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15 results for “water-use efficiency”
Data from: Salicaceae endophyte inoculation alters stomatal patterning and improves the intrinsic water-use efficiency of Populus trichocarpa after a water-deficit
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Lianas and trees exhibit divergent intrinsic water-use efficiency along elevational gradients in South American and African tropical forests
<p>Elevational gradients provide excellent opportunities to explore long-term morphological and physiological responses of plants to environmental change. We determined the difference in the elevational pattern of foliar carbon isotope composition (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C) between lianas and trees, and assessed whether this difference arises from changes in photosynthesis or stomatal conductance. We also explored the pattern of nutrient limitations with the elevation of these two growth forms. We conducted inventories of lianas and trees using standardized techniques along elevational gradients in Ecuador and Rwanda. We determined the values of several foliar traits including <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and chemical traits in dominant liana and tree species. We set up Bayesian linear mixed-effect models to quantify the effects of elevation and these two growth forms, and the difference of the effect of elevation between the two growth forms on each of the foliar traits. We found consistent growth form specific divergences in foliar<i> δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) responses to elevation. While we noted a meaningful increase in foliar <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and C:N with elevation for trees, lianas did not exhibit such a trend. Foliar <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and C:N remained relatively constant for lianas along the transects. The physiological processes at the basis of foliar carbon isotope fractionation shift differently in lianas and trees along elevation. Lianas operate at relatively constant intrinsic water- and nitrogen- use efficiencies with elevation as opposed to trees. Altogether, the study suggests the existence of a functional divergence of water and nutrient use strategies between lianas and trees along tropical elevational transects.</p>
Data from: Overestimated gains in water-use efficiency by global forests
<p><span>Increases in terrestrial water use efficiency (WUE) have been reported in many studies, pointing to potential changes in physiological forcing of global carbon and hydrological cycles. However, gains in WUE are of uncertain magnitude over longer (i.e. >10 years) periods of time largely owing to difficulties in accounting for structural and physiological acclimation. <sup>13</sup>C signatures (i.e., δ<sup>13</sup>C) of plant organic matter have long been used to estimate WUE at temporal scales ranging from days to centuries. Mesophyll conductance is a key uncertainty in estimated WUE owing to its influence on diffusion of CO<sub>2</sub> to sites of carboxylation. Here we apply new knowledge of mesophyll conductance to 464 δ<sup>13</sup>C chronologies in tree-rings of 143 species spanning global biomes. Adjusted for mesophyll conductance, gains in WUE during the 20th century (0.15 ppm y<sup>-1</sup>) were considerably smaller than those estimated from conventional modelling (0.26 ppm y<sup>-1</sup>). Across the globe, mean sensitivity of WUE to atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> was 0.15 ppm ppm<sup>-1</sup>. Ratios of internal-to-atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> (on a mole fraction basis; <em>c</em><sub>i</sub>/<em>c</em><sub>a</sub>) in leaves were mostly constant over time but differed among biomes and plant taxa – highlighting the significance of both plant structure and physiology. Together with synchronized responses in stomatal and mesophyll conductance, our results suggest that ratios of chloroplastic-to-atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> (<em>c</em><sub>c</sub>/<em>c</em><sub>a</sub>) are constrained over time</span><span>. We conclude that forest WUE may have not increased as much as previously suggested and that projections of future climate forcing via CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization may need to be adjusted accordingly</span><span>. </span></p>
Data from:Quantitative wood anatomical characteristics, basal area increments (BAI) and tree-ring derived intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) for three coniferous tree species in Central Spain
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Data from: Overestimated gains in water-use efficiency by global forests
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Data from: Land-use legacies influence tree water-use efficiency and nitrogen dynamics in recently established European forests
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Data from: Nutrient enrichment shifts peak water-use efficiency to wetter conditions in an alpine meadow
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Lianas and trees exhibit divergent intrinsic water-use efficiency along elevational gradients in South American and African tropical forests
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Data from: Disentangling the effect of competition, CO2 and climate on intrinsic water-use efficiency and tree growth
1. Climate change scenarios forecast rising temperatures for the Mediterranean region, which could enhance vulnerability to drought stress in forest ecosystems. The long-term effects of climate forcing on tree performance can be, however, modulated by other environmental factors, such as competition and rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. 2. We assessed the concomitant effect of competition, climate and CO2 concentrations on the tree-ring δ13C-derived intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and basal area increments (BAI) of species with different drought tolerance: two Mediterranean deciduous species (Quercus faginea Lam. and Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) and one conifer (Pinus sylvestris L.). Additionally, given that competition may be managed to mitigate the effect of increasing drought stress, we further examined the influence of this variable on iWUE and growth using data compiled from the literature, providing the first review on the response of iWUE to competition. 3. Competition had no significant effect on iWUE in any of the three species studied, whereas, as expected, growth rates were significantly higher under low competition levels. This was consistent with the literature review, which showed that shifts in iWUE with competition changes are rare; supporting the hypothesis that leaf-level gas exchange tends to be a homeostatic trait. In the long term, the three species exhibited a significant increasing trend in iWUE due to the combined effect of increased CO2 concentration, climate and age. Growth, however, was mostly affected by competition and climate and in most cases was not enhanced as a result of the increase in iWUE. 4. Synthesis. Regardless of their functional response to drought, trees respond to reduced competition through structural shifts such as increased radial growth rather than leaf-level gas exchange adjustments. CO2 and climate are, therefore, the main drivers of iWUE variability, rather than competition. Thus, if temperature-induced drought becomes limiting, reducing competition for resources may not offset the detrimental effect of increasing drought stress on tree physiology and growth decline may occur without a CO2 fertilization effect.
Data from: Tree-to-tree competition in mixed European beech-Scots pine forests has different impacts on growth and water-use efficiency depending on site conditions
1. Mixed conifer-hardwood forests can be more productive than pure forests and they are increasingly considered as ecosystems that could provide adaptation strategies in the face of global change. However, the combined effects of tree-to-tree competition, rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate on such mixtures remain poorly characterized and understood. 2. To fill this research gap, we reconstructed 34-year series (1980-2013) of growth (basal area increment, BAI) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) – European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) mixed stands at two climatically contrasting sites located in the southwestern Pyrenees. We also gathered data on tree-to-tree competition and climate variables in order to test the hypotheses that (i) radial growth will be greater when inter-specific competition exceeds intra-specific competition, i.e. when species complementarity occurs, and (ii) enhanced iWUE could be linked to improved stem radial growth. 3. Growth of both species was reduced when intra-specific competition increased. Species complementarity was linked to improved growth of Scots pine at the continental site, whilst competition overrode any complementarity advantage at the drought-prone Mediterranean site. Beech growth did not show any significant response to pine admixture likely due to shade tolerance and the highly competitive nature of this species. Increasing inter-specific competition drove recent iWUE changes, which increased in Scots pine but decreased in European beech. The iWUE enhancement did not involve any growth improvement in Scots pine. However, the positive BAI-iWUE relationship found for beech suggests an enhanced beech growth in drought-prone sites due to improved water use. 4. Synthesis. Complementarity may enhance growth in mixed forests. However, water scarcity can constrict light-related complementarity for shade intolerant species (Scots pine) in drought-prone sites. BAI-iWUE relationships were negative for Scots pine and positive for European beech. These contrasting behaviours have got implications for coping with the expected increasing drought events in Scots pine-European beech mixtures located near the ecological limit of the two species. Complementarity effects between tree species should be considered to avoid overestimating the degree of future carbon uptake by mixed conifer-broadleaf forests.
Data from: Tree-to-tree competition in mixed European beech-Scots pine forests has different impacts on growth and water-use efficiency depending on site conditions
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Data from: Disentangling the effect of competition, CO2 and climate on intrinsic water-use efficiency and tree growth
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Verification of the accuracy of the recent 50 years of tree growth and long-term change in intrinsic water-use efficiency using xylem Δ14C and δ13C in trees in an aseasonal tropical rainforest
<p>Growth analysis based on tree-ring chronology is difficult in trees in aseasonal tropical rain forests, because annual growth rings may be unclear or completely absent. Fortunately, tree growth history recorded in xylem tissue is capable of providing valuable information on the responses of trees and forests to past and present environmental changes, including global warming.</p> <p>We have developed a new technique for aseasonal tropical forest trees which derives their growth rates from xylem Δ<sup>14</sup>C, and verified its accuracy. We also determined, from xylem δ<sup>13</sup>C, the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) in the past 50 years. We analyzed changes in xylem Δ<sup>14</sup>C and δ<sup>13</sup>C in 23 canopy trees of 12 species in 6 families growing in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia; each stem diameter at breast height (DBH) was recorded 14 times from 1969 to 2011.</p> <p>We found a significant positive relationship between the growth rates determined by <sup>14</sup>C dating and the past DBH data. On the other hand, leaf-internal CO<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>i</sub>) content did not change with increasing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>a</sub>). Thus, the iWUE increased significantly over the last 50 years in all the families and species tested.</p> <p>This study showed that the simultaneous measurements of xylem Δ<sup>14</sup>C and δ<sup>13</sup>C could reveal a long-term change in tree growth and iWUE during the past 50 years with high accuracy in various species and/or individuals in aseasonal tropical rainforests exhibiting high species diversity.</p>
Data from: Natural variation in stomata size contributes to the local adaptation of water-use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Verification of the accuracy of the recent 50 years of tree growth and long-term change in intrinsic water-use efficiency using xylem Δ14C and δ13C in trees in an aseasonal tropical rainforest
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