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34 results for “tree form”
Wollestraat 29, Bruges (BE): high-resolution images of dry wood cores taken form a medieval floor joists, for tree-ring analysis
<ul><li>Dry-wood cores taken from historical timbers of a floor joists in the medieval building 'De Oude Steen', Wollestraat 29, Bruges (Belgium).</li><li><a href="https://id.erfgoed.net/erfgoedobjecten/29956 ">https://id.erfgoed.net/erfgoedobjecten/29956 </a></li><li>The cores were sampled at 22/02/2023 with a dry-wood borer (internal diameter 12 mm, external diameter 19 mm).</li><li>The cores were surfaced with increasingly finer sanding papers, from P60 up to P4000.</li><li>The cores were photograpphed with a Sony alpha7R IV full frame camera and FE 90 mm F/2.8G macro lens.</li><li>The<a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/services-produkte/skippy/"> Skippy</a> system served as the image capturing platform.</li><li>The individual digital macro-photos were stitched with PTGui into a mosaic image (.tiff).</li><li>The mosaic images have a resolution of ~4 µm.</li></ul>
Text-fig. 6. a: Reconstruction of the fertile shoot Archaeopteris from the Late Devonian; b: Reconstruction of tree that bore Archaeopteris shoots; c: Juvenile form ("sapling") of Archaeopteris-bearing tree. Redrawn from Cleal and Thomas (2019). in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 6. a: Reconstruction of the fertile shoot Archaeopteris from the Late Devonian; b: Reconstruction of tree that bore Archaeopteris shoots; c: Juvenile form ("sapling") of Archaeopteris-bearing tree. Redrawn from Cleal and Thomas (2019).
Data from: Tree growth-forms reveal dominant browsers shaping the vegetation
<p>This data repository belongs to the publication "Tree growth-forms reveal dominant browsers shaping the vegetation" by Churski et al. in Functional Ecology</p> <p>Authors Marcin Churski<sup>1</sup>, Dries P.J. Kuijper<sup>1</sup>, Katharina Semmelmayer<sup>1</sup>, William J. Bond<sup>2</sup>, Joris P.G.M. Cromsigt<sup>3</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>4</sup>, Yan Wang<sup>5</sup> & Tristan Charles-Dominique<sup>6</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>7</sup></p> <p>Author for correspondence: Marcin Churski email: <a href="mailto:mchurski@ibs.bialowieza.pl">mchurski@ibs.bialowieza.pl</a></p> <p><sup>1</sup>Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża; <sup>2</sup>University of Cape Town, HW Pearson Building, University Ave N, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701; <sup>3</sup>SLU, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden; <sup>4</sup>Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; <sup>5</sup>Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; <sup>6</sup>AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France; <sup>7</sup>CNRS UMR7618; Sorbonne University; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Paris; 4, place Jussieu 75005 PARIS</p> <div> <h4>Summary</h4> <a href="https://github.com/mripasteam/transformers#summary"></a></div> <ul> <li>Plants adopt particular growth-forms when they are exposed to extreme environmental conditions. In this study, we describe a unique woody plant growth-form induced by large mammalian herbivores and discuss that this growth-form could have evolved as a strategy for escaping the browser zone in herbivore driven ecosystems.</li> <li>We analysed responses of key architectural and morphological attributes (branching and thorn density, tree dimensions, presence of flowers and fruits) of three Eurasian spiny tree species (Malus sylvestris, Prunus cerasifera, Pyrus pyraster) to different levels of browsing by large herbivores in the temperate Białowieża Forest, Poland.</li> <li>Under high browsing pressure, studied trees displayed two distinct forms of the crown: a bottom sterile part developing into a densely branched structure with high density of thorns (‘cage-form’), and an upper reproductive part that escaped from herbivore control (‘escaped-form’). The size of cage-form influenced the feeding behaviour of red deer (Cervus elaphus) by increasing the time deer spend foraging and increasing the bite rate. The height at which cages started to escape and their diameter matched with foraging reach of red deer.</li> <li>Synthesis. We argue that the frequency and cage dimensions of this woody growth-form in the landscape could inform on the type and intensity of recent herbivory. Moreover, its distinctive inducibility suggests that this growth-form did not emerge recently under anthropogenic pressure but could be the legacy of ancient herbivory effects. Observational evidence suggests that this growth-form emerged in several herbivore-driven systems around the globe and may be used to identify the dominant herbivores that control vegetation structure in these ecosystems.</li> </ul> <p>Data</p> <p>The table 'cage_traits.csv' contains data on morphological traits measured on individual trees and was used to describe the key architectural attributes defining the cage and escape forms (trapped branches vs. escaped branches), test if the cage form is induced by mammalian herbivores or not and if the dimensions of the cage form could inform on which animal induced them.</p> <div> <pre><code>Column headers description: N_Protocol: Tree ID Status: if the tree individual grow taller than animal reach (escaped or trapped) Species: tree species Branch_N: observed branch ID Length: branch length (cm) N_Thorns: number of thorns N_Twigs: number of twigs Longest_thorn: the length of longest thorn on the branch (mm) N_browsed_Twigs: Number of browsed twigs (1) vs non browsed (0) twigs on a branch Branch_esc: branch position, "escape" indicates the branch growing on the escaped part of a tree FlowerOrFruit: flower or fruit number found on the branch BDI: branch density index. It is calculated by twigs number divided by branch length Thorn_density:Thorn number divided by branch length BrowRate: observed number of browsed_Twigs divided by branch length Bite: 1 indicates the branch was browsed, 0 indicated the branch was not browsed. browsing_environment: if the tree is exposed to high browsing environment or not. </code></pre> <div> </div> </div> <p>The table 'foraging_time_barplot.csv' contains camera trap data on total foraging time of all the animal on all the tree species and was used to answer the question how the presence of cage form affect herbivore foraging behaviour. This data set was specifically used to produce the bar plot in Figure 5C.</p> <div> <pre><code>Column headers description: N_Protocol : Tree ID animal_species : observed animal species Species: tree species Foraging_time: observed total foraging time. </code></pre> <div> </div> </div> <p>The table 'foraging_time.csv' contains camera trap data on total foraging time of all the animal on all the tree species and was used to answer the question how the presence of cage form affect herbivore foraging behaviour.</p> <div> <pre><code>Column headers description: N_Protocol: Tree ID Total_foraging_time: total record foraging time per tree individual Total_bite_rate : bite rate per tree individual Bite_rate : bite rate per tree branch BDI: branch density index. Foraging_time_av: record foraging time per tree branch Surface: the surface of the crown </code></pre> <div> </div> </div> <p>The table 'escape_height.csv' contains data on individual tree heights in relation to their status (escaped vs trapped). This data set was used to test if the dimensions of the cage form could inform on which animal induced them.</p> <div> <pre><code>Column headers description: N_Protocol: Tree ID Status: if the tree individual grow taller than animal reach Species: Tree species Height: Tree height</code></pre> </div>
Endogenous rhythmic growth modulates priming of antiherbivore defenses in subsequently formed new leaves of oak trees
<ul> <li>Priming of plant defenses provides increased plant protection against herbivores and reduces the allocation costs of defense. Defense priming in woody plants remains obscure, in particular due to plant development traits such as the endogenous rhythmic growth displayed by oaks (<em>Quercus robur</em>).</li> <li>By using bioassays with oak microcuttings, and by combining transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, we investigated how leaf herbivory by <em>Lymantria dispar</em> and root inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus <em>Piloderma croceum</em> prime oak defenses. We further investigated how defense priming is modulated by rhythmic growth of the oaks.</li> <li>A first herbivory challenge in oak leaves primed newly grown leaves for an enhanced induction of jamonic acid (JA)-related direct defenses, or enhanced emission of volatiles, depending on the specific growth stage at which the plants where challenged. Root inoculation with <em>Piloderma</em> abolished the enhanced induction of JA-related defenses and volatile emission.</li> <li>Our results indicate that a first herbivore attack primes direct and indirect defenses of newly formed oak leaves, and that the specific display of defense priming is modulated by rhythmic growth. Our results further show that the priming memory in oaks can be transmitted to the next growth cycle - even to the leaves of the new shoot unit.</li> </ul>
FIGURE 23 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 23. Canonical variate analysis of 43 traits for protogynes and deutogynes of Eriophyes nervalis Nalepa 1890 carried out on pooled data collected from Tilia tomentosa and T. platyphyllos over two seasons.
FIGURE 24 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 24. Canonical variate analysis of 43 traits for protogynes and deutogynes of Eriophyes tiliae Nalepa 1890 carried out on pooled data collected from Tilia americana, T. cordata and T. platyphyllos.
FIGURE 22 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 22. Canonical variate analysis of 43 traits for protogyne and deutogyne female forms of Eriophyes exilis (Nalepa 1892) carried out on pooled data collected from Tilia tomentosa and T. platyphyllos species and two seasons.
FIGURE 18 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 18. Digital micrographs of Eriophyes tiliae Nalepa 1890. Deutogyne female. A. Prodorsal shield; B. Coxigenital region (epigynium visible); C. Dorsal view of posterior region; D. Internal genitalia; E. Legs I and II; F. Ventral view of posterior region. Scale bar: 10 µm for A, B, C, D, E & F.
FIGURE 13 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 13. Digital micrographs of Eriophyes nervalis (Nalepa 1918). Deutogyne female. A. Prodorsal shield; B. Coxigenital region (epigynium visible); C. Dorsal view of posterior region; d. Internal genitalia; E. Legs I and II; F. Ventral view of posterior region. Scale bar: 10 µm for A, B, C, D, E & F.
FIGURE 16 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 16. Digital micrographs of Eriophyes tiliae Nalepa 1890. Protogyne female. A. Prodorsal shield; B. Coxigenital region (epigynium visible); C. Dorsal view of posterior region; D. Female internal genitalia; E. Male genitalia; F. Ventral view of posterior region. Scale bar: 10 µm for A, B, C, D, E & F.
FIGURE 8 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 8. Erineum nervale on leaf of Tilia cordata inhabited by Eriophyes exilis (Nalepa 1892) and E. nervalis (Nalepa 1918).
FIGURE 4 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 4. Digital micrographs of Eriophyes exilis (Nalepa 1892). Deutogyne female. A. Prodorsal shield; B. Coxigenital region (epigynium visible); C. Dorsal view of posterior region; D. Internal genitalia; E. Leg I and leg II; F. Ventral view of posterior region; Scale bar: 20 µm for A & B; 10 µm for C, D, E & F.
FIGURE 1 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 1. Eriophyes exilis (Nalepa 1892). Protogyne female. D. Dorsal view; SA. Lateral view of anterior region; CG. Coxigenital region; IG. Internal genitalia; L1. Leg I; L2. Leg II; em. Empodium (enlarged). Male. E. Epiandrium. Scale bar: 50 µm for D, SA, CG, E & IG; 25 µm for L1 & L2.
FIGURE 9 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 9. Erineum on leaf lower surface of Tilia cordata inhabited by Eriophyes exilis (Nalepa 1892) and E. nervalis (Nalepa 1918).
FIGURE 12 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 12. Eriophyes nervalis (Nalepa 1918). Deutogyne female. D. Dorsal view; SA. Lateral view of anterior region; CG. Coxigenital region; IG. Internal genitalia; L1. Leg I; L2. Leg II; em. Empodium (enlarged). Scale bar: 50 µm for D, CG, IG &SA; 25 µm for L1 & L2.
FIGURE 17. Eriophyes tiliae Nalepa 1890. Deutogyne female. D in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 17. Eriophyes tiliae Nalepa 1890. Deutogyne female. D. Dorsal view; SA. Lateral view of anterior region; CG. Coxigenital region; IG. Internal genitalia; L1. Leg I; L2. Leg II. em. Empodium (enlarged). Scale bar: 50 µm for D, CG, IG & SA; 25 µm for L1 & L2.
FIGURE 3 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 3. Eriophyes exilis (Nalepa 1892). Deutogyne female. D. Dorsal view; SA. Lateral view of anterior region; CG. Coxigenital region; IG. Internal genitalia; L1. Leg I; L2. Leg II; em. Empodium (enlarged). Scale bar: 50 µm for D, CG, IG & SA; 25 µm for L1 & L2.
FIGURE 19 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 19. Digital micrographs of Eriophyes tiliae Nalepa 1890. Nymph. A. Dorsal view of anterior region; B. Ventral view of anterior region. Scale bar: 10 µm for A & B.
FIGURE 14 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 14. Digital micrographs of Eriophyes nervalis (Nalepa 1918). Nymph. A. Dorsal view of anterior region; B. Ventral view of anterior region. Scale bar: 10 µm for A & B.
FIGURE 6 in Eriophyes species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting lime trees (Tilia spp.: Tiliaceae) — supplementary description and morphological variability related to host plants and female forms
FIGURE 6. Vein angle galls on leaf of Tilia platyphyllos inhabited by Eriophyes exilis (Nalepa 1892) and Eriophyes nervalis (Nalepa 1918).
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