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171 results for “tropical to temperate”
Data from: A new approach to map landscape variation in forest restoration success in tropical and temperate forest biomes
1. A high level of variation of biodiversity recovery within a landscape during forest restoration presents obstacles to ensure large scale, cost-effective, and long-lasting ecological restoration. There is an urgent need to predict landscape variation in forest restoration success at a global scale. 2. We conducted a meta-analysis comprising 135 study landscapes to predict and map landscape variation in forest restoration success in tropical and temperate forest biomes. Our analysis was based on the amount of forest cover within a landscape – a key driver of forest restoration success. We contrasted 17 generalized linear models measuring forest cover at different landscape sizes (with buffers varying from 5 to 200 km radii). We identified the most plausible model to predict and map landscape variation in forest restoration success. We then weighted landscape variation by the amount of potentially restorable areas (agriculture and pasture land areas) within the same landscape. Finally, we estimated restoration costs of implementing Bonn Challenge commitments in three specific temperate and tropical forest biome types in USA, Brazil and Uganda. 3. Landscape variation decreased exponentially as the amount of forest cover increased in the landscape, with stronger effects within a 5 km radius. Thirty-eight percent of forest biomes have landscapes with more than 27% of forest cover and showed levels of landscape variation below 10%. Landscapes with less than 6% of forest cover showed levels of variation in forest restoration success above 50%. 4. At the biome level, Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests had the lowest (12.6%), while Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests had the highest (22.9%) average of weighted landscape variation in forest restoration success. Our approach can lead to a reduction in implementation costs for each Bonn Challenge commitment between US$ 973 Mi and 9.9 Bi. 5. Policy implications. Our approach identifies landscape characteristics that increase the likelihood of biodiversity recovery during forest restoration – and potentially the chances of natural regeneration and long-term ecological sustainability and functionality. Identifying areas with low levels of landscape variation can help to reduce the risks and financial costs associated with implementing ambitious restoration commitments.
Tropical range extending herbivorous fishes gain foraging benefits by shoaling with native temperate species
<p>Data1.csv contains the data to analyze the abundance of fish herbivore individuals as a function of the species and the type of shoal. </p> <p>Data2.xlsx contains the data to analyze the foraging activity of the herbivorous fish found in our study. We explored the relationship between bite rates per fish min-1 and the species, shoal type and shoal size. </p> <p>Data3.xlslx contains the data to analyze the shoaling configurations based on species origin. </p> <p>Minguito-Frutos_etal.R contains the R reproducible code to run all the analyses carried out in this study. </p> <p>Species_coocurrence_based_associations.R contains the reproducible R code to run the analyses to explore the strength of mixed-species associations between herbivorous fish. </p> <p>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>Data1.csv, Data2.xlsx, Data3.xlslx, and Minguito-Frutos_etal.R contains the data and code used before submitting this work. </p> <p>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br><br>Minguito_Frutos_etal2025_SR_Rscript, Data_Rev_SR, and Data2_Rev_SR contain the data and code derived from the last submission to Scientific Reports. In this latest version, we modified our analyses of fish foraging activity that now evaluate: (i) the frequency and size of mixed-species shoals based on the origin of the species examined (using data in Data2_Rev_SR), (ii) the strength of pair-wise associations between native and range-expanding species (using Species_coocurrence_based_associations.R), and (iii) how the foraging activity of native and range-extending fishes was shaped by the composition and size of the shoals (using data in Data_Rev_SR). </p>
Tropical–temperate comparisons in insect seed predation vary between study levels and years
<p>The biotic interaction hypothesis, which states the species interaction becomes stronger in the tropics, is deeply rooted in classic ecological literature and widely accepted to contribute to the latitudinal gradients of biodiversity. Tests in latitudinal insect-plant interaction have emphasized leaf-eating insects on a single or a few plant species rather than within an entire community and mixed accumulating evidence, leaving the biotic interaction hypothesis disputed. We aimed to test the hypothesis by quantifying seed predation by insects in a pair of tropical and temperate forest communities with similar elevations. We applied a consistent study design to sample pre-dispersal seeds with systematically set seed traps in 2019-2020 and examined internally feeding insects. The intensity of seed predation was measured and further applied to tropical versus temperate comparison at two levels (cross-species and community-wide). Our results showed every latitudinal pattern associated with different study levels and years, i.e., negative (greater granivory in the tropics in community-wide comparison in 2020), positive (less granivory in the tropics in community-wide and cross-species comparison in 2019), and missing (similar level of granivory in the tropics in cross-species comparisons in 2020). The cross-species level analyses ignore differences among species in seed production and weaken or even lose the latitudinal trend detected by community-wide comparisons. The between-year discrepancy in tropical-temperate comparisons relates to the highly variable annual seed composition in the temperate forest due to mast seeding of dominant species. Our study highlights that long-term community-level researches across biomes are essential to assess the latitudinal biotic interaction hypothesis.</p>
Variation in successional dynamics shape biodiversity patterns over a tropical-temperate latitudinal gradient
<p>Successional dynamics can vary due to a range of ecological and environmental factors, but our understanding of biogeographic variation in succession, and the processes contributing to community development across ecosystems, is limited. The pattern and rate of recruitment of dispersive propagules likely differs over large spatial scales and can be an important predictor of successional trajectory. Over a 20-degree tropical-temperate latitudinal gradient, we measured sessile invertebrates over 12 months of community development and successive 3-month recruitment windows to understand succession and how it is influenced by recruitment. Succession and recruitment patterns varied over latitude. In the tropics, fast temporal turnover, fluctuating abundances, and lack of successional progression suggest that the contribution of stochastic processes was high. As latitude increased, successional progression became more apparent, characterized by increasing species richness and community cover, and a shift to more competitive taxa over time. At temperate locations, species identities were similar between older communities and recruiting assemblages, however community composition became more variable across space over time. Such divergence suggests an important role of early colonisers and species interactions on community structure. These findings demonstrate differences in the processes contributing to community development and biodiversity patterns over latitude. Understanding such biogeographic variation in community dynamics and identifying the prevalence of different processes can provide insights into how communities assemble and persist in response to environmental variability.</p>
Fig. 1 in Development of Rhagoletis pomonella and Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango and other tropical and temperate fruit in the laboratory
Fig. 1. Mean numbers of apple-origin female and male adults of Rhagoletis pomonella that landed on apple and tropical fruit in the laboratory in 2014. (A) Test using 1 female and 1 male per replicate; (B) test using 3 females and 3 males per replicate; n = number of replicates. Error bars represent SE. Ranks inside parentheses above bars with the same letter within sexes are not significantly different (P> 0.05; LSD test afer Kruskal–Wallis test). Females in (A): χ2 = 20.46; df = 1; P <0.0001; males in (A): χ2 = 20.37; df = 1; P <0.0001; females in (B): χ2 = 22.18; df = 4; P = 0.0002; males in (B): χ2 = 35.54; df = 4; P <0.0001.
Data for "Sounding out Ecoacoustic Metrics: Avian species richness is predicted by acoustic indices in temperate but not tropical habitats"
<p>This deposit contains the data for the paper <strong>A Multi-habitat, Comparative Evaluation of Ecoacoustic Indices for Biodiversity Monitoring: Acoustic Indices Predict Avian Species Richness in Temperate but not Tropical Habitats. (Ecological Indicators) </strong>The dataset contains a series of 1 min wav files recorded across UK and Ecuadorian habitats. Each one has 26 acoustic indices calculated on it, and a full list of avian species and abundances and GPS data for each sample site.</p> <p>Abstract</p> <p>Affordable, autonomous recording devices facilitate large scale acoustic monitoring and Rapid Acoustic Survey is emerging as a cost-effective approach to ecological monitoring; the success of the approach rests on the development of computational methods by which biodiversity metrics can be automatically derived from remotely collected audio data. Dozens of indices have been proposed to date, but systematic validation against classical, in situ diversity measures. This study conducted the most comprehensive comparative evaluation to date of the relationship between avian species diversity and a suite of acoustic indices across a wide range of ecological conditions. Acoustic surveys were carried out across habitat gradients in temperate and tropical biomes. Baseline avian species richness and subjective multi-taxa biophonic density estimates were established through aural counting by expert ornithologists. 26 acoustic indices were calculated and compared to observed variations in species diversity. Five acoustic diversity indices (Bioacoustic Index, Acoustic Diversity Index, Acoustic Evenness Index, Acoustic Entropy, and the Normalised Difference Sound Index) were assessed as well as three simple acoustic descriptors (root-mean-square, spectral centroid and zero-crossing rate). Highly significant correlations, of up to 65%, between acoustic indices and avian species richness were observed across temperate habitats, supporting the use of automated acoustic indices in biodiversity monitoring where a single vocal taxon dominates. Significant, weaker correlations were observed in neotropical habitats which host multiple non-avian vocalizing species. Multivariate classification analyses suggest that AIs also track observed differences in habitat-dependent community composition and that each habitat has a distinct soundscape. Multivariate analyses of the relative predictive power of AIs show that compound indices are more powerful predictors of avian species richness than any single index and simple descriptors contribute to predicting avian diversity in multi-taxa tropical environments. Our results support the use of community level acoustic indices as a proxy for species richness and point to the potential for tracking of habitat-dependent changes in community composition. Recommendations for the design of compound indices for multi-taxa community composition appraisal are put forward, with consideration for the requirements of next generation, low power remote monitoring networks.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Sampling Methods (extract from paper)</strong></p> <p>Acoustic surveys were carried out along a gradient of habitat degradation (1 forested, 2 regenerating forest and 3 agricultural land) in South East (SE) England and North Western (NW) Ecuador. The six sites (UK1, UK2, UK3, EC1, EC2, EC3) were sampled consecutively from May 6th - Aug 25th 2015.</p> <p>All UK sites were in the county of Sussex, in SE England, an area of weald clays (Fig. 2, left) and included ancient woodland (UK1), regenerating farmland with patches of woodland (UK2) and a downland barley farm (UK3).1 min mono audio recordings made every 15 minutes at three different habitats in the UK</p> <p>Ten day acoustic surveys were carried out consecutively at each study site using 15 Wildlife Acoustics Song Meter audio field recorders. Sampling points were arranged in a grid at a minimum distance of 200 m to minimise pseudo replication (the sound of most species being attenuated over this distance in all biomes). Altitudinal range of sample points across sites was minimised in order to prevent introduction of extraneous, confounding gradients (UK varied between 10 m – 50 m and Ecuador 130 m – 390 m). Recording schedules captured 1 min every 15 min around the clock for 10 days at each site, resulting in 960 recordings at each of 15 sample points for 3 habitat types in 2 different climates (86,400 1 minute recordings in total). Data across the 15 sample points was pooled; inter-site variation was not explored in the current analyses. In the UK 3½ hours of each dawn chorus was sampled starting at 1 hour before sunrise. This range was determined to capture the onset, progression and peak of the dawn chorus, creating a temporal gradient. The equatorial dawn chorus is more compact and was sampled for 2¼ hours starting 15 mins before sunrise, capturing a comparable chorus onset and peak.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Fig. 4 in Characterization of the Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasite community in temperate-tropical birds during spring migration
Fig. 4. Differences by foraging guild among infected birds in the probability of Haemoproteus versus Plasmodium infection adjusted for the significant predictors in the model. Single asterisks with brackets beneath denote significant differences between categories.
Fig. 3 in Characterization of the Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasite community in temperate-tropical birds during spring migration
Fig. 3. Differences by wintering ground among infected birds in the probability of Haemoproteus versus Plasmodium infection adjusted for the significant predictors in the model. Single asterisks with brackets beneath denote significant differences between categories.
Fig. 2 in Characterization of the Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasite community in temperate-tropical birds during spring migration
Fig. 2. Differences by avian family in the probabilities of a) infection versus non-infection with a Haemosporidian parasite and b) among infected birds, the Plasmodium versus Haemoproteus infection adjusted for the significant predictors in the respective models. Single asterisks with brackets beneath denote significant differences between families.
Fig. 1 in Characterization of the Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasite community in temperate-tropical birds during spring migration
Fig. 1. Location of field site in Clive Runnells Family Mad Island Marsh Preserve in Texas, USA (Image credit: Google Earth).
Fig. A3 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. A3. Map of the occurrences of Zonitoides arboreus s.l. and Zonitoides nitidus used for the calculation of climatic suitability for the 20 km grid resolution.
Fig. A4 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. A4. Global climatic suitability for: (a) Zonitoides arboreus s.l.; and (b) Zonitoides nitidus based on Mahalanobis distances using the 20 km grid resolution. The higher the threshold, the more dissimilar are the climatic conditions to those of the majority of known occurrences, and>100% means that the climatic conditions are dissimilar to those of any other available record. Please note that the deserts of Africa, Arabia and Australia are unlikely places for a snail that inhabits (temperate) forests in its native range (Z. arboreus s.l.), and that the Great Lakes Region that seems well inhabited by Z. nitidus does not fully match its climate, what can only be explained from effects of averaging local climates at a larger grid scale.
Fig. A1 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. A1. Map of the occurrences of Zonitoides arboreus s.l. used for the calculation of climatic suitability for the 10 km grid resolution.
Fig. 4 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. 4. Position of the new locations (L1 and L2, enumeration for each species separately) in Sabah in relation to the Mahalanobis distances of climatic variables for: (a) Zonitoides arboreus s.l., and (b) Z. nitidus. Record ID refers to the order of the data entry.
Fig. 2 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. 2. Global climatic suitability for (a) Zonitoides arboreus s.l. and (b) Zonitoides nitidus based on Mahalanobis distances from the 10 km grid resolution. The higher the threshold, the more dissimilar are the climatic conditions to those of the majority of known occurrences, and>100 % means that the climatic conditions are dissimilar to those of any other available record.
Fig. 1 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. 1. Estimation of the phylogenetic relationships of the COI barcoding sequence from the Zonitoides specimens and two outgroups (labeled with their BOLD or GenBank accession numbers) using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura-Nei model. The tree with the highest log likelihood (−2138.3583) is shown. Branch lengths equal genetic distances in terms of the number of base substitutions per site. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The tree was constructed in MEGA 6.0. Please note that the shell of (living) Z. nitidus is darkly pigmented, and that the extended animal of the depicted Z. nitidus started fading.
Fig. A2 in Susceptibility of tropical mountain forests to biological invasions from the temperate and subtropical zone, exemplified by Zonitoides (Gastropoda: Gastrodontidae)
Fig. A2. Map of the occurrences of Zonitoides nitidus used for the calculation of climatic suitability for the 10 km grid resolution.
FIG. 9 in On the phanerobranch dorids of Angola (Mollusca, Nudibranchia): a crossroads of temperate and tropical species
FIG. 9. — Thecacera pennigera (MNHN); A, dorsal view of the living animal; B, lateral view of the living animal. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 8 in On the phanerobranch dorids of Angola (Mollusca, Nudibranchia): a crossroads of temperate and tropical species
FIG. 8. — Polycera aurantiomarginata (MNHN); A, dorsal view of a dark coloured specimen alive); B, reproductive system; C, larger intergumentary spicules; D, smaller intergumentary spicules. Abbreviations: a, ampulla; d, deferent duct; f, female gland; g, gametolytic gland; p, prostate; s, seminal receptacle; v, vagina. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 0.5 mm; C, 100 µm; D, 8 µm.
FIG. 4. — Limacia annulata n in On the phanerobranch dorids of Angola (Mollusca, Nudibranchia): a crossroads of temperate and tropical species
FIG. 4. — Limacia annulata n. sp., paratype (MNHN), dorsal view of the living animal. Scale bar: 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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