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111 results for “tree species diversity”
Figure 2. Mitotype tree and distribution maps for 98 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in North American Lasius ants, and an overlooked introduced species
Figure 2. Mitotype tree and distribution maps for 98 DNA-barcodes belonging to 7 mitotypes of the ant Lasius niger (blue, n = 70) and 15 mitotypes of L. ponderosae sp. nov. (red, n = 28). The red dashed line delimits the expected natural range of L. ponderosae sp. nov.53 Maps have been created using the free R-package "ggmap" v3.0.0 (https://github.com/dkahle/ggmap) in R v4.1.1. Map tiles by Stamen Design, under CC BY 3.0.
Data from: Do temperate tree species diversity and identity influence soil microbial community function and composition?
Studies of biodiversity-ecosystem function in treed ecosystems have generally focused on aboveground functions. The present study investigates inter-trophic links between tree diversity and soil microbial community function and composition.We examined how microbial communities in surface mineral soil responded to experimental gradients of tree species richness (SR), functional diversity (FD), community-weighted mean trait value (CWM) and tree identity. The site was a 4-yr-old common garden experiment near Montreal, Canada, consisting of deciduous and evergreen tree species mixtures. Microbial community composition, community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) and respiration were evaluated using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and the MicroRespTM system, respectively. The relationship between tree species richness and glucose induced respiration (GIR), basal respiration (BR), metabolic quotient (qCO2) followed a positive but saturating shape. Microbial communities associated with species mixtures were more active (basal respiration (BR)), with higher biomass (glucose induced respiration (GIR)), and used a greater number of carbon sources than monocultures. Communities associated with deciduous tree species used a greater number of carbon sources than those associated with evergreen species, suggesting a greater soil carbon storage capacity. There were no differences in microbial composition (PLFA) between monocultures and SR mixtures. The FD and the CWM of several functional traits affected both BR and GIR. In general, the CWM of traits had stronger effects than did FD, suggesting that certain traits of dominant species have more effect on ecosystem processes than does FD. Both the functions of GIR and BR were positively related to aboveground tree community productivity. Both tree diversity (SR) and identity (species and functional identity – leaf habit) affected soil microbial community respiration, biomass and composition. For the first time, we identified functional traits related to life history strategy, as well as root traits that influence another trophic level, soil microbial community function, via effects on BR and GIR.
The functional significance of tree species diversity in European forests - the FunDivEUROPE dataset
<p><span>The FunDivEUROPE project, short for "Functional Significance of Forest Biodiversity in Europe," aimed at exploring the intricate relationships between forest biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, focusing specifically on European forests. The project was a collaborative effort involving scientists from multiple disciplines and institutions. It entailed a comprehensive, large-scale assessment of forest biodiversity and its impact on ecosystem functions in a network of observational plots spanning the European continent. This extensive network enabled us to systematically examine how variations in tree species diversity and functional traits influenced key ecosystem functions.</span></p> <p><span>In total, 209 mature forest plots measuring 30 x 30 meters were located</span> <span>in six European countries, ranging from boreal to Mediterranean zones, with each representing a major European forest type: Finland (boreal forest), Poland (hemiboreal forest), Germany (temperate deciduous forest), Romania (mountainous deciduous forest), Italy (thermophilous deciduous forest), and Spain Mediterranean mixed forest). Richness levels of one, two, three, four, and five target species were replicated within and across regions.</span></p> <p><span>A major strength of the FunDivEUROPE project was the general philosophy to measure all ecosystem functions in all plots, following the same protocol by the same observers across the six forest types. In each of the 209 plots, 27 ecosystem functions were measured.</span></p> <p><span>Here, we present data on a high number of basic data for each of the 209 plots, describing geographic and geomorphological, as well as soil and bedrock characteristics, climate variables, and several measures of tree diversity. We further show data of the 27 ecosystem functions, which were classified into six groups reflecting basic ecological processes, and which have established links to supporting, provisioning, regulating or cultural ecosystem services. Details about the measurement protocols are provided.</span></p> <p><span>Major results from the FunDivEUROPE project shed light on the fundamental importance of biodiversity in European forests. The project revealed that diverse forests tend to be more resilient to disturbances, sequester more carbon, and provide enhanced diversity of forest-associated taxa. Moreover, the study highlighted the crucial role of particular tree species and functional traits in shaping ecosystem services and functions. The findings of FunDivEUROPE thus offer insights for forest management and conservation practices, advocating for the preservation and restoration of diverse forest ecosystems.</span></p>
Diversity, species coexistence, and functional composition patterns in subtropical Atlantic Forests invaded by non-native trees
<ol> <li>Biological invasions are a major environmental challenge today. Interactions between invasive and native species can significantly shape community structures, influencing co-existence, diversity, and functional composition of species. The subtropical Atlantic forest in southern Brazil, a recognized biodiversity hotspot, provides a unique setting to study these interactions, given its vulnerability to alien tree invasions. </li> <li>Our study sought to elucidate the impacts of such invasions on this fragile ecosystem by addressing key questions: 1) How are tree community diversity patterns affected by the abundance of invading alien tree species? 2) What are the patterns of coexistence between native and alien invasive trees? 3) Is the functional composition of the forests altered by the abundance of invasive trees?</li> <li>To address these questions, we compiled data on the abundance and functional traits of native and invasive trees. We determined the diversity patterns and functional composition of plots with different degrees of invasion. These data were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, Principal Component Analysis, and a coexistence index.</li> <li>In plots with a higher abundance of invasive trees, there was a significant decrease in the taxonomic and functional richness of native species. Furthermore, we observed that invasive alien trees coexisted with native species, and as the abundance of invasive trees increased, the native community weighted mean (CWM) of the leaf area and specific leaf area decreased.</li> <li>In conclusion, within the subtropical Atlantic forest areas of southern Brazil, our findings highlight that the abundance of invasive trees adversely affects the taxonomic and functional richness of native species. Furthermore, while invasive alien trees were found to coexist with native species, increased invasive abundance corresponded to a reduction in the leaf area and the specific leaf area of the native community.</li> </ol>
Foliar endophyte diversity in eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct tree species – Influences of host identity, environment, phylogeny, and geographic isolation
<p><span>The well-known eastern Asia (EA) and eastern North America (ENA) floristic disjunction provides a unique system for biogeographic and evolutionary studies. Despite considerable interest in the disjunction, few studies have investigated the patterns and their underlying drivers of allopatric divergence in sister species or clades isolated in the two areas. Endophyte diversity and assembly in disjunct sister taxa, as an ecological trait, may have played an important role in the processes of allopatric evolution, but no studies have examined endophytes in these disjunct lineages. In this study, we compared foliar endophytes (including both fungi and bacteria) in 17 EA-ENA disjunct species pairs from genera representing conifers and major clades of angiosperms, as well as 23 species of </span><em>Cornus</em> from the US and China. We sequenced the ITS of fungi and 16S rDNA of bacteria to understand the composition of the endophyte community and gain insights into the relative roles of geographic isolation, host identity, phylogeny, and environment in shaping endophytic diversity patterns. We detected a much richer fungal than bacterial community in leaves of all species. Beta diversity varied greatly among individuals within species, between species, among genera, and among three natural environmental conditions. Based on a principal coordinates analysis, we found no close clustering of endophyte communities in samples from the same host plant species, from the same genus, or from the same geographic origin (i.e. EA or ENA) (when plants were grown in the same common garden), but we did detect clustering of samples from plants grown in the same environment (i.e., same geographic location). We observed separation of microbes in plant samples of the same species grown in different locations/environments. However, pooled samples across all species from the common garden with the same geographic origin (EA vs. ENA) showed a moderate level of dissimilarity in fungal endophytes between EA and ENA. An overall significant correlation between endophyte community dissimilarity and phylogenetic distance was detected among the disjunct genera but not among species of <em>Cornus</em>. However, significant correlation between order, family, and genera of endophytes and phylogenetic distance of Cornus species was observed. We also found no significant differences in Foliar Endophytic Fungal (FEF) communities between counterparts of disjunct species pairs in EA and ENA in most genera except in <em>Liriodendron</em> and <em>Cornus</em>, although the beta diversity within genera is high. Our results suggest important roles of host identity and environment (geographic locations), and a likely minor role of phylogenetic divergence and biogeographic isolation in shaping the pattern of foliar endophyte diversity and assembly in the EA-ENA disjunct genera, as well as in <em>Cornus</em>. The results further suggest that the sister taxa in EA and ENA are likely different in their foliar endophyte composition when growing in their native habitats due to differences in geographic locations and local environments, which is potentially a factor driving allopatric divergence of species functional features. This hypothesis can be tested by analysis of samples from native habitats.</p>
Recent tree diversity increase in NE Iberian forests following intense management release: a task for animal-dispersed and drought tolerant species
<ol> <li>Under increasing human-related threats to forests, many studies suggest that increasing tree species diversity may boost forest resilience by enhancing the range of species' responses to disturbances. However, it remains unclear whether passive or active forest management strategies should be applied to increase tree diversity. This issue would benefit from investigating which management and environmental factors, together with species' functional traits influence temporal changes in tree species diversity.</li> <li>We explored the influence of the bioclimatic region, land-use history, forest cover, protection, management, forest structure and changes in temperature and precipitation, to explain tree species diversity changes in NE Iberian forests, by comparing 3141 plots from the Spanish National Forest Inventory sampled between 1989 and 2016. Moreover, we assessed which species' functional traits (dispersal habit, drought and shade tolerance) were most relevant for diversity changes.</li> <li>After 27 years, tree species richness and diversity moderately increased in the tree and regeneration layers. This trend occurred mostly in long-established, non-recently managed forests and in those with a lower initial basal area. Increasing temperature had negative effects for diversity increase in the tree layer but positive for the regeneration compartment, while decreasing precipitation showed the opposite effects.</li> <li>Tree species with higher drought tolerance, and especially those animal-dispersed ones arriving from the regional pool, mostly contributed to the local diversity increase. This pattern occurred in all forest types, although the taxonomic array of species varied.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications.</em> The main drivers influencing the passive increase in tree species diversity suggest a primary role of diminishing forest exploitation in this recovery process, fine-tuned by climatic changes. This ecological scenario has particularly favored animal-dispersed tree species with higher drought tolerance, which mostly led the diversity increase. A higher presence of such highly mobile and drought-tolerant species can be crucial to increase functional diversity and, ultimately, increase forest resilience under future scenarios of greater aridity. In light of these results, management strategies should continue fostering the restoration of diversity in once intensively exploited forests while ensuring the maintenance of the already gained tree species diversity.</li> </ol>
Data from: Positive effects of tree species diversity on productivity switch to negative after severe drought mortality in a temperate forest experiment
<p>Synthesis of a large body of evidence from field experiments suggests more diverse plant communities are both more productive as well as more resistant to the effects of climatic extremes like drought. However, this view is strongly based on data from grasslands due to limited empirical evidence from tree diversity experiments. Here we report on the relationship between tree diversity and productivity over ten years in a field experiment established in 2005 that was then affected by the 2018 megadrought in central Europe. Across a number of years, tree species diversity and productivity were significantly positively related, however, the slope switched to negative in the year of the drought. Net diversity effects increased through time, with complementarity making greater continuations to the net diversity effect than selection effects. Complementarity was clearly positive (95 % credible interval) in three and five species mixtures before the drought (2012-2016) but was found to decrease in the year of the drought. Selection effects were clearly positive in 2016, and remained positive in 2018, the drought year in two, three, and five species mixtures. Survival of the Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) plummeted during drought and a negative relationship between species diversity and spruce survival was found. Our findings suggest that tree diversity per se may not buffer communities against the impacts of extreme drought and that tree species composition and the drought tolerance of tree species (i.e., species identity) will be important determinants of community productivity as the prevalence of drought increases.</p>
Climate and mycorrhizae mediate the relationship of tree species diversity and carbon stocks in subtropical forests
<p><span>1. </span><span>It is increasingly being recognized that tree species diversity has positive effects on forest ecosystem carbon (C) stock. However, at broad spatial scales this relationship may depend on climate conditions and species mycorrhizal associations.</span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Here, observations from 667 forest plots in subtropical China, were used to investigate the effects of species diversity, mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT) and mycorrhizal type (arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal) on the forest C stock</span> <span>and its components (tree C stock, shrub layer C stock, herb layer C stock, litter layer C stock, root C stock and soil C stock).</span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found positive effect of tree species diversity on total forest C stock.</span><span> MAP had positive effects on total forest C stock and its components, while MAT had consistently negative effects on total forest C stock and most of its components.</span><span> Different levels of MAP and MAT </span><span>did modulate the strength of effect of species diversity on forest C stock and its components. In addition, species diversity, MAT and MAP showed a significant positive relationship with arbuscular mycorrhiza-associated tree C stock but had no or negative relationship with ectomycorrhiza-associated tree C stock.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis.</span><span> Our results indicate that maintaining high level of species diversity may support the buffering of negative effects resulting from climate warming. Furthermore,</span> <span>under climate warming the specific C stock of AM trees can increase, which can potentially promote forest C stock. Taken together, our study suggests that afforestation policies should consider not only tree species diversity to increase forest C stock but also the effects of different tree mycorrhizal types.</span></p>
Drought resistance enhanced by tree species diversity in global forests
<p>The species diversity effect (theta) on drought resistance for global forest ecoregions. The species diversity effect was estimated based on a global analysis of the relationship between species richness and drought-induced changes in forest productivity, using a database that contains more than 0.7 million forest plots and satellite-based estimation of drought resistance.</p>
Reciprocal bark exchange helps to disentangle tree species dependent bark and wood trait effects on invertebrate diversity
<p>1. Previous studies showed that bark cover at early-decay stage had profound control on the invertebrate assemblages of bark and wood, with possible consequence for the decomposition process. However, previous experimental designs could not disentangle how bark versus wood traits affect the invertebrate assemblage process in bark and/or wood separately because wood traits of different tree species may vary independently from bark traits. Furthermore, we do not know whether such tree species specific bark trait effects are still influential at mid-decay stage.</p> <p>2. To unravel whether and how bark and wood traits influence invertebrate communities in tree logs at mid-decay stage, we introduce reciprocal bark transplantation within pairs of different tree species as a new method. We applied this method to two pairs of phylogenetically contrasting species of gymnosperms (pair I: Araucaria araucana and Cryptomeria japonica, pair II: Picea abies and Thuja plicata) and another gymnosperm (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) set as disturbance control to test for potential bark manipulation artefacts on invertebrate community composition.</p> <p>3. Our bark exchange experiment revealed that both bark and wood host abundant and divergent subsets of invertebrates on mid-decay logs of different tree species. We further documented that the invertebrate community composition was predominantly shaped by the traits of host tissue per se, while also being significantly but less strongly affected by the traits of the other tissue, i.e. the adjacent bark or wood. Our results indicated that bark trait effects faded with time and how long bark trait effects persist greatly depends on bark thickness.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study suggests that maintaining deadwood heterogeneity related to variation between tree species, and to bark versus wood, is important for nursing a large biodiversity of invertebrates. Combined with bark removal methodology, our bark exchange method can be further extended to more decay stages and more forest biomes to track bark trait effects and bark induced priority effects on deadwood decomposition, and its associated invertebrate and microbial communities.</p>
Beetle diversity in dead wood is lower in non-native than native tree species, especially those more distantly related to native species
<p>1. Non-native tree species are widely used in forest plantations. This may have negative consequences for biodiversity. Hitherto, most studies have compared species diversity between native and non-native forest stands, which makes it difficult to separate the impact of tree species per se from stand characteristics. Our study, conducted in the south of Sweden, compares saproxylic beetle diversity across different nutritional groups, in dead wood of two native and four non-native tree species in a block design after one and three seasons. Such an approach allows analysis of the impact of non-native tree species per se.</p> <p>2. Mean species richness (±SD) per log was lower in non-native than in native tree species (non-native trees: lodgepole pine: 10.7 (± 5.3); Sitka spruce: 8.5 (± 4.3), Douglas fir: 7.1 (± 4.3), Japanese larch 9.4 (± 4.6); native trees: Norway spruce: 12.0 (± 6.0), Scots pine: 12.3 (± 5.2)). Sample-based rarefaction revealed that when only native tree species were pooled, the species richness was higher than for all tree species combined. The difference in species composition among tree species was strongly driven by bark and wood consumers in the first season, while for predators and fungivores, the differences were smaller. Species composition differed more after one season.</p> <p>3. Dissimilarity in beetle species composition was positively correlated with phylogenetic distances of the tree species. Species richness was lower in non-native tree species that are only remotely related to native trees species. Of the studied non-native tree species, lodgepole pine was more closely related to native tree species and consistently harboured higher species richness.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. Although non-native tree species also harbour saproxylic beetle communities, the use of non-native tree species, especially those only remotely related to native tree species, reduces local diversity of saproxylic beetles. Thus, for biodiversity conservation, an extensive use of non-native tree species is not recommended as this increases the risk of losing forest biodiversity, especially when they are only distantly related to native tree species.</p>
Data from: Tree species and genetic diversity increase productivity via functional diversity and trophic feedbacks
<p><span>This data was collected in the species × genetic diversity experiment of the Biodiversity–Ecosystem Functioning Experiment China Platform (BEF-China, <a href="http://www.bef-china.com/">www.bef-china.com</a>). This data set includes four species (<em>Alniphyllum fortunei</em>, <em>Cinnamanum camphora</em>, <em>Daphniphyllum oldhamii</em>, and <em>Idesia polycarpa</em>) with the mother trees of all tree individuals known, and </span><span>the offspring from the same mother tree was defined as a seed family. In total, 92 subplots with 4 tree diversity levels were included: species diversity (1 or 4 species) and genetic diversity (1 or 4 seed families per species) which resulted in four tree diversity levels: one species with one seed family (1.1), one species with four seed families (1.4), four species with one seed family per species (4.1) and four species with four seed families per species (4.4). For tree functional traits, five leaf functional traits were measured in 2017 and 2018, including leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll content (CHL), leaf nitrogen content (LN), and leaf carbon content (LC). Herbivory was visually recorded as leaf damage in 2017. Soil fungal diversity was used as proxies for unspecified trophic interactions. Soil samples were taken on subplot level for the 1.1 and 1.4 diversity treatments, but on plot level for the 4.1 and 4.4 diversity treatments in 2017. Tree community productivity was summed by the biomass of individual trees in each subplot and individual tree biomass (kg) was calculated using the biomass equation (H × BA × CV) of the BEF-China experiment, where CV is a correction factor for stem shape and wood density.</span></p>
Effects of tree species diversity and conspecific seedling density on insect herbivory and pathogen infection on big-leaf mahogany seedlings
<p>The Janzen-Connell Hypothesis (JCH) predicts that attack by specialist enemies on seedlings increases with conspecific seedling density, but studies have rarely experimentally tested for the contingency of such effects on tree community context (e.g., diversity, composition) and measured responses by different enemies (e.g. herbivores, pathogens). We conducted a field study in a large-scale system evaluating tree species diversity and conspecific density effects on leaf damage on mahogany (<em>Swietenia macrophylla</em>) seedlings. We established quadrats of eight levels of seedling density across mahogany tree monocultures and species polycultures including mahogany, and recorded percent leaf damage by insects and percent leaf necrosis by a pathogenic fungus on mahogany seedlings. We found contrasting effects of tree species diversity on insects and pathogens. Whereas diversity did not affect leaf damage by insects, it had a significant negative effect on leaf necrosis by pathogens. On average, percent leaf necrosis on mahogany seedlings in polyculture was half of that observed in monoculture. We discuss the potential influences of changes in mahogany tree density vs. frequency (relative to other tree species) driving this diversity effect. Unexpectedly, we found no effect of seedling conspecific density on either leaf insect or pathogen damage (i.e., density-independent attack). Likewise, we found no significant tree diversity by seedling density interaction, indicating that attackers were consistently unresponsive to variation in seedling density across two levels of tree diversity. Overall, this study provides a unique test of the JCH by experimentally evaluating seedling density and tree diversity effects on contrasting plant enemies, shedding light on enemy controls over plant recruitment.</p>
Avian species functional diversity and habitat use the role of forest structural attributes and tree diversity in the Midlands Mistbelt forests of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
<p><span>Forest transformation has major impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Identifying the influence of forest habitat structure and composition on avian functional communities is important for conserving and managing forest systems. This study investigated the effect of forest structure and composition characteristics on bird species community structure, habitat use, and functional diversity in 14 Mistbelt forest patches of the Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. We surveyed bird communities using point counts. We quantified bird functional diversity for each forest patch using three diversity indices: functional richness, functional evenness, and functional divergence. We further assessed species-specific responses by focusing on three avian forest specialists, orange ground-thrush </span><span><em>Geokichla</em> <em>gurneyi</em></span><span>, forest canary </span><span><em>Crithagra</em> <em>scotops</em></span><span>, and Cape parrot </span><span><em>Poicephalus</em> <em>robustus</em></span><span>. We found that bird community and forest-specialist species responses to forest structure and tree species diversity differed. Also, forest structural complexity, canopy cover, and tree species richness were the main forest characteristics better at explaining microhabitat influence on bird functional diversity. Forest patches with relatively high structural complexity and tree species richness had higher functional richness. Different structural characteristics influenced habitat use by the three forest specialists. Tree species diversity influenced </span><em><span>C. scotops</span> </em><span>and</span><em><span> G. </span><span>gurneyi</span></em><span> positively, </span><span>while </span><em><span>P. robustus</span></em><span> responded negatively to forest patches with high tree species richness. </span><span>Our study showed that site-scale forest structure and composition characteristics are important for bird species richness and functional richness. Forest patches with high tree species diversity and structural complexity should be maintained to conserve forest specialists, bird species richness, and functional richness. </span></p>
Data from: Do temperate tree species diversity and identity influence soil microbial community function and composition?
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Exploring the role of genetic diversity and relatedness in tree seedling growth and mortality: a multi‐species study in a Bornean rain forest
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Reciprocal bark exchange helps to disentangle tree species dependent bark and wood trait effects on invertebrate diversity
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The functional significance of tree species diversity in European forests - the FunDivEUROPE dataset
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Climate and mycorrhizae mediate the relationship of tree species diversity and carbon stocks in subtropical forests
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Diversity, species coexistence, and functional composition patterns in subtropical Atlantic Forests invaded by non-native trees
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