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39 results for “tropical lianas”
Trellis-forming stems of a tropical liana Condylocarpon guianense (Apocynaceae): a plant-made safety net constructed by simple "start-stop" development
<p>Data supporting article describing mechanical and structural organisation of a climin g plant trellis system sin the tropical rainforest of French Guiana</p> <p>Tropical vines and lianas have evolved mechanisms to avoid mechanical damage during their climbing life histories. We explore the mechanical properties and stem development of a tropical climber that develops trellises in tropical rain forest canopies. We measured the young stems of <em>Condylocarpon guianensis</em> (Apocynaceae) that construct complex trellises via self-supporting shoots, attached stems and unattached pendulous stems. The results suggest that in this species there is a size (stem diameter) and developmental threshold at which plant shoots will make the developmental transition from stiff young shoots to later flexible stem properties. Shoots that do not find a support remain stiff, becoming pendulous and retaining numerous leaves. The formation of a second TYPE II (lianoid) wood is triggered by attachment, guaranteeing increased flexibility of light-structured shoots that transition from self-supporting searchers to inter-connected net-like trellis components. The results suggest that this species shows a “hard-wired” development that limits self-supporting growth among the slender stems that make up a liana trellis. The strategy is linked to a stem-twining climbing mode and promotes a rapid transition to flexible trellis elements in cluttered densely branched tropical forest habitats. These are situations that are prone to mechanical perturbation via wind action, tree falls and branch movements. The findings suggest that some twining lianas are mechanically fine-tuned to produce trellises in specific habitats. Trellis building is carried out by young shoots that can perform very different functions via subtle development changes in order to ensure a safe space occupation of the liana canopy.</p>
Data from: Lianas decelerate tropical forest thinning during succession
<p>The well-established pattern of forest thinning during succession predicts an<br> increase in mean tree biomass with decreasing tree density. The forest thinning<br> pattern is commonly assumed to be driven solely by tree-tree competition. The<br> presence of non-tree competitors could alter thinning trajectories, thus<br> altering the rate of forest succession and carbon uptake. We used a large-scale<br> liana removal experiment over 7 years in a 60-to-70-year-old Panamanian forest<br> to test the hypothesis that lianas reduce the rate of forest thinning during<br> succession. We found that lianas slowed forest thinning by reducing tree growth,<br> not by altering tree recruitment or mortality. Without lianas, trees grew and<br> presumably competed more, ultimately reducing tree density while increasing mean<br> tree biomass. Our findings challenge the assumption that forest thinning is<br> driven solely by tree-tree interactions; instead, they demonstrate that<br> competition from other growth forms, such as lianas, slow forest thinning and<br> ultimately delay forest succession.<br> </p>
Comparative transcriptomics of tropical woody plants supports fast and furious strategy along the leaf economics spectrum in lianas
<p>Lianas, climbing woody plants, influence the structure and function of tropical forests. Climbing traits have evolved multiple times, including ancestral groups such as gymnosperms and pteridophytes, but the genetic basis of the liana strategy is largely unknown. Here, we use a comparative transcriptomic approach for 47 tropical plant species, including ten lianas of diverse taxonomic origins, to identify genes that are consistently expressed or downregulated only in lianas. Our comparative analysis of full-length transcripts enabled the identification of a core interactomic network common to lianas. Sets of transcripts identified from our analysis reveal features related to functional traits pertinent to leaf economics spectrum in lianas, including upregulation of genes controlling epidermal cuticular properties, cell wall remodeling, carbon concentrating mechanism, cell cycle progression, DNA repair and a large suit of downregulated transcription factors and enzymes involved in ABA-mediated stress response as well as lignin and suberin synthesis. Altogether, these genes are known to be significant in shaping plant morphologies through responses such as gravitropism, phyllotaxy and shade avoidance.</p>
Comparative transcriptomics of tropical woody plants supports fast and furious strategy along the leaf economics spectrum in lianas
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Data from: Effects of dry-season irrigation on leaf physiology and biomass allocation in tropical lianas and trees
Lianas are more abundant in seasonal forests than in wetter forests and are thought to perform better than trees when light is abundant and water is limited. We tested the hypothesis that lianas perform better than trees during seasonal drought using a common garden experiment with 12 taxonomically diverse species (6 liana and 6 tree species) in 12 replicated plots. We irrigated six of the plots during the dry season for four years, while the remaining 6 control plots received only ambient rainfall. In year 5, we measured stem diameters for all individuals and harvested above- and belowground biomass for a subset of individuals to quantify absolute growth and biomass allocation to roots, stems, and leaves, as well as total root length and maximum rooting depth. We also measured photosynthesis, intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), pre-dawn and midday water potential, and a set of functional and hydraulic traits. During the peak of the dry season, lianas in control plots had 54% higher predawn leaf water potentials (ΨPD), and 45% higher photosynthetic rates than trees in control plots. By contrast, during the peak of the wet season, these physiological differences between lianas and trees become less pronounced and, in some cases, even disappeared. Trees had higher SLA than lianas; however, no other functional trait differed between growth forms. Trees responded to the irrigation treatment with 15% larger diameters and 119% greater biomass than trees in control plots. Liana growth, however, did not respond to irrigation; liana diameter and biomass were similar in control and irrigation plots, suggesting that lianas were far less limited by soil moisture than were trees. Contrary to previous hypotheses, lianas did not have deeper roots than trees; however, lianas had longer roots per stem diameter than did trees. Our results support the hypothesis that lianas perform better and experience less physiological stress than trees during seasonal drought, suggesting clear differences between growth forms in response to altered rainfall regimes. Ultimately, better dry-season performance may explain why liana abundance peaks in seasonal forests compared to trees, which peak in abundance in less seasonal, wetter forests.
Data from: Do lianas shape ant communities in an early successional tropical forest?
Almost half of lowland tropical forests are at various stages of regeneration following deforestation or fragmentation. Changes in tree communities along successional gradients have predictable bottom-up effects on consumers. Liana (woody vine) assemblages also change with succession, but their effects on animal succession remain unexplored. Here we used a large-scale liana removal experiment across a forest successional chronosequence (7-31 years) to determine the importance of lianas to ant community structure. We conducted 1088 surveys of ants foraging on and living in trees using tree trunk baiting and hand collecting techniques at 34 paired forest plots, half of which had all lianas removed. Ant species composition, β-diversity, and species richness were not affected by liana removal; however, ant species co-occurrence (the coexistence of two or more species in a single tree) was more frequent in control plots, where lianas were present, vs. removal plots. Forest stand age had a larger effect on ant community structure than the presence of lianas. Mean ant species richness in a forest plot increased by ca. 10% with increasing forest age across the 31-year chronosequence. Ant surveys from forest >20 years old included more canopy specialists and fewer ground-nesting ant species vs. those from forests <20 years old. Consequently, lianas had a minimal effect on arboreal ant communities in this early-successional forest, where rapidly changing tree community structure was more important to ant species richness and composition.
Liana-induced tree height reduction limits carbon storage and growth in a tropical forest in Panama
<p>Subset of data and script used in the paper titled 'Lianas reduce tree height with negative consequences for carbon storage and growth estimates'</p>
Lianas and trees exhibit divergent intrinsic water-use efficiency along elevational gradients in South American and African tropical forests
<p>Elevational gradients provide excellent opportunities to explore long-term morphological and physiological responses of plants to environmental change. We determined the difference in the elevational pattern of foliar carbon isotope composition (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C) between lianas and trees, and assessed whether this difference arises from changes in photosynthesis or stomatal conductance. We also explored the pattern of nutrient limitations with the elevation of these two growth forms. We conducted inventories of lianas and trees using standardized techniques along elevational gradients in Ecuador and Rwanda. We determined the values of several foliar traits including <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and chemical traits in dominant liana and tree species. We set up Bayesian linear mixed-effect models to quantify the effects of elevation and these two growth forms, and the difference of the effect of elevation between the two growth forms on each of the foliar traits. We found consistent growth form specific divergences in foliar<i> δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) responses to elevation. While we noted a meaningful increase in foliar <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and C:N with elevation for trees, lianas did not exhibit such a trend. Foliar <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and C:N remained relatively constant for lianas along the transects. The physiological processes at the basis of foliar carbon isotope fractionation shift differently in lianas and trees along elevation. Lianas operate at relatively constant intrinsic water- and nitrogen- use efficiencies with elevation as opposed to trees. Altogether, the study suggests the existence of a functional divergence of water and nutrient use strategies between lianas and trees along tropical elevational transects.</p>
Data from: Lianas abundance is positively related with the avian acoustic community in tropical dry forests
Dry forests are important sources of biodiversity where lianas are highly abundant given their ability to grow during times of drought and as a result of secondary growth processes. Lianas provide food and shelter for fauna such as birds, but there are no studies assessing the influence of liana abundance on birds in dry forests. Here we evaluate the influence of liana abundance on the avian acoustic community in the dry forests of Costa Rica at Santa Rosa National Park. We selected forest sites with different levels of liana abundance and set up automated sound recorders for data collection, analysis and estimation of the avian acoustic community. When the number of lianas increases, the avian acoustic community becomes more complex. Lianas could provide important direct and indirect resources for birds such as structure for shelter, protection, nesting and roosting, and food. The positive relationship that lianas have with birds is particularly important in dry forests where lianas are becoming highly abundant due to the level of forest disturbance and climate change, especially for some bird species that are restricted to this ecosystem. By validating the number of bird species detected in the recordings with the acoustic complexity index, we found that a higher acoustic complexity means higher species richness.
Lianas rapidly colonize early stages of tropical forests, presumably through leaf trait diversification
<p><strong>Questions</strong>: Ecological succession is the process during which ecosystems recover after disturbances. Studies investigating community re-assembly during tropical forest succession have rarely compared lianas to trees. We addressed two questions: (1) How do changes in stem density, total basal area, and species richness of lianas and trees compare throughout a secondary succession, and to what extent does the relative basal area of lianas change along a secondary succession? (2) How do the successional trajectories of functional community trait values of lianas and trees compare?</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Yoko forest reserve, central Congo basin.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Using univariate Bayesian modeling techniques, we analyzed differences in successional pathways between lianas and trees in terms of community structure, and functional assembly in a replicated chronosequence spanning from young to old-growth forests.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We found divergent structural trajectories between lianas and trees along the forest chronosequence. The stem density of lianas peaked at the intermediate stage, while that of trees almost linearly decreased from the early to late stages of succession. The basal area of lianas increased at a higher rate than that of trees, which translated into a marginal increase of liana relative basal area over succession. On the contrary, we observed a lower rate of increase in species richness for lianas than trees over succession. We found a progressive convergence in the responses of lianas and trees to changes with succession in terms of specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content, but a diverging response in terms of leaf phosphorus content. These functional composition patterns most probably resulted from environmental filtering, induced by a change from nitrogen to phosphorus limitation as the succession progressed to mature forest. </p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: These findings underscore the rapid colonization of tropical forests by lianas after agricultural abandonment, presumably by deploying a more diverse leaf economic spectrum early in succession.</p>
Data from: Lianas abundance is positively related with the avian acoustic community in tropical dry forests
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Data from: Tropical dry forest trees and lianas differ in leaf economic spectrum traits but have overlapping water-use strategies
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Data from: How do lianas and vines influence competitive differences and niche differences among tree species? Concepts and a case study in a tropical forest
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Data from: Allometric scaling laws linking biomass and rooting depth vary across ontogeny and functional groups in tropical dry forest lianas and trees
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Data from: Effects of dry-season irrigation on leaf physiology and biomass allocation in tropical lianas and trees
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Pathogen incidence on tree and liana seedlings along a chronosequence of tropical forest recovery in Panama
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Data from: Do lianas shape ant communities in an early successional tropical forest?
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Lianas rapidly colonize early stages of tropical forests, presumably through leaf trait diversification
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Does increasing canopy liana density decrease the tropical forest carbon sink?
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Lianas and trees exhibit divergent intrinsic water-use efficiency along elevational gradients in South American and African tropical forests
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