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201 results for “treehopper”
Maternal effects on the advertisement signals and mate preferences of adult offspring in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)
<p>We tested for maternal effects on the mating signals and mate preferences of adult offspring in a plant-feeding insect that communicates via plant-borne vibrational signals. We experimentally manipulated an aspect of the social environment experienced by egg-laying mothers: aggregation density. We detected a strong maternal effect in a male signal trait, with sons of mothers that experienced low aggregation density signaling more. We also detected a weak maternal effect on female mate preferences, with daughters of mothers that experienced low aggregation density being less selective. We discuss the evolutionary consequences of these maternal effects in terms of the signal-preference relationship; the maintenance of variation under selection; whether they may be beneficial for offspring; and potential mechanisms that may be involved in their expression.</p>
Data from: The roles of growth regulation and appendage patterning genes in the morphogenesis of treehopper pronota
<p>Treehoppers of the insect family Membracidae have evolved enlarged and elaborate pronotal structures, which is hypothesized to involve co-opted expression of genes that are shared with the wings. Here, we investigate the similarity between the pronotum and wings in relation to growth. We show that the ontogenetic allometry of the pronotum is similar to that of wings in Membracidae, but not the outgroup. Using transcriptomics, we find genes related to protein synthesis and translation are mutually upregulated. These genes are implicated in the eIF2, eIF4/p70S6K, and mTOR pathways, and have known roles in regulating cell growth and proliferation. We show that species-specific differential growth patterning of the pronotum begins as early as the third instar. This finding suggests that co-option of appendage patterning genes must occur before the metamorphic molt. We propose that a network related to growth and size determination is the more likely mechanism shared with wings. However, regulators upstream of the shared genes in the pronotum and wings need to be elucidated to substantiate whether co-option has occurred. Finally, we<span> believe it will be helpful to distinguish the mechanisms leading to pronotal size from those regulating pronotal shape as we make sense of this spectacular evolutionary innovation. </span></p>
Fig. 5. Machaerotypus nodulus Li in Two new species of the treehopper genus Machaerotypus Uhler, 1896 from China (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
Fig. 5. Machaerotypus nodulus Li & Chen sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (IEGU). A–C. Habitus in frontal, lateral and dorsal view. D. Forewing. E. Hind wing. Scale bars: A–C = 1 mm; D–E = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 4. Machaerotypus stigmosus Li in Two new species of the treehopper genus Machaerotypus Uhler, 1896 from China (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
Fig. 4. Machaerotypus stigmosus Li & Chen sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (IEGU). A–B. Genitalia in lateral and ventral view. C. Sternite VII, ventral view. D. First valvulae, lateral view. E. Second valvulae, lateral view. F. Third valvulae (gonoplac), lateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Fig. 3. Machaerotypus stigmosus Li in Two new species of the treehopper genus Machaerotypus Uhler, 1896 from China (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
Fig. 3. Machaerotypus stigmosus Li & Chen sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (IEGU). A, C, D. Genitalia in lateral, posterior and ventral view. B, E. Aedeagus, posterior and lateral view. F. Style, dorsal view. G. Lateral plate. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Fig. 2. Machaerotypus stigmosus Li in Two new species of the treehopper genus Machaerotypus Uhler, 1896 from China (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
Fig. 2. Machaerotypus stigmosus Li & Chen sp. nov. A. Paratype, ♂ (IEGU), forewing. B. Paratype, ♀ (IEGU), forewing. C. Paratype, ♀ (IEGU), hind wing. Scale bars: A–C = 0.5 mm. a–e = white parts.
Fig. 1. Machaerotypus stigmosus Li in Two new species of the treehopper genus Machaerotypus Uhler, 1896 from China (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
Fig. 1. Machaerotypus stigmosus Li & Chen sp. nov. A, C, E. Paratype, ♀ (IEGU), habitus in dorsal, frontal and lateral view. B, D, F. Paratype, ♂ (IEGU), habitus in dorsal, frontal and lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 7 in Two new species of the treehopper genus Machaerotypus Uhler, 1896 from China (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Centrotinae)
Fig. 7. Geographic distribution of species of Machaerotypus Uhler, 1896: 1. M. arisanus (Kato, 1928). 2. M. camelliae Chou & Yuan, 1981. 3. M. ishiharai Kato, 1940. 4. M. mali Chou & Yuan, 1981. 5. M. rubronigris Funkhouser, 1938. 6. M. rubromarginatus Kato, 1940. 7. M. semirubronigris Yuan & Chou, 1992. 8. M. sibiricus (Lethierry, 1876). 9. M. subinermis Lindberg, 1927. 10. M. taibaiensis Yuan, 2002. 11. M. yananensis Chou & Yuan, 1981. 12. M. stigmosus Li & Chen sp. nov. 13. M. nodulus Li & Chen sp. nov.
Figure 4 in First reports of species-specific ant resemblance in heteronotine treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae)
Figure 4. Comparison of morphological measurements of Cephalotes atratus (Linnaeus, 1758), workers (circles, n = 10) and females of Heteronotus fabulosus Boulard, 1981 (cross-marks, n = 2); L = length between apex of pronotal spine (CS in membracids) and apex of abdomen (NT in membracids) as indicated by "L" in Fig. 3C; blue = relationship between "L" and width between apices of pronotal spines (CS in membracids); orange = relationship between "L" and width abdomen (width NT in membracids); grey = relationship between "L" and pronotal width in ant (as indicated in Fig. 3B) or width of black pronotal area in membracids (as indicated by "3" in Fig. 3D); green = relationship between "L" and actual pronotal width of membracids (as indicated by "4" in Fig. 3D).
Figure 2. Heteronotus fabulosus Boulard, 1981. Both photographs taken during the dry season, 5 Sep 2021. A in First reports of species-specific ant resemblance in heteronotine treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae)
Figure 2. Heteronotus fabulosus Boulard, 1981. Both photographs taken during the dry season, 5 Sep 2021. A) Habitat at edge of a Chiquitano forest fragment, sampled branches of host tree Swartzia jorori tree (Fabaceae) indicated by white arrow. B) Putative nymph of H. fabulosus, tended by worker of Cephalotes atratus (Linnaeus, 1758).
Figure 3. Comparison between potential ant model and membracid mimic. Both specimens have the same body length. A–B in First reports of species-specific ant resemblance in heteronotine treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae)
Figure 3. Comparison between potential ant model and membracid mimic. Both specimens have the same body length. A–B) Cephalotes atratus (Linnaeus, 1758), worker. A) Habitus, dorsal. B) Head and anterior part of mesothorax, dorsal. C–D) Heteronotus fabulosus Boulard, 1981. C) Habitus, dorsal. CS = Cornus suprahumeralis; L = length between apex of CS and apex of NT; NPS = Spina nodus primus; NT = Nodus terminalis; PS = Spina pedunculus. D) Anterior part of pronotum; head, wings and legs omitted. E) Cephalotes atratus worker habitus, lateral. F) Heteronotus fabulosus habitus, lateral. Numbered structures in the figures reference the numbering system used for morphological comparisons in Figure 4.
Figure 1. Study area. A in First reports of species-specific ant resemblance in heteronotine treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae)
Figure 1. Study area. A) Bolivia. B) Sub-Andean area at the Bolivian orocline; 1, Santa Cruz de la Colina, Urubo, Santa Cruz department; map produced with QGIS (version 2.14.3, http://www.qgis.org/en/site), ecoregions according to the regionalization by Navarro and Ferreira (2011).
Linked collectors and determiners for: Do Nymphs Of The Treehopper Stictolobus Minutus (Funkhouser) (Hemiptera: Membracidae) Specialize On Grasses?.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Do Nymphs Of The Treehopper Stictolobus Minutus (Funkhouser) (Hemiptera: Membracidae) Specialize On Grasses?". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/c8756f54-d5c7-41b7-b912-d860d34854cf">https://bionomia.net/dataset/c8756f54-d5c7-41b7-b912-d860d34854cf</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/c8756f54-d5c7-41b7-b912-d860d34854cf">https://gbif.org/dataset/c8756f54-d5c7-41b7-b912-d860d34854cf</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Two amazing new species of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) from Colombia: Calloconophora estellae sp. nov. and Problematode robertoi sp. nov..
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Two amazing new species of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) from Colombia: Calloconophora estellae sp. nov. and Problematode robertoi sp. nov.". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/162fd3ef-01e7-42aa-aec3-2119d32eaead">https://bionomia.net/dataset/162fd3ef-01e7-42aa-aec3-2119d32eaead</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/162fd3ef-01e7-42aa-aec3-2119d32eaead">https://gbif.org/dataset/162fd3ef-01e7-42aa-aec3-2119d32eaead</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Figure 1 in Social behaviour and life history of membracine treehoppers
Figure 1. Social behaviour and life history characteristics of treehoppers. (A) Egg-guarding behaviour of Guayaquila (Aconophorini), eggs are deposited on the surface of the stem and covered by accessory secretion, Volcan, Panama, 2000; (B) a nymphal aggregation of Metcalfiella nigrihumera (Hoplophorionini) guarded by a
Data from: The roles of growth regulation and appendage patterning genes in the morphogenesis of treehopper pronota
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Effects of the maternal social environment on the mating signals and mate preferences of adult offspring in Enchenopa treehoppers
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Data from: A phylogeny of the treehopper subfamily Heteronotinae reveals convergent pronotal traits (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae)
Even within an insect family famous for its morphological diversity, the treehopper subfamily Heteronotinae is a microcosm of pronotal variation, displaying remarkably dissimilar thoracic ornamentations among its ten included genera. Presented here is a reconstruction of heteronotine relationships based on DNA nucleotide sequence data from five nuclear and two mitochondrial genes from a comprehensive sample of ingroup taxa (including exemplars of all genera except for the monotypic Dysyncritus Fowler, 1895). Concordant phylogenetic estimates support the monophyly of Heteronotinae sensu stricto (i.e. excluding Darnoides Fairmaire, 1846), as well as the monophyly of the included genera Heteronotus Laporte, 1832, Nassunia Stål, 1862, Omolon Walker, 1862, Rhexia Stål, 1867, and Smiliorachis Fairmaire, 1846. Conversely, Anchistrotus Buckton, 1902, Allodrilus Evangelista, 2014 and Iria Stål, 1867 were not recovered as monophyletic, although topology comparison tests failed to reject the nonmonophyly of the latter two genera, nor Heteronotinae, as currently circumscribed. These results are interpreted in the context of available morphological evidence, which generally supports these findings. Also addressed here is the evolution of selected pronotal features representing major aspects of heteronotine morphology. Bayesian stochastic mapping of pronotal traits estimated multiple character state transitions, suggesting repeated acquisition of pronotal features, most of which have evolved independently within the diverse genus Heteronotus. These convergences may provide insight into the role of the pronotum in heteronotine groups that appear to serve different adaptive strategies, such as mimicry, crypsis and defence against predators. Furthermore, our results show a substantial diversity in need of formal description, including possible new genera, and several unique sexually dimorphic syndromes that may constitute a species complex within Heteronotus delineatus Walker, 1858. Nomenclatural changes are proposed for Nassunia nigromacula (Funkhouser, 1940) new combination and Smiliorachis inornata Stål, 1862 combination reinstated, which were found to be misplaced at the generic and subfamily levels according to our analyses.
Ant predation towards termite and treehopper baits in the Ecuadorian Amazon
<p>Animals may develop mutualistic associations with other species, whereby prey offer resources or services in exchange for protection from predators. Alternatively, prey may offer resources or services directly to their would-be predators in exchange for their lives. The latter may be the case of hemipterans that engage in mutualistic interactions with ants by offering a honeydew reward. We test the extent to which a honeydew offering vs. partner recognition may play a role as proximate mechanisms deterring ants from predating upon their hemipteran partners. We show that, when presented with a choice between a hemipteran partner and an alternative prey type, mutualist ants were less likely to attack and more likely to remain probing their hemipteran partners. This occurred even in the absence of an immediate sugary reward, suggesting either an evolved or learned partner recognition response. To a similar extent, however, ants were also less likely to attack the alternative prey type when laced with honey, even after the honey had been depleted, suggesting an ability of ants to recognize new potential sources of honey. Either possibility suggests a degree of innate or learned partner recognition.</p>
Data from: Mechanisms of aggregation in an ant-tended treehopper: attraction to mutualists is balanced by conspecific competition
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