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47 results for “understorey”
Majadas de Tietar: Ecosystem level and understorey carbon, water, and energy fluxes in a Mediterranean tree-grass ecosystem
<p>This dataset contains a subset of measurements collected at the experimental site Majadas de Tietar. We collected ecosystem level and understorey carbon, water, and energy fluxes in a Mediterranean Savanna using the eddy covariance technique and a series of meteorological sensors for the time period December 2015 - February 2018. The dataset is used for the development of a series of R packages including 'bigleaf' (Knauer et al., 2018).</p> <p>The experimental site is collected in Majadas de Tietar (Casals et al., 2009) located in western Spain (39°56′25″N 5°46′29″W). The ecosystem is a typical “Iberic Dehesa”, which is characterized by an herbaceous stratum of native pasture and sparse trees, for the majority (~98%) Quercus ilex. The tree density is about 20–25 trees/ha, the fractional cover of trees is about 20%, mean DBH of 46 cm, and a canopy height of about 8 m. (El-Madany et al., 2018). The herbaceous layer is composed of native annual species of the three main functional plant forms (grasses, forbs and legumes), whose fractional cover varies seasonally and is characterized by important inter-annual variations in the seasonal dynamics related to the onset of the dry period.</p> <p>Fluxes were measured with the eddy covariance technique with two different systems, one at ecosystem scale to characterize the fluxes of the whole ecosystem (15.5 m above ground), and one at 1.65 m above ground in an open space to measure the fluxes of the well-established understory grass layer.</p> <p>The description of the set-up, equipment and processing used to calculate ecosystem scale fluxes are described in El-Madany et al., (2018), while for the understory tower can be found in Perez-Priego et al., (2017).</p> <p>The dataset is composed of two files: 'ESLMa_MainTower', which is the ecosystem eddy covariance system, and 'ESLMa_SubCanopy', which is the understory eddy covariance system. The dataset contains half-hourly, processed eddy covariance of the ecosystem and understory tower, as well as the main biometeorological data used in the big-leaf package (net radiation, soil heat fluxes, horizontal wind velocity, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, air temperature). All the processing was conducted with EddyPro software (version 5.2.0, LI-COR Biosciences Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) and the ustar filtering, gap-filling and partitioning with the R package REddyProc (Wutzler et al., 2018). The variables and the units are described in the Readme.txt file released with the dataset.</p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Casals, P. et al., 2009. Soil CO2 efflux and extractable organic carbon fractions under simulated precipitation events in a Mediterranean Dehesa. Soil Biol. Biochem. 41, 1915–1922. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.06.015">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.06.015</a>.</p> <p>El-Madany, T.S.,et al., 2018. Drivers of spatio-temporal variability of carbon dioxide and energy fluxes in a Mediterranean savanna ecosystem 21. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.07.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.07.010</a></p> <p>Knauer, J., et al., 2018. bigleaf - An R package for the calculation of physical and physiological ecosystem properties from eddy covariance data. PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201114</p> <p>Perez-Priego O, et al., 2017. Evaluation of eddy covariance latent heat fluxes with independent lysimeter and sapflow estimates in a Mediterranean savannah ecosystem. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 236: 87-99. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.01.009.</p> <p>Wutzler, T., et al., 2018. Basic and extensible post-processing of eddy covariance flux data with REddyProc. Biogeosciences Discuss., p. 1-39.</p> <p> </p>
Acoustic lures increase tropical forest understorey bat captures
<p>Data used in the publication "Effectiveness of acoustic lures for increasing tropical forest understorey bat captures".</p>
Fig. 1 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 1 Avian haemosporidian prevalence according to altitude. P=Plasmodium, L=Leucocytozoon, H=Haemoproteus.
Fig. 6 in The Impact Of Forest Harvesting Machines On Understorey Vegetation In Hylocomiosa Forest Type In Zemgale, Latvia
Fig. 6. The proportion of evergreen and summer green plant species in the herbaceous' layer.
Fig. 4 in The Impact Of Forest Harvesting Machines On Understorey Vegetation In Hylocomiosa Forest Type In Zemgale, Latvia
Fig. 4. The projective coverage of herbaceous' and moss' layers (mean values are shown ± SE).
Fig. 3 in The Impact Of Forest Harvesting Machines On Understorey Vegetation In Hylocomiosa Forest Type In Zemgale, Latvia
Fig. 3. The number of species of herbaceous and moss layers (mean values are shown ± SE).
Data from: Heritability of growth and leaf loss compensation in a long-lived tropical understorey palm
<p>Data from: Heritability of growth and leaf loss compensation in a long-lived tropical understorey palm, PLOS ONE.</p> <p>Quantitative genetic data related to growth parameters and leaf loss compensation of 1402 <em>Chamaedorea elegans</em> seedlings. Data was collected in a greenhouse experiment performed at the Unifarm experimental facilities of Wageningen University between January 2013 and July 2014, in which a defoliation treatment was applied. Seeds were collected in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico. See PLOS ONE publication for more details.</p> <p>The file contains a separate "read me" tab in which the meaning of the variable codes is explained. </p> <p> </p>
Fig. 2 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 2. Species composition of birds captured in 745–800 m sampling area
Fig. 3 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 3. Species composition of birds captured in 1500–1600 m sampling area
Data from: Simulating climate change in situ in a tropical rainforest understorey using active air warming and CO2 addition
<p><b>Background: </b>Future climate-change effects on plant growth are most effectively studied using microclimate-manipulation experiments, the design of which has seen much advance in recent years. For tropical forests, however, such experiments are particularly hard to install and have hence not been widely used. We present a system of active heating and CO<sub>2</sub> fertilisation for use in tropical forest understoreys, where passive heating is not possible. The system was run for two years to study climate-change effects on epiphytic bryophytes, but is also deemed suitable to study other understorey plants.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Warm-air and CO<sub>2</sub> addition were applied in 1.6-m tall, 1.2-m diameter hexagonal open-top chambers and the microclimate in the chambers compared to outside air. Warming was regulated with a feedback system while CO<sub>2</sub> addition was fixed.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The setup successfully heated the air by 2.8K and increased CO<sub>2</sub> by 250 ppm, on average, with +3K and +300 ppm as the targets. Variation was high, especially due to technical break-downs, but not biased to times of the day or year. In the warming treatment, absolute humidity slightly increased but relative humidity dropped by between 6 to 15% (and the vapour-pressure deficit increased) compared to ambient, depending on the level of warming achieved in each chamber.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span>Compared to other heating systems, the chambers provide a realistic warming and CO<sub>2</sub> treatment, but moistening the incoming air would be needed to avoid drying as a confounding factor. The method is preferable over infrared heating in the radiation-poor forest understory, particularly when combined with CO<sub>2</sub> fertilisation. It is suitable for plant-level studies, but ecosystem-level studies in forests may require chamber-less approaches like infrared heating and free-air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment. By presenting the advantages and limitations of our approach we aim to facilitate further climate-change experiments in tropical forests, which are urgently needed to understand the processes determining future element fluxes and biodiversity changes in these ecosystems.</span></p>
Trees out-forage understorey shrubs for nitrogen patches in a subarctic mountain birch forest
<p>Nitrogen (N), acquired by roots and mycorrhizal fungi and supplied to plant foliage, is a growth-limiting nutrient at the subarctic treeline. Due to this limitation, interspecific competition and acquisition of N is an important control on plant community composition and distribution. The ability of trees and shrubs to access N shapes community dynamics at this ecotone undergoing species range shifts and changes in primary productivity driven by climate change. Using <sup>15</sup>N soil labelling, we investigate the fate of soil inorganic N, and spatial distances over which trees and understorey shrubs access soil N, in a treeline forest. <sup>15</sup>N was injected into soil rooting zones, and foliar samples were collected from trees between 1 and 50 m away and understorey shrubs between 0.5 and 11 m away from labelled soil. The <sup>15</sup>N label was found in mountain birch trees up to 5 m and in understorey shrubs up to 2 m away from labelled soil. We estimate that 1.27% of pulse-derived N was found in foliage of birch trees, compared to 1.16% in the understorey. However, mountain birch trees contributed only 31% of ecosystem leaf area index (LAI), thus there was a disproportionate allocation of added label to the birch canopy compared with its contribution to ecosystem LAI. The difference in root and mycorrhizal exploration distances and community N partitioning between mountain birch trees and understorey shrubs may confer competitive advantage to trees, which may alter plant community structures within these forests. This is particularly important considering predicted climate-driven tree and tall shrub expansion in subarctic regions, with likely consequences for ecosystem N and carbon (C) cycling, as well as for community composition and biodiversity.</p>
Trees out-forage understorey shrubs for nitrogen patches in a subarctic mountain birch forest
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Predation on artificial caterpillars following understorey fires in human-modified Amazonian forests
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Data from: Simulating climate change in situ in a tropical rainforest understorey using active air warming and CO2 addition
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Pulse labelling of deep soil layers in forest with 13CH4: testing a new method for tracing methane in the upper horizons, understorey vegetation and tree stems using laserbased spectrometry
<p>Methane is one the main greenhouse gases and upland forests are one of its main biological sinks. However, vegetation could reduce this sink by allowing a direct path for the methane produced in deep soils to escape into the atmosphere. By tracing emissions with <sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub>, we show for the first time that methane emitted by trees in upland forest could have a deep soil origin even though the soil is an overall methane sink. However, we found that the trees and understorey vegetation at our site had only a small impact on the methane budget.</p>
Data from: Genet dynamics of a regenerating dwarf bamboo population across heterogeneous light environments in a temperate forest understorey
Despite the advantage of plant clonality in patchy environments, studies focusing on genet demography in relation to spatially heterogeneous environments remain scarce. Regeneration of bamboos in forest understoreys after synchronous die-off provides an opportunity for assessing how they come to proliferate across heterogeneous light environments. In a Japanese forest, we examined genet demography of a population of Sasa kurilensis over a 7-year period starting 10 years after die-off, shortly after which some genets began spreading horizontally by rhizomes. The aboveground biomass was estimated and genets were discriminated in 9-m2 plots placed under both canopy gaps and closed canopies. Overall, the results suggest that the survival and spread of more productive genets and the spatial expansion of genets into closed canopies underlie the proliferation of S. kurilensis. Compared to canopy gaps, the recovery rate of biomass was much slower under closed canopies for the first 10 years after the die-off, but became accelerated during the next seven years. Genet survival was greater for more productive genets (with greater initial number of culms), and the spaces occupied by genets that died were often colonized afterward by clonal growth of surviving genets. The number of genets decreased under canopy gaps due to greater mortality, but increased under closed canopies where greater number of genets colonized clonally from outside the plots than genets died. The colonizing genets were more productive (having larger culms) than those originally germinated within the plots, and the contribution of colonizing genets to the biomass was greater under closed canopies. Our study emphasizes the importance of investigating genet dynamics over relevant spatio-temporal scales to reveal processes underlying the success of clonal plants in heterogeneous habitats.
Data from: Demographic stimulation of the obligate understorey herb, Panax quinquefolius L., in response to natural forest canopy disturbances
1.Natural and anthropogenic forest canopy disturbances significantly alter forest dynamics and lead to multi-dimensional shifts in the forest understorey. An understorey plant's ability to exploit alterations to the light environment caused by canopy disturbance leads to changes in population dynamics. The purpose of this work was to determine if population growth of a species adapted to low light increases in response to additional light inputs caused by canopy disturbance, or alternatively, declines due to long-term selection under low light conditions. 2.To address this question, we quantified the demographic response of an understorey herb to three contrasting forest canopy disturbances (ice storms, tent caterpillar defoliation and lightning strikes) that encompass a broad range of disturbance severity. We used a model shade-adapted understorey species, Panax quinquefolius, to parameterize stage-based matrix models. Asymptotic growth rates, stochastic growth rates and simulations of transient dynamics were used to quantify the population-level response to canopy disturbance. Life table response experiments were used to partition the underlying controls over differences in population growth rates. 3.Population growth rates at all three disturbed sites increased in the transition period immediately after the canopy disturbance relative to the transition period prior to disturbance. Stochastic population models revealed that growth rates increased significantly in simulations that included disturbance matrices relative to those simulations that excluded disturbance. Additionally, transient models indicated that population size (n) was larger for all three populations when the respective disturbance matrix was included in the model. 4.Synthesis Obligate shade species are most likely to be pre-adapted to take advantage of canopy gaps and light influx to a degree, and this pre-adaptation may be due to long-term selection under dynamic old growth forest canopies. We propose a model whereby population performance is represented by a parabolic curve where performance is maximized under intermediate levels of canopy disturbance. This study provides new evidence to aid our understanding of the population-level response of understorey herbs to disturbances whose frequency and intensity are predicted to increase as global climates continue to shift.
Post-drought community turnover and functional redundancy in a tropical forest understorey
<p>Drought events are increasingly frequent, threatening the biodiversity of tropical forests. The understorey comprises a large fraction of the total plant species richness of these systems with the presence of Individual plants of some highly diverse Angiosperm families are patchily organized in the understorey of these communities. Here we quantified the effects of a drought on abundance and functional structures and on the ecosystem functioning of these patches Rubiaceae assemblages along a topographic gradient. We show that swarms of species can maintain biological diversity and stability in ecosystem functioning under drought in the understorey of a tropical forest. (Published in Journal Vegetation Science; Funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo, FAPES).</p> <p>If you have any query, write to: karinnasantos0@gmail.com</p>
Data from: Spring and autumn phenology in an understorey herb are uncorrelated and driven by different factors
<p><strong>Premise:</strong> Climate warming has altered the start and end of growing seasons in temperate regions. Ultimately, these changes occur at the individual level, but little is known about how previous seasonal life history events, temperature, and plant resource state simultaneously influence the spring and autumn phenology of plant individuals.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied the relationships between the timing of leaf-out and shoot senescence over three years in a natural population of the long-lived understory herb <em>Lathyrus vernus</em> and investigated the effects of spring temperature, plant size, reproductive status and grazing on spring and autumn phenology.</p> <p><strong>Key results</strong>: The timing of leaf-out and senescence were consistent within individuals among years. Leaf-out and senescence were not correlated with each other within years. Larger plants both leafed out and senesced later, and there was no effect of size on growing season length. Reproductive plants leafed out earlier and had longer growing seasons than non-reproductive plants. Grazing had no detectable effects on phenology. Colder spring temperatures delayed senescence in two of three study years.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The timing of seasonal events, such as leaf-out and senescence in plants can be expressed largely independently within and among seasons and are influenced by different factors. Growing season start and length can often be condition-dependent and dependent on plant reproductive status. To more accurately predict species and community responses to environmental variation, knowledge about the drivers of growing season length of individuals is essential.</p>
Connecting Amazonian historical biogeography and local assemblages of understorey birds: recurrent guild proportionality within areas of endemism.
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Current diversity patterns in local communities result from historical and contemporary events that operate at distinct spatial and temporal scales. However, the contribution of local and large-scale processes in structuring species diversity remain a contentious topic in ecology. We investigated diversity patterns (species richness, composition and number of captures) of understorey bird assemblages in Amazonian unflooded (<em>terra firme</em>) forests. We sought to understand whether understorey bird assemblages in distinct areas of endemism show distinct patterns of diversity, and whether species replacements among areas of endemism occur while the proportion of species within guilds remains stable.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Amazonia.</p> <p><strong>Taxon: </strong>Understorey birds.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> To investigate diversity patterns, we compiled studies that mist-netted birds at 11 regions across seven Amazonian areas of endemism. We used coverage-based rarefaction curves, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and created a heatmap based on the proportion of captures in each area of endemism to access patterns of richness, composition and captures of understorey birds, respectively. The relative variance (RVgp index) was calculated to investigate the existence of guild proportionality within each area of endemism.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Bird assemblages diverged across the seven areas of endemism, in terms of species richness, composition and captures. However, the proportion of species and individuals within guilds was similar among areas of endemism, indicating that species replacements across areas of endemism occur while maintaining the same ecological functions. Guild proportionality suggests that interspecific competition and resource availability are more important than environmental heterogeneity in structuring understorey bird assemblages.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> The similar proportion of species within guilds suggest that interspecific competition and resource availability are more important than environmental heterogeneity in structuring local assemblages, possibly via a process of limiting similarity in morphological and functional traits. The observed congruent structure in understorey bird assemblages across areas of endemism shows that coupled historical and ecological processes, operating at local to large scales, have led to current patterns of diversity and composition in Amazonian bird communities.</p>
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