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2 results for “water stratification”
Vertical Stratification of Peat Pore Water Dissolved Organic Matter composition in a peat bog in Northern Minnesota
<p>Currently peatlands represent a sink for carbon dioxide and source of atmospheric methane. It is unclear the impact that climate change will have on these systems. As such, a large-scale ecosystem manipulation (Spruce and Peatland Responses under Climatic and Environmental Change, SPRUCE) has been implemented at a peat bog (S1 bog) at the Marcel Experimental Forest (MEF), Minnesota, USA, to determine the effects of climatic forcing on ecosystem processes in northern peatlands. In this study, we aimed to: (i) identify peat pore water dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition as a function of depth before the initiation of the manipulation experiment and (ii) contribute to the knowledge of DOM chemistry and decomposition processes at the S1 bog. We found strong vertical resolution in DOM molecular composition and optical properties within the peat column at the S1 bog. Surface samples were dominated by inputs from surface vegetation. The mid-depth, 30-75cm was an area of high reactivity and increased microbial activity with diagenetic formation of many unique compounds such as polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) that contain both nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms. These compounds were previously observed in coal-derived products and were assumed to be responsible for coal’s biological activity. Biological processes taking place at the intermediate depth zone of the peat profile at the S1 bog are assumed to be responsible for the formation of these heteroatomic PAC in our system. Conversely, these compounds might stem from black carbon and nitrogen from potential fires that occurred at the site in the past. Surface and deep DOM exhibited more similar characteristics suggesting the possibility of lateral and vertical advection of pore water from the surface to the deeper horizons. Our results highlight the importance of understanding processes that control DOM production and transformation with depth.</p> <p>Included: FTICR MS data and optical properties data</p>
Data for 'Surface heat fluxes drive a two-phase response in Southern Ocean mode water stratification'
<p>The files contained here are the output/sensitivity files of four adjoint sensitivity experiments in ECCOv4r2 that are combined to create the sensitivity of large-scale stratification to surface heat flux. (-f/Delta z) * (-alpha * (ADJqnet_t1 - ADJqnet_t2) + beta * (ADJqnet_s1 - ADJqnet_s2)) (Equation 7 in paper, where C = net heat flux). The files contained here are the output/sensitivity files for 6 years at 14 day time steps.</p> <p>ADJqnet_t1: (d J_1(theta_u)/ d qnet), Sensitivity of potential temperature over the upper depths to net heat flux.</p> <p>ADJqnet_t2: (d J_2(theta_l)/ d qnet), Sensitivity of potential temperature over the lower depths to net heat flux.</p> <p>ADJqnet_s1: (d J_3(salt_u)/ d qnet), Sensitivity of salinity over the upper depths to net heat flux.</p> <p>ADJqnet_s2: (d J_4(salt_l)/ d qnet), Sensitivity of salinity over the lower depths to net heat flux.</p> <p> </p> <p>Paper Abstract: Subantarctic mode waters (SAMW) have low stratification and are formed through subduction from thick winter mixed layers in the Southern Ocean. To investigate how external forcing affects the stratification in mode water formation regions in the Southern Ocean, we conduct a set of adjoint sensitivity experiments. The objective function is the annual-average stratification over the mode water formation region, which is evaluated from potential temperature and salinity adjoint sensitivity experiments. The analysis of impacts, from the product of sensitivities and forcing variability, identifies the separate effects of the wind stress, heat flux, and freshwater flux, revealing that the dominant control on stratification is from surface heat fluxes, as well as a smaller effect from zonal wind stress. The adjoint sensitivities of stratification to surface heat flux reveal a surprising change in sign over 2 years lead time. Surface cooling leads to the expected initial local decrease in stratification. However, there is a delayed response to surface cooling leading to an increase in stratification. This delayed response in stratification involves atmospheric damping of the surface thermal contribution, so that eventually the oppositely-signed advective haline contribution dominates. This two-phase response of stratification is found to hold over mode water formation regions in the South Indian and Southeast Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean, where there are strong advective flows linked to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.</p>
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