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11 results for “tropicalisation”
Transient amplification enhances the persistence of tropicalising coral assemblages in marginal high latitude environments
<p>Predicting the viability of species exposed to increasing climatic stress requires an appreciation for the mechanisms underpinning the success or failure of marginal populations. Rather than traditional metrics of long-term population performance, here we illustrate that short-term (<em>i.e.</em>, transient) demographic characteristics, including measures of resistance, recovery, and compensation, are fundamental in the poleward range expansion of hard corals, facilitating the establishment of coral populations at higher latitudes. Through the annual census of tropical and subtropical <em>Acropora</em> spp. colonies in Japan between 2017-2019, we show how enhanced transient amplification (<em>i.e.</em>, short-term increases in population growth following disturbance) supports the persistence of coral assemblages within more variable high-latitude environments. The transient dynamics of both the tropical and subtropical assemblages were strongly influenced by their corresponding recruitment patterns. However, we demonstrate that variation in colony survival and fragmentation patterns between the two assemblages determines their relative capacities for transient amplification. This latitudinal variation in the transient dynamics of <em>Acropora</em> spp. assemblages emphasises that coral populations can possess the demographic plasticity necessary for exploiting more variable, marginal conditions.</p>
Shield wall: Kelps are the last stand against corals in tropicalised reefs
<p>Communities inhabiting biogeographic transition zones are shifting in composition as a result of progressive warming and heatwaves. In the marine environment, corals are expanding onto higher latitude reefs historically dominated by temperate kelp forests, initiating a shift towards warm-affinity coral dominated states. Although these coral expansions are a global phenomenon, the mechanisms that are underpinning the expansion process remain poorly understood, which limits the projections of the rate and extent of ecosystem reconfiguration. Here, we investigated the interaction between the kelp Ecklonia radiata and the high latitude scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora in several of Western Australia's temperate reefs, where coral colony abundance has increased by 50% in recent years. Combining field surveys with field and laboratory experiments, we test the importance of physical (abrasion and light reduction) and chemical (allelopathic effects) effects of kelp canopies on coral tissue cover, photosynthetic parameters, and calcification rates. In the field, kelp cover had a negative effect on coral density that was overwhelming in comparison to other dominant macroalgal taxa. Abrasion by kelp whiplash was the predominant mechanism by which kelp exerted a negative effect on P. versipora fitness, scraping up to 80% of live coenosarc from experimental colonies. In contrast, canopies had no effects on P. versipora photochemical efficiency and laboratory incubations showed that there were no allelochemical effects from kelp on P. versipora. We conclude that E. radiata inhibits P. versipora establishment and development through abrasion, and the survey data confirmed that recent climate-driven kelp loss released corals from this effect, facilitating their expansion on high-latitude reefs in Western Australia. This shows how competitive interactions actively shield against species expansion in biogeographic transition zones and suggests a continued decline of kelp canopies will increase the permeability of temperate reefs to warm affinity species such as scleractinian corals.</p>
Data from: predator-induced defences under tropicalisation: a biogeographic approach
<p>Aim: The biogeography of predator-induced defences is an understudied area of predator-prey dynamics. Range overlap with predators that induce the response and local demographics (e.g., prey abundances) are likely to be important factors for determining the biogeographic distribution of induced defences within species. However, with climate warming, range expanding warm-water predators are increasingly preying upon temperate species. This is a consequence of a wider phenomenon known as tropicalisation. We aim to determine: (i) if individuals of a temperate barnacle with induced defences ("bent morphs") are primarily present where they co-occur with range-expanding warm-water predators (muricid snails) and, (ii) if bent morphs are size-structured within populations.</p> <p>Location: North-eastern Pacific rocky intertidal zone (~26-40ºN)</p> <p>Taxon: <em>Tetraclita rubescens</em> (Nilsson-Cantell, 1931), Balanomorpha</p> <p>Methods: We use photo quadrats from sites across the range of <em>T. rubescens</em> to determine the biogeographic distribution of populations with bent morphs and to assess size-structure. We use a combination of field surveys, literature, and museum occurrences to assess range overlap between cool and warm-water predators of <em>T. rubescens</em> and their association with populations with bent morphs and abundance patterns of <em>T. rubescens</em>.</p> <p>Results: Bent morphs are commonly found within the equatorward portion of the species' range (where abundances are highest), in populations overlapping with range expanding warm-water predators. Bent morphs primarily occur within the smaller size classes.</p> <p>Main conclusions: To be partly resilient to the effects of tropicalisation, temperate prey must acclimatize/adapt to altered predator-prey dynamics. Predator-induced defences are one way to do this. We show that bent morphs within a temperate prey species (<em>T. rubescens</em>) are largely restricted to populations that overlap with large-bodied and range-expanding warm-water predators. This is evidence for the partial resilience of <em>T. rubescens</em> to tropicalisation and provides the rationale for further exploration of the eco-evolutionary consequences of tropicalisation in this study system and others.</p>
Diverging carbonate budgets following tropicalisation of temperate reefs
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Transient amplification enhances the persistence of tropicalising coral assemblages in marginal high latitude environments
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Data from: predator-induced defences under tropicalisation: a biogeographic approach
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Shield wall: Kelps are the last stand against corals in tropicalised reefs
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Sea surface temperature and habitat effects on juvenile reef fish communities along a tropicalising coastline
<p><b>Aim: </b>Temperate marine systems globally are warming at accelerating rates, facilitating the poleward movement of warm-water species which are tropicalising higher-latitude reefs. While temperature plays a key role in structuring species distributions, less is known about how species' early life stages are responding to warming-induced changes in preferred nursery habitat availability. We aim to identify the key ecological and environmental drivers of juvenile reef fishes' distributions in the context of ocean warming.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>South-eastern Australian coastline from 30-37°S.</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>We used a decade of underwater visual census data to uncover latitudinal distribution patterns of juvenile reef fishes and habitats across 1,000 km of coastline, from subtropical to temperate latitudes. We modelled how benthic habitat cover, depth, wave exposure and sea surface temperature influence distributions of warm-water and cool-water juvenile reef fishes on temperate rocky reefs.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>We found sea surface temperature was typically the most important factor influencing densities of juvenile fishes, regardless of species thermal affinity or latitudinal range extent. Tropical and subtropical range-expanding fishes responded more strongly to warmer temperatures than temperate species, whose juveniles displayed stronger habitat associations. Species' responses to greater availability of temperate reef habitat-formers such as kelp and other macroalgae contrasted, being positive for temperate and negative for tropical and subtropical juvenile fishes.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions: </b>The availability of both suitable habitat and thermal niches for species' early life stages are important considerations when predicting changes in reef fishes' distributions in the context of ocean warming. Warming-induced isotherm shifts and feedback loops constraining the persistence of key temperate reef habitat-formers will favour range-expanding tropical reef fishes colonising higher-latitude reefs, while disadvantaging some habitat-associated resident temperate species. Species' varying responses to warming-induced environmental changes will strongly influence the structure of emerging tropicalised reef assemblages.</p>
Tropicalisation and kelp loss shift trophic composition and lead to more winners than losers in fish communities
<p>Climate-mediated species redistributions are causing novel interactions and leading to profound regime shifts globally. For species that expand their distribution in response to warming, survival depends not only on their physiological capacity, but also on the ability to coexist or be competitive within the established community. In temperate marine reefs from around the world, the range expansion of tropical species, known as 'tropicalisation', has been linked to the disappearance of temperate habitat-forming kelps and shifts to dominance by low-biomass turfing algae. The consequences of these range expansions and habitat changes on resident fish communities are, however, unclear. Here, we use data derived from baited remote underwater video (BRUV) surveys to analyse changes in diversity and abundance of marine fishes over a 17-year period in warming reefs that have experienced kelp loss (occurring c. 2009). Despite the loss of kelp, we found that species richness and overall abundance of fishes (measured as probability of occurrence and relative abundance), including both tropical and temperate species, increased through time. We also found dramatic shifts in the trophic composition of fish assemblages. Tropical herbivorous fish increased most markedly through time and temperate-associated planktivores were the only group that declined, a potential consequence of tropicalisation not previously identified. At the species level we, identified 22 tropical and temperate species from four trophic guilds that significantly increased in occurrence, while only three species (all temperate associated) declined. Morphological trait space models suggest increases in fish diversity and overall occurrence are unlikely to be driven by uniqueness of traits amongst tropical range expanders. Our results show more winners than losers and suggest that pathways of energy flow will change in tropicalised systems, as planktonic inputs become less important and a higher proportion of algal productivity gets consumed locally by increasingly abundant herbivores.</p>
Sea surface temperature and habitat effects on juvenile reef fish communities along a tropicalising coastline
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Tropicalisation and kelp loss shift trophic composition and lead to more winners than losers in fish communities
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