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12 results for “warning coloration”
Data from: Evolutionary potential and constraints in an aposematic species: Genetic correlations between warning coloration and fitness components in wood tiger moths
<p>Phenotypic data and pedigrees of two laboratory populations of wood tiger moths (<em>Arctia plantaginis</em>) of Finnish (=FIN) and Estonian (=EST) ancestry.</p> <p><strong>Pedigree: </strong><br>ID: individual identifier<br>sire = Father<br>dam=mother</p> <p><strong>Pheno.data: </strong><br>ID: individual identifier<br>Sex: 1=male; 2=female<br>hatchingdate: date when larva hatched<br>pupadate: date of pupation<br>adultdate: date of exclusion<br>Pupa.Weight: weight of pupa [mg]<br>Female.Colour = hindwing colour of females. In this species hindwing colour in females varies continuously from yellow to red. It was quantified by visual matching of hinwdings against a colour scale ranging from 1 = yellow to 6 = red. <br>Signal.Size = larva signal size. Larvae show an orange patch of variable size on the back of their black body. The size is given as number of segments<br>Egg.N = egg number produced by the individual<br>Off.N = offspring number. Larvae were counted 2-3 weeks after egg laying</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Foraging predicts the evolution of warning coloration and mimicry in snakes
<p><span>Warning coloration and Batesian mimicry are classic examples of Darwinian evolution, but empirical evolutionary patterns are often paradoxical. We test whether a new factor, trade-offs with foraging, influences the evolution of striking coloration by integrating genetic and ecological data for aposematic and mimetic snakes (Elapidae and Dipsadidae). Our phylogenetic comparison of a total of 432 species demonstrated that dramatic changes in coloration were well-predicted by the foraging strategy. Multiple tests consistently indicated that warning coloration and conspicuous mimicry were more likely to evolve in species where foraging costs of conspicuous appearance were relaxed by the poor vision of their prey or concealed habitat. Reversion to crypsis was also well-predicted by ecology for elapids, but not for dipsadids. In contrast to a theoretical prediction and general trends, snakes' conspicuous coloration was correlated with secretive ecology, suggesting that a selection regime underlies evolutionary patterns. We also found evidence that mimicry of inconspicuous models (pitvipers) may have evolved in association with foraging demand for crypsis. These findings demonstrate that foraging is an important factor necessary to understand the evolution, persistence, and diversity of warning coloration and mimicry of snakes, highlighting the significance of additional selective factors in solving the warning coloration paradox.</span></p>
Data from: The evolution of polymorphism in the warning coloration of the Amazonian poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus
<p>While intraspecific variation in aposematic signals can be selected for by different predatory responses, their evolution is also contingent on other processes shaping genetic variation. We evaluate the relative contributions of selection, geographic isolation and random genetic drift to the evolution of aposematic color polymorphism in the poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus, distributed throughout eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Dorsal coloration was measured for 111 individuals and genetic data were obtained from 220 individuals at two mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) and 7963 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Four color categories were described (brown, blue, yellow, orange) and our models of frog and bird visual systems indicated that each color was distinguishable for these taxa. Using outlier and correlative analyses we found no compelling genetic evidence for color being under divergent selection. A time-calibrated mtDNA tree suggests that the present distribution of dorsal coloration resulted from processes occurring during the Pleistocene. Separate phylogenies based on SNPs and mtDNA resolved the same well supported clades, each containing different colored populations. Ancestral character state analysis provided some evidence for evolutionary transitions in color type. Genetic structure was more strongly associated with geographic features, than color category, suggesting that the distribution of color is explained by localized processes. Evidence for geographic isolation together with estimates of low effective population size implicates drift as playing a key role in color diversification. Our results highlight the relevance of considering the neutral processes involved with the evolution of traits with important fitness consequences.</p>
Warning coloration, body size and the evolution of gregarious behavior in butterfly larvae
<p>Many species gain anti-predator benefits by combining gregarious behavior with warning coloration, yet there is debate over which trait evolves first, and which is the secondary adaptive enhancement. Body size can also influence how predators receive aposematic signals, and potentially constrain the evolution of gregarious behavior. To our knowledge, the causative links between the evolution of gregariousness, aposematism and larger body sizes have not been fully resolved. Here, using the most recently resolved butterfly phylogeny and an extensive new dataset of larval traits, we reveal the evolutionary interactions between important traits linked to larval gregariousness. We show that larval gregariousness has arisen many times across the butterflies, and aposematism is a likely prerequisite for gregariousness to evolve. We also find that body size may be an important factor for determining the coloration of solitary, but not gregarious larvae. Additionally, by exposing artificial 'larvae' to wild avian predation, we show that undefended, cryptic 'larvae' are heavily predated when aggregated but benefit from solitariness, whereas the reverse is true for aposematic prey. Our data reinforce the importance of aposematism for gregarious larval survival, whilst identifying new questions about the roles of body size and toxicity in the evolution of grouping behavior.</p>
Data from: The evolution of polymorphism in the warning coloration of the Amazonian poison frog Adelphobates galactonotus
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Data from: Foraging predicts the evolution of warning coloration and mimicry in snakes
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Warning coloration, body size and the evolution of gregarious behavior in butterfly larvae
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Data from: Why are animals conspicuously colored? Evolution of sexual versus warning signals in land vertebrates
<p>Conspicuous colors (e.g. red, yellow, blue) have evolved numerous times across animals. But the function of this coloration can differ radically among species. Many species use this coloration as a sexual signal to conspecifics, whereas others use it as a warning signal to predators. Why do different species evolve conspicuous coloration in association with one function as opposed to the other? We address this question in terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) using phylogenetic approaches and test whether day-night activities of species help determine these patterns. Using phylogenetic logistic regression, we found that conspicuous, sexually dimorphic coloration is significantly associated with diurnal lineages (e.g. many birds and lizards). By contrast, the evolution of warning signals was significantly associated with large-scale clades that were ancestrally nocturnal (e.g. snakes, amphibians), regardless of the current diel activity of species. Overall, we show that the evolution of conspicuous coloration as warning signals or sexual signals is influenced by the ecology of species, both recently and in the ancient past.</p>
Data from: Warning signals are seductive: relative contributions of color and pattern to predator avoidance and mate attraction in Heliconius butterflies
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Data from: Why are animals conspicuously colored? Evolution of sexual versus warning signals in land vertebrates
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Data from: The fitness effects of a pale mutant in the aposematic seed bug Lygaeus simulans indicate pleiotropy between warning coloration and life history
Conspicuous warning colours that signal chemical or other defences are common in the natural world. For instance, such aposematic warning patterns of red-and-black or yellow-and-black are common among insect taxa, particularly in the order Hemiptera, often forming the basis of Batesian and/or Müllerian mimicry rings. In addition, it has been repeatedly noted that colour polymorphisms or mutants that influence pigmentation can show pleiotropy with other behavioural, physiological or life-history traits. Here we describe a pale mutant of the seed bug Lygaeus simulans that appeared in our lab population in 2012, which differs in colour to the wild-type bugs. Through multigenerational experimental crosses between wild-type and pale mutant L. simulans, we first show that the pale phenotype segregates as a single Mendelian locus, with the pale allele being recessive to the wild-type. Next, we show (1) that there is a large heterozygous advantage in terms of fecundity, (2) that pale females suffer reduced longevity, and (3) that pale males have increased body length compared to wild-type homozygotes. Our data therefore suggest that the colour locus is pleiotropic with a number of life-history traits, opening the door for a more complete genetic analysis of aposematic colouration in this species. In addition, this phenotype will be useful as a visible genetic marker, providing a tool for investigating sperm competition and other post-copulatory drivers of sexual selection in this species.
Data from: The fitness effects of a pale mutant in the aposematic seed bug Lygaeus simulans indicate pleiotropy between warning coloration and life history
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