximum-likelihood tree (GTR + invariant + gamma model) from RAxML with thorough bootstrap support (%), based on 2882 nucleotides of aligned sequences from SSU and LSU nuclear-encoded genes of seven laqueoid in-group and six terebratulide out-group taxa. The small number of potentially misaligned and gap sites were not removed. The failure of the two Kingenoids to form a clade may be caused by limited sequence data rather than by misclassification.
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