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opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

"Talking Stick" and Other Verbal Turn-taking Strategies

The following data’ adapted and reconstructed because I see conventional strategies in teaching foreign languages to non-native speakers, can still be effective and efficient as long as the accuracy of the use of the teaching focus is measured. The inspiration for collecting this data, I accidentally saw one of the published scientific articles on literacy, which uses the TS (talking stick) technique to improve communication skills while strengthening the ability to remember, understand, and practice vocabulary in communication using English. Therefore data was converted to voice data which does not detract from the main point of the second scientific source' while the strategy explained can be found below the section, then the audio format is displayed in mp3 formats separately.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Data from: Male long-distance migrant turned sedentary; The West European pond bat (Myotis dasycneme) alters their migration and hibernation behaviour

Winter survey data, temperature data and mark recapture data of Myotis dasycneme. This study aimed to better understand the migration, mating and hibernation choices of the pond bat.   The study area covered the whole of the Netherlands, Belgium and East Frisia (northwest Germany). We defined two study periods, data collected between 1930 and 1980 (Sluiter and van Heerdt) and data between 1980 and 2015 (Haarsma). All available mark and recovery data (ringing) of both the historical and recent migration research were digitized. Observations include location and date of capture, species, sex and ring number. The latest observations in the recent dataset (Haarsma) also include biometric measurements (forearm length, body mass) and information about age and reproductive status. These biometric measurements show that male pond bats are on average smaller and lighter than females (body mass (g)/ forearm length (mm) females: 18.9/47.1, males: 16.4/46.4). The dataset shows changes in the fat mass of both sexes during a year. This study also compares migration data with winter monitoring survey data. We selected winter roosts with three or more records of three or more pond bats in one or both of the study periods. Only data from sites with long-term data series (from the hibernacula in the Dutch provinces of Zuid-Holland, Gelderland and Limburg) were used to analyse trends and annual abundance. Our selection included 59 limestone mines in the province of Limburg and 16 WOII bunkers in Gelderland and 38 in Zuid-Holland. We divided the sites into 'core' and 'satellite' sites depending on the timing of first colonization.   Bunker limestone mine microclimate   Radiation temperature: radiation temperature of the wall, measured with a non-contact infrared thermometer How many bats: the group size of each bat/ group of bats observed, categorized as alone and group. Where: the hanging location of the observed bat, categorized as hidden (in crevice) or free (free on ceiling or wall) Date: date of the observation Xy-coord: The coordinates of the entrance of the bunker or limestone mine. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service. Type: Bunker or limestone Location description: description of the name of the site   Bunker monitoring core and satellite   Date: date Winter: the period between September and April is defined as the winter of the year starting in January. Location description: description of the name of the site N of pond bats: total number of observed pond bats Province: the province Type: hibernacula categorized as a core or satellite site, sites occupied by pond bats since 1977 and 1997 respectively. XY-coord: The coordinates of the entrance of the bunker or limestone mine. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.     Supporting information (as referenced in the published paper, hence also available with plos one) S1 Fig. The range of the West European pond bat population (TIF). The shaded areas indicate the areas where the bulk of the surveys were carried out. S2 Fig. The distribution of the pond bat in Europe (country boundaries are only indicative) (JPG). Within the whole range of the species distribution seven groups can be separated. A The Netherlands, Belgium and Northwest Germany (~the West European population), B Jutland Peninsula, C Central European lakelands, D The Baltic States, E Ural Mountains (hibernacula), F Volga Valley (summer nurseries), G Hungary and Romania. S3 Fig. The distribution of hibernacula used by the western pond bat population (TIF). These are sites with three or more records of pond bats in one or both study periods. We identified four roost categories: Roosts which have been used ever since 1900 (= green squares), roosts used only between 1900–1980 (= open black squares), roosts occupied after 1980 (= purple circles), roosts occupied after 1997 (= blue asterisks). Detailed maps, all with the same enlargement, of the clusters in the provinces of Zuid-Holland (1), Gelderland (1) and Limburg (3) are provided.   S1 Table. Summary of the average weight of pond bats over the study period. The weight is averaged per week. The table gives average weight of females, males both adults and juveniles.   Avg weight: average weight of pond bats of each sex, in a certain week Sex: male of female Week number: number of the week Age: juvenile (or young of the year). Defined as the from birth until the onset of first hibernation. Subadult or sexual immature, defined as individuals with no signs of (past) reproductive activity. Adult or sexual mature, defined as all individuals with signs of  (previous) reproductive activity. N observations: number of observations within each subset.   S2 Table. Mark and recapture data from the historical dataset.   Ringnumber: the label of the ring  Sex: male or female capture date: date of capture capture location: description of capture location x y coordinate: The coordinates of the capture location in RD. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service. recapture date: date of recapture recapture location: description of recapture location x y coordinate: The coordinates of the recapture location in RD. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.   S3 Table. Mark and recapture data from the recent dataset.   Same dataset as the historical set, but now including age (see definition used in S1)

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Ensemble projections (+ uncertainties) of contemporary (2012-2031) and future (2081-2100) mean annual plankton/phytoplankton/zooplankton species diversity (and species turn-over in time) for the global surface open ocean.

Gridded spatial fields (raster objects) containing the species distribution models (SDMs) projections of mean annual plankton total plankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton species diversity from Benedetti et al. (2021). The present .grd file ('rasterStack' object in R) contain the fields of mean annual surface plankton/phytoplankton/zooplankton species diversity for the contemporary (2012-2031) and future (2081-2100) conditions of the global open ocean (i.e., data underlying those maps in Figure 1 and Figure 3 of Benedetti et al., 2021). Layers quantifying the uncertainty (i.e., the variablity across models projections estimated through the standard deviation) in ensemble projections were also added (i.e., data underlying the maps in Supplementary Figure 4). See the Methods section of Benedetti et al. (2021) for a full description of the methodology and the ensemble SDMs forecasting framework. The raster layers follow the 1°x1° cell grid of the World Ocean Atlas (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/). In short, we empirically modelled the monthly and mean annual diversity patterns stemming from the distribution of 860 plankton species (336 phytoplankton, 524 zooplankton) spanning 13 phyla, 71 orders and 324 genera through an ensemble approach based on SDMs. The considered species cover a wide range of traits and functions, representing 10 major plankton functional groups (PFGs; three phytoplankton and seven zooplankton groups). We compiled the species occurrence records from various data sources (available here: https://zenodo.org/record/5101349#.YO7Dqm469lM) and aggregated them onto a monthly-resolved 1°x1° grid, excluding observations from regions where the seafloor is shallower than 200 m. We matched these binned open ocean records with observation-based climatologies of environmental predictors (temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, solar irradiance, macronutrients concentration, chlorophyll a concentration) that reflect the climatic and biogeochemical conditions of the surface open ocean. Four types of SDMs (generalized linear models, generalized additive models, artificial neural networks, and random forests) were fitted to model the species’ current environmental habitat suitability patterns. For each SDMs, we used four alternative pools of predictors. Assuming niche conservatism, we projected each of the 16 resulting species-level habitat suitability models into the future using outputs from five ESMs belonging to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) that were forced by the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario of high greenhouse gas concentrations. To this end, we first computed the modelled monthly climatologies of the selected predictors for the 2012-2031 and 2081-2100 periods, and derive the future monthly anomalies from the differences between these two time periods. These anomalies were added to the observation-based monthly climatologies (i.e., those used to train the SDMs) to estimate the future environmental conditions of the ocean, and projected the SDMs in these future conditions. Finally, we estimated the mean annual present and future alpha diversity (species richness; SR) and beta diversity (species turnover through time) patterns for both trophic levels, for each cell, from the ensemble of SDMs. SR ensembles are estimated as the sum of all species’ habitat suitability patterns averaged across all 80 possible combinations (i.e., "ensemble members") of SDMs (n = 4), ESMs (n = 5) and predictor pools (n = 4). To assess the uncertainties of our diversity projections based on the ensemble members, we compute the interquartile range of the 80 ensemble members SR projections. We calculate species turnover as the change in mean annual species composition between present and future time based on Jaccard’s dissimilarity index and by decomposing this total turnover into the true species turnover (ST, also known as species replacement) and the nestedness (SR change) components. Numerous tests are conducted to ensure the robustness of the results with regard to the spatially and temporally highly uneven sampling effort as well as with regard to the relative role of different predictors. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 862923. This output reflects only the author’s view, and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Supplementary material for "High turn-over rates at the upper range limit and elevational source-sink dynamics in a widespread songbird"

Abstract The formation of an upper distributional range limit for species breeding along mountain slopes is often based on environmental gradients resulting in changing demographic rates towards high elevations. However, we still lack an empirical understanding of how the interplay of demographic parameters forms the upper range limit in highly mobile species. Here, we study apparent survival and within-study area dispersal over a 700 m elevational gradient in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) by using 15 years of capture-mark-recapture data. Annual apparent survival of adult breeding birds decreased while breeding dispersal probability of adult females, but not males increased towards the upper range limit. Individuals at high elevations dispersed to farms situated at elevations lower than would be expected by random dispersal. These results suggest higher turn-over rates of breeding individuals at high elevations, an elevational increase in immigration and thus, within-population source-sink dynamics between low and high elevations. The formation of the upper range limit therefore is based on preference for low-elevation breeding sites and immigration to high elevations. Thus, shifts of the upper range limit are not only affected by changes in the quality of high-elevation habitats but also by factors affecting the number of immigrants produced at low elevations.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Supplementary Videos: The N-Terminal Helix-Turn-Helix Motif of Transcription Factors MarA and Rob Drives DNA Recognition

Supplementary Movies associated with the following work: "The N-Terminal Helix-Turn-Helix Motif of Transcription Factors MarA and Rob Drives DNA Recognition", available as a preprint on chemRxiv: https://chemrxiv.org/articles/preprint/The_N-Terminal_Helix-Turn-Helix_Motif_of_Transcription_Factors_MarA_and_Rob_Drives_DNA_Recognition/12195372

FIGURE 5 in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family

FIGURE 5. Landsat image on which is shown the village of Tses in Namibia and the three seasonal pans (coloured green) from where Tiganophyton karasense is known at present: A = Groot Pan; B = Kleinvaalgras Pan; C = Pan at Middelplaas. These pans receive their drainage from the calcrete-covered Weissrand Plateau, the extensive palely coloured area dotted with darkly coloured depressions (dayas). Linear aeolian dunes of the Kalahari (KD) are visible in the upper right-hand corner of the image and believed to have covered the now exposed Weissrand Plateau in the distant past. Image: NASA, based on a tri-decadal global Landsat 7 orthorectified ETM+ Pan-sharpened image.

FIGURE 3. Tiganophyton karasense. A in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family

FIGURE 3. Tiganophyton karasense. A. Branchlet with short and long shoots; parts of oldest stem with scars left by withered short shoots. B. Short shoot with three flowers. C. Long shoot developing from apex of a short shoot. D. Long shoot leaves; dorsal view left, ventral view right. E. Short shoot leaves; dorsal view left, ventral view right. F. Semi-stylized depiction of a flower (in reality floral parts closely packed with gynophore tightly appressed to ovary), with calyx, two front stamens and a front petal removed. Note gynophore bent in near S-shape, horizontal orientated bilobed ovary, and gynobasic style (portion of style between ovary lobes indicated with stippling; ovary lobes opaque). G. Flower (side view). H. Calyx viewed from outside. I. Calyx opened out and viewed from inside. J. Nutlet. K. Flattened remains of flower with nutlet enclosed in the persistent calyx. Scale bar = 10 mm (A), or 1 mm (B–K). A, C, J & K from Swanepoel 364 and B & C–I from Swanepoel 365. Artist: Daleen Roodt.

FIGURE 1 in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family

FIGURE 1. Portion of the Brassicales phylogenetic tree based on three plastid (ndhF, matK and rbcL) and one mitochondrial (matR) markers. The core Brassicales clades comprise samples from Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Cleomaceae, Resedaceae, Gyrostemonaceae, Pentadiplandraceae, Tovariaceae, and Emblingiaceae. Numbers on nodes are bootstrap percentages from the RAxML analysis.

FIGURE 4 in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family

FIGURE 4. Topographical map showing the known distribution (black dots) of Tiganophyton karasense in southeastern Namibia. The insert shows a map of southern Africa with names of countries; the grey rectangle indicates the area depicted by the topographical map.

FIGURE 2. Tiganophyton karasense. A. Plant habit and habitat. B in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family

FIGURE 2. Tiganophyton karasense. A. Plant habit and habitat. B. Part of an old long shoot showing short shoots with their rosettes of foliage leaves (mainly) and bracts. C. Young, actively elongating long shoots with short shoots not yet fully developed in leaf axils; arrows indicate where a long shoot emerges from the apex of a short shoot. D. Long shoot densely covered with short shoots, the latter bearing flowers. Photographs: W. Swanepoel.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Mapping 'the constructive turn' in comment sections of news websites

The research project critically examines the guidelines of the comments sections of the twenty largest online news outlets over the last ten years. Rather than focusing on the familiar negative comments of news consumers and their narratives, we analyze and compare the news outlets’ guidelines and how they have led in what we call ‘a constructive turn’. We propose our own theoretical framework to analyze what is encouraged and what is discouraged in news outlets’ guidelines. Results show an increasing focus on constructiveness in the guidelines of the comment sections and a shift to more positivity, rather than on deleting and filtering negative or toxic comments. Although platforms differ in their views on the role of commenting and the definition of constructiveness, the turn towards the constructive design of the commenting platform is shared among them. This dataset contains the commentary guidelines in the top 20 English-language online news websites of December 2020 based on research conducted by Similar Web (Source: Similar Web for Gazette). For each news publication, the current commentary guidelines were scrapped from the internet, alongside earlier versions of their guidelines. In total, three moments were used to map the guidelines: 2021, 2015 and 2010. The content was analysed through coding using Nvivo software. We applied a bottom-up approach - by creating simple codes and eventually grouping them together. Each set of guidelines was coded on what behaviour was encouraged and what was discouraged by the news outlet, and what kind of discussion environment the news outlet expects from their commenters in general (e.g. entertaining, healthy, inclusive etc.).  This dataset contains coded content for the project. Following logic was used in uploading the documents: 1 - Nvivo project file - can be opened using Nvivo for Mac - contains all information (files, codes, etc.) We also upload more user-friendly data (the following documents are uploaded in MS Word format): 2 - Codebook (provides the logical structure of coding applied + number of codes for each category) 3 - Code excerpts for discouraged elements found in the content 4 - Code excerpts for encouraged elements found in the content 5 - Code excerpts for discussion environment elements found in the content Disclaimer: The user-generated content guidelines of news media companies are their own intellectual property and we do not own any rights to it.

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Data from: Emergence of splits and collective turns in pigeon flocks under predation

Complex patterns of collective behaviour may emerge through self-organization, from local interactions among individuals in a group. To understand what behavioural rules underlie these patterns, computational models are often necessary. These rules have not yet been systematically studied for bird flocks under predation. Here, we study airborne flocks of homing pigeons attacked by a robotic-falcon, combining empirical data with a species-specific computational model of collective escape. By analysing GPS trajectories of flocking individuals, we identify two new patterns of collective escape: early splits and collective turns, occurring even at large distances from the predator. To examine their formation, we extend an agent-based model of pigeons with a 'discrete' escape manoeuvre by a single initiator, namely a sudden turn interrupting the continuous coordinated motion of the group. Both splits and collective turns emerge from this rule. Their relative frequency depends on the angular velocity and position of the initiator in the flock: sharp turns by individuals at the periphery lead to more splits than collective turns. We confirm this association in the empirical data. Our study highlights the importance of discrete and uncoordinated manoeuvres in the collective escape of bird flocks and advocates the systematic study of their patterns across species.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

1440° (4 turn) data set from cubic insulin, with slight radiation damage

X-ray diffraction data set recorded on beamline i03 at Diamond Light Source, as part of a training workshop. Data were collected from a cubic insulin crystal prepared following standard methods with an Eiger 2XE 16M detector at 250Hz.   Data Collection Parameters <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Wavelength</td> <td>1.2399Å</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Oscillation angle</td> <td>0.1°</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nominal resolution (inscribed circle)</td> <td>1.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Total rotation</td> <td>1440°</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nominal flux</td> <td>5e11 ph/s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Beam size</td> <td>80x20µm</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Merging stats from xia2 / DIALS automated online processing <pre>For mx30951v8/xins162/SAD Overall Low High High resolution limit 1.32 3.58 1.32 Low resolution limit 54.95 55.00 1.34 Completeness 98.7 100.0 83.3 Multiplicity 132.9 152.8 33.7 I/sigma 41.7 200.6 0.4 Rmerge(I) 0.072 0.044 4.027 Rmerge(I+/-) 0.071 0.043 3.977 Rmeas(I) 0.072 0.044 4.088 Rmeas(I+/-) 0.071 0.044 4.094 Rpim(I) 0.006 0.004 0.675 Rpim(I+/-) 0.008 0.005 0.940 CC half 1.000 1.000 0.360 Wilson B factor 19.890 Anomalous completeness 98.4 100.0 79.3 Anomalous multiplicity 69.1 84.3 17.7 Anomalous correlation 0.760 0.646 -0.050 Anomalous slope 0.613 dF/F 0.026 dI/s(dI) 1.013 Total observations 2426172 151841 26018 Total unique 18257 994 772 Assuming spacegroup: I 2 3 Unit cell (with estimated std devs): 77.71580(7) 77.71580(7) 77.71580(7) 90.0 90.0 90.0 </pre>   Data are made available for any purpose including methods developers trying to optimize their software for higher multiplicity data sets.

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Mate choice in the brain: Species differ in how male traits 'turn on' gene expression in female brains

Mate choice plays a fundamental role in speciation, yet we know little about the molecular mechanisms that underpin this crucial decision-making process. Stickleback fish differentially adapted to limnetic and benthic habitats are reproductively isolated and females of each species use different male traits to evaluate prospective partners and reject heterospecific males. Here, we integrate behavioral data from a mate choice experiment with gene expression profiles from the brains of females actively deciding whether to mate. We find substantial gene expression variation between limnetic and benthic females, regardless of behavioral context, suggesting general divergence in constitutive gene expression patterns, corresponding to their genetic differentiation. Intriguingly, female gene co-expression modules covary with male display traits but in opposing directions for sympatric populations of the two species, suggesting male displays elicit a dynamic genomic response that reflects known differences in female preferences. Furthermore, we confirm the role of numerous candidate genes previously implicated in female mate choice in other species, suggesting that evolutionary tinkering with these conserved molecular processes underlies divergent mate preferences and sexual isolation. Taken together, our study adds important new insights to our understanding of the molecular processes underlying female decision-making critical for generating sexual isolation and speciation.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

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Data from: A model of marmoset monkey vocal turn-taking

Vocal turn-taking has been described in a diversity of species. Yet a model that captures the various processes underlying this social behavior across species has not been developed. To this end, here we recorded a large and diverse dataset of marmoset monkey vocal behavior in social contexts comprising one, two and three callers and developed a model to determine the keystone factors that affect the dynamics of these natural communicative interactions. While a coupled oscillator model failed to account for turn-taking in marmosets, our model alternatively revealed four key factors that encapsulate much of patterns evident in the behavior, ranging from internal processes, such as the state of the individual, to social context driven suppression of calling. In addition, we show that the same key factors apply to the meerkat, a carnivorous species, in a multicaller setting. These findings indicate that vocal turn-taking is affected by a broader suite of mechanisms than previously considered and our model provides a predictive framework with which to further explicate this natural behavior and for direct comparisons with the analogous behavior in other species.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Dataset: 180 Degree Capital Corp. (TURN) Stock Performance

This dataset provides historical stock market performance data for specific companies. It enables users to analyze and understand the past trends and fluctuations in stock prices over time. This information can be utilized for various purposes such as investment analysis, financial research, and market trend forecasting.

Fig. 4 in Sand martin (Riparia riparia) in the Czech Republic at the turn of the millenium

Fig. 4. So far increasing colony size compensates decreasing number of localites. Colony size increased currently from 130 holes per colony to current 314 holes per colony.

Fig. 5 in Sand martin (Riparia riparia) in the Czech Republic at the turn of the millenium

Fig. 5. Distribution of altitude of sand martin nestplaces in the Czech Republic. In discordance with previously published results, sand martins created numerous colonies in altitudes over 400 m a.s.l.

Fig. 3 in Sand martin (Riparia riparia) in the Czech Republic at the turn of the millenium

Fig. 3. Number of disappeared colonies outnumbered the number of newly emerging localities occupied by sand martins in all years except of 1999 and 2004. It signalizes the rising limitation in the number of available localities during last years.

Fig. 2 in Sand martin (Riparia riparia) in the Czech Republic at the turn of the millenium

Fig. 2. Relative share of unoccupied localities found during the sand martin monitoring. Amount of unoccupied localities appropriate for nesting of sand martins according to HJERTAAS (1984) was compared with the total amount of all appropriate localities available.