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140 results for “tropical islands”
Data from: Basin-scale biogeochemical and ecological impacts of islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>In the relatively unproductive waters of the tropical ocean, islands can enhance phytoplankton biomass and create hotspots of productivity and biodiversity that sustain upper trophic levels, including fish that are crucial to the survival of islands’ inhabit- ants. This phenomenon, termed the island mass effect 65 years ago, has been widely described. However, most studies focused on individual islands, and very few documented phytoplankton community composition. Consequently, basin-scale impacts on phytoplankton biomass, primary production and biodiversity remain largely unknown. Here we systematically identify enriched waters near islands from satellite chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass) to analyse the island mass effect for all tropical Pacific islands on a climatological basis. We find enrichments near 99% of islands, impacting 3% of the tropical Pacific Ocean. We quantify local and basin-scale increases in chlorophyll and primary production by contrasting island-enriched waters with nearby waters. We also reveal a significant impact on phytoplankton community structure and biodiversity that is identifiable in anomalies in the ocean colour signal. Our results suggest that, in addition to strong local bio- geochemical impacts, islands may have even stronger and farther-reaching ecological impacts.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data set and method</strong></p> <p>For each island, an algorithm detected the Island Mass Effect (IME) from climatological satellite chlorophyll maps as a contour enclosing the island and surrounding high-chlorophyll waters, termed IME region. A reference (REF) region of the same size was detected alongside each IME region, enclosing nearby non-IME waters. The IME and REF regions were used to build the IME database described in Messié et al. (2022), that includes variables related to satellite chlorophyll, primary production, and PHYSAT phenoclass diversity metrics in IME and REF regions on a climatological basis.</p> <p>This data set includes 4 files:</p> <ul> <li>island_database.csv: information regarding the 664 islands and shallow reefs where the IME detection was applied</li> <li>IME_masks.nc: monthly climatological masks for the IME and REF regions for all islands,</li> <li>IME_database.nc: IME database as a function of island and climatological month (chlorophyll, primary production, and phenoclass-derived variables calculated within the IME and REF masks).</li> <li>PHYSAT_climatology.nc: climatological maps for each PHYSAT phenoclass, used to calculate phenoclass-derived variables in the IME database.</li> </ul> <p>See details regarding data sources and calculations in <a href="https://rdcu.be/cO4qr">Messié et al. (2022)</a>.</p>
Does the River Continuum Concept apply on a tropical island? Longitudinal variation in a Puerto Rican stream
We examined whether a tropical stream in Puerto Rico matched predictions of the River Continuum Concept (RCC) for macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups (FFGs). Sampling sites for macroinvertebrates, basal resources, and fishes ranged from headwaters to within 2.5 km of the fourth-order estuary. In a comparison to a model temperate system where RCC predictions generally held, we used catchment area as a measure of stream size in order to examine truncated RCC predictions (i.e., cut off to correspond to the largest stream size sampled in Puerto Rico). Despite dominance of generalist freshwater shrimps, which use more than one feeding mode, RCC predictions held for scrapers, shredders, and predators. Collector-filterers showed a trend opposite that predicted by the RCC, but patterns in basal resources suggest that this is consistent with the central RCC theme: longitudinal distributions of FFGs follow longitudinal patterns in basal resources. Alternatively, the filterer pattern may be explained by fish predation affecting distributions of filter-feeding shrimp. Our results indicate that the RCC generally applies to running waters on tropical islands. However, additional theoretical and field studies across a broad array of stream types should examine whether the RCC needs to be refined to reflect the potential influence of top-down trophic controls on FFG distributions. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Automated monitoring of biodiversity in the tropics: A pilot study at Barro Colorado Island
<p>Automated monitoring of biodiversity using camera systems and acoustic devises is becoming increasingly common practise. The development of camera traps for insects, however, is relatively new, and has not been tested in tropical environments. To understand both the challenges and opportunities for automated monitoring in the tropics we deployed three newly developed cameras systems for monitoring insects, with a focus on night-flying insects. In addition we deployed audible and ultrasound recording equipment. The locations of each device was changed over the 5 day pilot study, and the configuration of each system was changed to allow an assessment of the relative importance of position, light, etc. The study was undertaken on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, in January 2023.</p> <p>Data are aggregated into <em>.zip</em> files, and details of their contents, and metadata are given in <em>read_me.txt</em> and <em>metadata.csv</em>.</p>
Figure 2. – A in First record of Carolines parrotfish (Calotomus carolinus) and king angelfish (Holacanthus passer) around the Clipperton Atoll-La Passion Island (North-Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Figure 2. – A: Photograph of the female adult individual of Calotomus carolinus with a close up showing the details of the separated teeth (B), that are specific to this species (Photos E. Clua). C: Photograph of the juvenile individual of Holacanthus passer (Photo S. Planes) along with an adult individual (D) (Photo H. Debelius) in its natural environment, showing the specific vertical white stripe, which is present both in adult and juvenile individuals.
Figure 1. – A in First record of Carolines parrotfish (Calotomus carolinus) and king angelfish (Holacanthus passer) around the Clipperton Atoll-La Passion Island (North-Eastern Tropical Pacific)
Figure 1. – A: Clipperton-La Passion Island (France), Tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. B: Approximative location of the sighting and capture of the adult female individual of Calotomus carolinus (X) and the sighting of the male individual (X') on the 11 and 13 August 2018, respectively. Approximative location of the sighting and capture of the juvenile individual of Holacanthus passer (Y) (maps modified from "Cartes de l'île de la Passion" by C. Jost, 2015).
Data and scripts for: Island geography drives evolution of rattan palms in tropical Asian rainforests
<p>This repository contains data and scripts for the research paper "<strong>Island geography drives evolution of rattan palms in tropical Asian rainforests</strong>".</p> <p><strong>Authors</strong>: Benedikt G. Kuhnhäuser, Christopher D. Bates, John Dransfield, Connie Geri, Andrew Henderson, Sang Julia, Jun Ying Lim, Robert J. Morley, Himmah Rustiami, Rowan J. Schley, Sidonie Bellot, Guillaume Chomicki, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Simon J. Hiscock, William J. Baker</p> <p>Corresponding authors: <a href="mailto:b.kuhnhaeuser@kew.org">b.kuhnhaeuser@kew.org</a>, <a href="mailto:w.baker@kew.org">w.baker@kew.org</a></p> <h3> </h3> <p>The repository contains the following data, scripts, supplementary figures, and supplementary tables:</p> <p>1. Phylogenomic analyses<br>- Alignments<br>- Gene trees<br>- Species trees<br>- README file</p> <p>2. Divergence time estimation<br>- .xml files (containing both sequence data and analysis parameters)<br>- dated trees<br>- README file</p> <p>3. Ancestral range estimation<br>- input data<br>- scripts<br>- input data, intermediate data and scripts for the best model<br>- README file</p> <p>4. Downstream biogeographic analyses<br>- input data<br>- script<br>- README file</p> <p>5. Supplementary Figures</p> <p>6. Supplementary Tables</p>
Functional assembly of tropical montane tree islands in the Atlantic Forest is shaped by stress-tolerance, bamboo-presence and facilitation
<p><strong>Aims</strong>: Amidst the Campos de Altitude (Highland Grasslands) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, woody communities grow either clustered in tree islands or interspersed within the herbaceous matrix. The functional ecology, diversity and biotic processes shaping these plant communities are largely unstudied. We characterised the functional assembly and diversity of these tropical montane woody communities and investigated how they fit within Grime's CSR (C – competitor, S – stress-tolerant, R – ruderal) scheme, what functional trade-offs they exhibit and how traits and functional diversity vary in response to bamboo presence/absence.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: To characterize the functional composition of the community, we sampled five leaf traits and wood density along transects covering the woody communities both inside tree islands and outside (i.e. isolated woody plants in the grasslands community) . Then, we used Mann Whitney test, t-test and variation partitioning to determine the effects of inside vs outside tree island and bamboo presence on community weighted means, woody species diversity and functional diversity.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We found a general SC/S strategy with drought-related functional trade-offs. Woody plants in tree islands had more acquisitive traits than those within the grasslands. Trait variation was mostly taxonomically than spatially driven, and species composition varied between inside and outside tree islands. Leaf thickness, wood density and foliar water uptake were unrelated to CSR-strategies, suggesting independent trait dimensions and multiple drought-coping strategies within the predominant S-strategy. Islands with bamboo presence showed lower Simpson diversity, lower functional dispersion, lower foliar water uptake and greater leaf thickness than in tree islands without bamboo.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The observed functional assembly hints towards large-scale environmental abiotic filtering shaping stress-tolerant community strategy, and small-scale biotic interactions driving small-scale trait variation. We recommend experimental studies with fire, facilitation treatments, eco-physiological and recruitment traits to elucidate on tree island expansion and communities response to climate change.</p>
FIGURE 2. Shells. A in Three New Species of Aglajid Cephalaspidean Mollusks from the Tropical Indo-Pacific of the Verde Island Passage
FIGURE 2. Shells. A. Philinopsis buntot. sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 185942, Tingloy, Philippines. B. Philinopsis aliciae sp. nov., holotype, PNM 41061, Mabini, Philippines. C. Chelidonura alexisi sp. nov., holotype, PNM 41062, Mabini, Philippines.
FIGURE 1. Living animals A–B in Three New Species of Aglajid Cephalaspidean Mollusks from the Tropical Indo-Pacific of the Verde Island Passage
FIGURE 1. Living animals A–B. Philinopsis aliciae sp. nov., holotype, PNM 41061, Mabini, Philippines. C. Philinopsis buntot sp. nov., holotype, PNM 41060, Mabini, Philippines, ventral view showing markings on foot. D. Philinopsis buntotparatype, CASIZ 185942, Tingloy, Philippines. E. Chelidonura alexisi sp. nov., holotype, PNM 41062, Mabini, Philippines.
FIGURE 7 in Three New Species of Aglajid Cephalaspidean Mollusks from the Tropical Indo-Pacific of the Verde Island Passage
FIGURE 7. Bayesian maximum credibility tree showing all taxa included for the analysis of the combined H3, 16S, and COI sequence alignments (after Camacho et al. 2014). Posterior probabilities areindicated above each branch (for the analysis without COI third positions on the left, and for the analysis with COI third positions on the right) and bootstrap values areindicated below each branch. Branch lengths are also shown here indicating the proportion of substitutions. Species names are color-coded according to their range, blue forIndo-Pacific, red for Atlantic and green for Eastern Pacific. The phylogenetic positions of Philinopsis buntot sp. nov. and Chelidonura alexisi sp. nov. are indicated by arrows on the tree.
Figure 1 in Brodifacoum residues in fish three years after an island-wide rat eradication attempt in the tropical Pacific
Figure 1. Wake Island with the seven sampling locations marked by arrows. Site names include: 1 – Peale Lagoon Side, 2 – Ioke Beach House, 3 – Waterplant Outfall, 4 – Battery Dump Pond, 5 – Southern Runway Windsock (not sampled in this study), 6 – Old AF Beach House, 7 – Nitro Rock. Image courtesy of U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Center.
FIGURE 3 in Three New Species of Aglajid Cephalaspidean Mollusks from the Tropical Indo-Pacific of the Verde Island Passage
FIGURE 3. Internal anatomy, Philinopsis buntot. sp. nov., paratype, CASIZ 185942, Tingloy, Philippines. A. Central nervous system c-cerebral ganglion, gg–genital ganglion, on–osphradial nerve, pe–pedal ganglion, pl–pleural ganglion, sp–supraintestinal ganglion, su–subintestinal ganglion, v–visceral ganglion, scale = 1 mm. B. Penis, p–penial papilla, pr–prostate, scale = 0.75 mm. C. Posterior reproductive organs, al–albumen gland, am–ampulla, bc–bursa copulatrix, me–membrane gland, mu1–mucous gland large, mu2–mucous gland small, rs–receptaculum seminis,vg–vestibular gland, scale = 1 mm.
Determinants of Reef Fish Assemblages on Tropical Oceanic Islands
<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p> <p>Diversity patterns are determined by biogeographic, energetic, and anthropogenic factors, yet few studies have combined them into a large-scale framework in order to decouple and compare their relative effects on fish faunas. Using an empirical dataset derived from 1527 underwater visual censuses (UVC) at 18 oceanic islands (five different marine provinces), we determined the relative influence of such factors on reef fish species richness, functional dispersion, density and biomass estimated from each UVC unit. Species richness presented low variation but was high at large island sites. High functional dispersion, density, and biomass were found at islands with large local species pool and distance from nearest reef. Primary productivity positively affected fish richness, density and biomass confirming that more productive areas support larger populations, and higher biomass and richness on oceanic islands. Islands densely populated by humans had lower fish species richness and biomass reflecting anthropogenic effects. Species richness, functional dispersion, and biomass were positively related to distance from the mainland. Overall, species richness and fish density were mainly influenced by biogeographical and energetic factors, whereas functional dispersion and biomass were strongly influenced by anthropogenic factors. Our results extend previous hypotheses for different assemblage metrics estimated from empirical data and confirm the negative impact of humans on fish assemblages, highlighting the need for conservation of oceanic islands.</p> <p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong> species richness, functional dispersion, density, fish biomass, biogeographic factors, energetic factors, anthropogenic factors, marine provinces<em>.</em></p>
Figures 5–10 in Scopaeus saotomensis spec. nov., a flightless rove beetle from the Island of São Tomé (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae: Lathrobiini) - Isolation and adaptation in a dark, humid, tropical forest environment
Figures 5–10. Scopaeus saotomensis, holotype, República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe, São Tomé, Lagoa Amelia; aedeagus in lateral (5), ventral (6), dorsal (7) view; abdominal sternite VII (8); abdominal sternite VIII in ventral (9) and lateral (10) view. Abbreviations: dl – distal lobes (apical lobes and dorsal lobe not distinguishable), f – flagellum, ll – lateral lobes, mf – median foramen, mtf – median tooth of flagellum, p – parameres, sl – groups of setae of lateral lobes, sp – setae of phallobase, vdl – ventrodextral, lobiform enlargement of distal lobes, vl – ventral lobe.
Figure 1 in Scopaeus saotomensis spec. nov., a flightless rove beetle from the Island of São Tomé (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae: Lathrobiini) - Isolation and adaptation in a dark, humid, tropical forest environment
Figure 1. Habitus of Scopaeus saotomensis, holotype, República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe, São Tomé, Lagoa Amelia.
Figures 2–4 in Scopaeus saotomensis spec. nov., a flightless rove beetle from the Island of São Tomé (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae: Lathrobiini) - Isolation and adaptation in a dark, humid, tropical forest environment
Figures 2–4. Scopaeus saotomensis, lateral aspect exhibiting basal depressions of abdominal tergites (upper arrows), basal constrictions of abdominal sternites (lower arrows), and stridular file on dorsolateral surface of metaventrite (2); enlarged view of stridular file (3); plectral ridges on posterior surface of base of mesothoracic leg (4).
Fig. 1 in Lice community structure infesting Trinomys iheringi (Thomas, 1911) - Ocurrence, sex bias and climatic variables on tropical island
Fig. 1. Location of capture of Trinomys iheringi in Dois Rios Village, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, between April 2013, and December 2015.
Fig. 2 in Lice community structure infesting Trinomys iheringi (Thomas, 1911) - Ocurrence, sex bias and climatic variables on tropical island
Fig. 2. Distribution of Gyropus (m.) martini stages on Trinomys iheringi rodents. Host sex (F = female, M = male) and capture months (Aug = August, Dec = December, Feb = February, Jul = July, Nov = November) in Ilha Grande State Park, RJ, Brazil. The numbers along the x axis represent the number of lice life stages: male/female/nymph 1/nymph 2/nymph 3.
Fig. 4 in Lice community structure infesting Trinomys iheringi (Thomas, 1911) - Ocurrence, sex bias and climatic variables on tropical island
Fig. 4. Probability of lice occurrence on Trinomys iheringi as a function of humidity and sex (A), and humidity and age class (B) in Ilha Grande State Park, RJ, Brazil. The letters in the upper part of the graph represent the presence of lice on rodents, and the letters in the lower part of the graph indicate the absence of lice on rodents.
Fig. 3 in Lice community structure infesting Trinomys iheringi (Thomas, 1911) - Ocurrence, sex bias and climatic variables on tropical island
Fig. 3. Relationship between the natural logarithm of body mass and the natural logarithm of body length for Trinomys iheringi individuals infected and uninfected by lice in Ilha Grande State Park, RJ, Brazil. Open circles and the continuous line refer to uninfected individuals, while solid circles and the dashed line refer to infected individuals.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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