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FIGURE 3 in Crossota millsae (Cnidaria: Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of viviparous hydromedusa from the deep sea off California and Hawaii

FIGURE 3. Crossota millsae, sp. nov. a) Two of the juvenile paratype specimens representing different stages of early development, scale bar = 2.5 mm. b) Two of the juvenile paratype specimens representing later stages of development, same scale bar as in Fig 3 a. c) Abscission zone at base of tentacles. ABS = abscission point, RC = ring canal, YIP = yellow iridescent pigment. d) Scanning electron micrograph of spermatids from testes of the male specimen shown in Fig. 1 b. Three size classes of spermatids are noted, A ~ 10 µm, B ~ 5 µm and C ~ 2 µm. The smallest spermatids have developing flagella. Scale bar = 10 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Crossota millsae (Cnidaria: Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of viviparous hydromedusa from the deep sea off California and Hawaii

FIGURE 2. In situ video frame of Crossota millsae sp. nov. taken off California from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute’s ROV Tiburon. This is a female specimen with developing juveniles.

FIGURE 1 in Crossota millsae (Cnidaria: Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of viviparous hydromedusa from the deep sea off California and Hawaii

FIGURE 1. Crossota millsae, sp. nov. a) Lateral view of female specimen. Scale bar = 9 mm. b) Lateral view of male paratype specimen. Note the exumbrellar furrows. Scale bar = 5 mm. c) Oral view of female shown in Fig 1 a with developing juveniles. Scale bar = 9 mm. d) Aboral view of female with developing juveniles. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new viviparous species of asterinid (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterinidae) and a new genus to accommodate the species of pantropical exiguoid sea stars

FIGURE 4. Aboral view of the gonads of C. hystera n. sp. filled with late stage juveniles just prior to leaving the parent, Juveniles about 500 µ m.

FIGURE 3. a in A new viviparous species of asterinid (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterinidae) and a new genus to accommodate the species of pantropical exiguoid sea stars

FIGURE 3. a) Colour in life Cryptasterina hystera n. sp. (at left) and Cryptasterina pentagona (at right) Photograph. M Byrne. b) Statue Bay, central Queensland. Boulder and cobble beach. Type locality for C. hystera n. sp. Photograph. S McKillup.

FIGURE 2 in A new viviparous species of asterinid (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterinidae) and a new genus to accommodate the species of pantropical exiguoid sea stars

FIGURE 2. Abactinal surface of holotype of Cryptasterina hystera sp. nov. (R = 10.2 mm) Emergent young visible in the interradius to left of image.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Data and code for: Viviparous mothers impose stronger glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal stress effects on their offspring than oviparous mothers

Data and code accompanying the manuscript "Viviparous mothers impose stronger glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal stress effects on their offspring than oviparous mothers", MacLeod KJ, While GM, Uller, T, Ecology & Evolution 2021. Code is in an R file - can be opened with any txt app. Metadata is in sheet 2 of the main data sheet (xlsx). Queries to kirstyjmacleod@gmail.com Publication abstract: Maternal stress during gestation has the potential to affect offspring development via changes in maternal physiology, such as increases in circulating levels of glucocorticoid hormones that are typical after exposure to a stressor. While the effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype (i.e., “glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal effects”) have been relatively well established in laboratory studies, it remains poorly understood how strong and consistent such effects are in natural populations. Using a meta‐analysis of studies of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles, we investigate the evidence for effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype and investigate key moderators that might influence the strength and direction of these effects. In particular, we investigate the potential importance of reproductive mode (viviparity vs. oviparity). We show that glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal effects are stronger, and likely more deleterious, in mammals and viviparous squamate reptiles compared with birds, turtles, and oviparous squamates. No other moderators (timing and type of manipulation, age at offspring measurement, or type of trait measured) were significant predictors of the strength or direction of the phenotypic effects on offspring. These results provide evidence that the evolution of a prolonged physiological association between embryo and mother sets the stage for maladaptive, or adaptive, prenatal stress effects in vertebrates driven by glucocorticoid elevation.

Fig. 6 in Ecophysiological responses to the effect of annual management on an endemic viviparous fish in central plateau of México

Fig. 6. Bimonthly structure of the population of G. multiradiatus in San Martin. Shows the curves of growth with the von Bertalanffy model for highly seasonal cycles. Upon reaching the asymptotic curve determines the final class of each age cohort.

Fig. 5 in Ecophysiological responses to the effect of annual management on an endemic viviparous fish in central plateau of México

Fig. 5. General structure of the population of San Martín mexcalpique. The numbers in parentheses indicate the percentage of each size class of the total population.

Fig. 8 in Ecophysiological responses to the effect of annual management on an endemic viviparous fish in central plateau of México

Fig. 8. Percentages of each food components found in the digestive tract of G. multiradiatus during a hydrological cycle in san Martín dam.

Fig. 4 in Ecophysiological responses to the effect of annual management on an endemic viviparous fish in central plateau of México

Fig. 4. Number of individuals (bars) and mean biomass of the population (line curve) of mexcalpiques during a hydrological cycle.

Fig. 2 in Ecophysiological responses to the effect of annual management on an endemic viviparous fish in central plateau of México

Fig. 2. Ombrothermic diagram for San Martin dam, Amealco, Qro. It shows hydrological periods of importance to the life cycle of mexcalpique.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Data from: Breeding phenology drives variation in reproductive output, reproductive costs and offspring fitness in a viviparous ectotherm

Phenological advances are a widespread response to global warming and can contribute to determine the climate vulnerability of organisms, particularly in ectothermic species which are highly dependent on ambient temperatures to complete their life cycle. Yet, the relative contribution of breeding dates and temperature conditions during gestation on fitness of females and their offspring is poorly documented in reptiles. Here, we exposed females of the common lizard Zootoca vivipara to contrasting thermal scenarios (cold versus hot treatment) during gestation and quantified effects of parturition dates and thermal treatment on life-history traits of females and their offspring for one year. Overall, our results suggest that parturition date has a greater impact than thermal conditions during gestation on life history strategies. In particular, we found positive effects of an earlier parturition date on juvenile survival, growth and recruitment suggesting that environmental dependent selection and/or differences in parental quality between early and late breeders underlie seasonal changes in offspring fitness. Yet, an earlier parturition date compromised the energetic condition of gravid females, which suggests the existence of a mother-offspring conflict regarding the optimisation of parturition dates. While numerous studies focused on the direct effects of alterations in incubation temperatures on reptile life-history traits, our results highlight the importance of considering the role of breeding phenology in assessing the short- and long-term effects of thermal developmental plasticity.

Fig. 5 in First record of viviparity in polystomatid flatworms (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) with the description of two new species of Madapolystoma from the Madagascan anuran hosts Blommersia domerguei and Mantella expectata

Fig. 5. Scatter diagram of a × c plotted against b × c for all known Madapolystoma spp., M. magnahami n. sp. and M. isaloensis n. sp. The ellipses represent 95% of the confidence interval about the mean.

Fig. 4. a–b in First record of viviparity in polystomatid flatworms (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) with the description of two new species of Madapolystoma from the Madagascan anuran hosts Blommersia domerguei and Mantella expectata

Fig. 4. a–b) Ventral view of M. isaloensis n. sp. holotype. (c) Hamuli from mature specimens and (d) Marginal hooklets 1–8. Scale bars: B, 200 μm; C, 100 μm; D, 20 μm. Abbreviations: de, developing embryo; ee, early embryo; ev, excretory vessel; gb, genital bulb; gc, genito-intestinal canal; ha, hamuli. hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; mh, marginal hooklet; mo, mouth; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; sv, seminal vesicle; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vi, vitelline follicles; vv, vitelline duct.

Fig. 3. a–b in First record of viviparity in polystomatid flatworms (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) with the description of two new species of Madapolystoma from the Madagascan anuran hosts Blommersia domerguei and Mantella expectata

Fig. 3. a–b) Ventral view of M. magnahami n. sp. holotype. (c) Hamuli from mature specimens and (d) Marginal hooklets 1 (top) and 2–8 (bottom). Scale bars: B, 500 μm; C, 100 μm; D, 25 μm. Abbreviations: em, embryo; ev, excretory vessel; gb, genital bulb; gc, genito-intestinal canal; ha, hamuli. hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; mh, marginal hooklet; mo, mouth; pe, potential embryo; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; sv, seminal vesicle; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vi, vitelline follicles; vv, vitelline duct.

Fig. 2 in First record of viviparity in polystomatid flatworms (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) with the description of two new species of Madapolystoma from the Madagascan anuran hosts Blommersia domerguei and Mantella expectata

Fig. 2. Minimum Evolution tree for Madapolystoma spp. Numbers on nodes indicate bootstrap support values. Madapolystoma sp. from B. domerguei refers to M. magnahami n. sp. and Madapolystoma sp. from M. expectata refers to M. isaloensis n. sp.

Fig. 1. a in First record of viviparity in polystomatid flatworms (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) with the description of two new species of Madapolystoma from the Madagascan anuran hosts Blommersia domerguei and Mantella expectata

Fig. 1. a) Map of Madagascar with the distribution areas and sampling localities of the two investigated frogs; b) Blommersia domerguei; c) Mantella expectata. (Map-Library, 2007).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2019View details →

Fig. 1 in Structure of the andropodium of the viviparous halfbeak genus Nomorhamphus (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae), endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 1. Andropodium of Nomorhamphus rex, ZFMK 44945, 35.0 mm SL, cleared and double stained. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: gp, genital papilla; pt1, first anal pterygiophore; sn, spinae = spines; sp, spiculus; 1–5, anal-fin rays one to five. The elongate genital papilla (gp) covers the anterior part of the first anal-fin ray (1). Anal-fin rays one to five are modified and considered as andropodium. The second anal-fin ray (2) is most strongly modified with a terminal structure, the tridens flexibilis, consisting of a central spiculus (sp) and two lateral spines (sn). The physa is a pouch-shaped structure located between the third (3) and fourth fin ray (4). In the freshly fixed specimen, the andropodium is covered by a fleshy sheath, the cryptoplica.