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146 results for “western diet”
Multi-locus DNA metabarcoding of western spotted skunk diet in the McKenzie River Ranger District of the Willamette National Forest from 2017-2019
There are increasing concerns about the declining population trends of small mammalian carnivores around the world. Their conservation and management is often challenging due to limited knowledge about their ecology and natural history. To address one of these deficiencies for western spotted skunks (Spilogale gracilis), we investigated their diet in the Oregon Cascades of the Pacific Northwest during 2017 –2019. We collected 130 spotted skunk scats opportunistically and with detection dog teams and identified prey items using DNA metabarcoding and mechanical sorting. Western spotted skunk diet consisted of invertebrates such as wasps, millipedes, and gastropods, vertebrates such as small mammals, amphibians, and birds, and plants such as Gaultheria, Rubus, and Vaccinium. Diet also consisted of items such as black-tailed deer that were likely scavenged. Comparison in diet by season revealed that spotted skunks consumed more insects during the dry season (June –August), particularly wasps (75% of scats in the dry season), and marginally more mammals during the wet season(September –May). We observed similar diet in areas with no record of human disturbance and areas with a history of logging at most spatial scales, but scats collected in areas with older forest within a skunk’s home range (1 km buffer) were more likely to contain insects. Western spotted skunks provide food web linkages between aquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal systems and serve functional roles of seed dispersal and scavenging. Due to their diverse diet and prey-switching, western spotted skunks may dampen the effects of irruptions of prey, such as wasps during dry springs and summers. By studying the natural history of western spotted skunks in the Pacific Northwest forests while they are still abundant, we provide key information necessary to achieve the conservation goal of keeping this common species common.
Fig. 2 in Diet Composition Of The Red Fox, Vulpes Vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 (Canidae, Carnivora) In Western Ukraine
Fig. 2. Cluster analysis. sa – summer-autumn season, ws – winter-spring season; LV – Lviv region, VO – Volyn region, ZA – Zakarpattia region, N/A – Western Ukraine (exact data on region of origin are not available), KH – Khmelnytskyi region, TE – Ternopil region, RI – Rivne region, IV – Ivano-Frankivsk region; d – stomach contents (dissection), f – faeces sample.
Fig. 1 in Seasonal Diet Differences Of The Common Toad Bufo Bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) In Ukrainian Roztochia (Western Ukraine)
Fig. 1. Sampling sites in Ukrainian Roztochia: - Roztochia Nature Reserve (49.913734, 23.759444), - Yavorivskyi National Nature Park (49.974459, 23.820374), - location of Ukrainian Roztochia.
Fig. 2 in Seasonal Diet Differences Of The Common Toad Bufo Bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) In Ukrainian Roztochia (Western Ukraine)
Fig. 2. Seasonal composition of herpetobiotic invertebrate taxa in the forest research area of Ukrainian Roztochia.
FIGURE 2 in Diet of Dendropsophus microcephalus and Scarthyla vigilans (Anura: Hylidae) at a locality in north-western Venezuela with notes on microhabitat occupation
FIGURE 2: Vertical distribution of individuals of Dendropsophus microcephalus and Scarthyla vigilans on emergent plants.
FIGURE 11 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 11. Body mass of caballine Equidae (Equus ferus and E. mosbachensis) in Middle and Late Pleistocene localities from Britain and Germany. For explanation of graph, see Figure 6.
FIGURE 10 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 10. Body mass of bovine Bovidae (Bison priscus and Bos primigenius) from Middle and Late Pleistocene localities of Britain and Germany. For explanation of graph, see Figure 6.
FIGURE 8 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 8. Body mass of Rhinocerotidae from Pleistocene localities of Britain and Germany. For explanation of graph, see Figure 6.
FIGURE 9 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 9. Linear regressions of body mass (kg) of Bovidae and Equus ferus/mosbachensis from localities with pollen records, and minimum, maximum and mean NAP % in the pollen records of the localities. Each point represents an individual specimen. Numbers of specimens per each locality are given in brackets after the locality names.
FIGURE 7 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 7. Body mass of Megacerini, Rangifer tarandus and Alcini in Middle and Pleistocene localities from Britain and Germany. For explanation of graph, see Figure 6.
FIGURE 3 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 3. Linear regressions of mean mesowear values of deer (Cervidae) from localities with pollen records, and minimum, maximum and mean NAP % in the pollen records of the localities. Numbers of specimens per locality are given in brackets after the locality names. For Megacerini, the samples from Grays Thurrock and Ireland are Megaloceros giganteus; those from Boxgrove, West Runton and Voigstedt combine Praemegaceros verticornis, P. dawkinsi and Megaloceros savini. For Dama the specimens from Boxgrove are D. cf. roberti; others are D. dama.
FIGURE 6 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 6. Body mass of Cervus elaphus, Dama spp. and Capreolus capreolus in Middle and Late Pleistocene localities from Britain and Germany. The localities are arranged from oldest (right) to youngest (left) estimated age. The middle line in the diamonds marks the mean body mass and the upper and lower lines mark the 95% confidence limits of the mean. Diamonds that do not overlap at the 95% lines indicate statistically significant difference between populations. The central line in the figures indicates the combined mean body mass of all the populations. The individual body mass estimates of each specimen are shown as data points. Sample sizes are given in brackets for each locality.
FIGURE 5 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 5. Linear regressions of body mass (kg) of deer (Cervidae) from localities with pollen records, and minimum, maximum and mean NAP % in the pollen records of the localities. Each point represents an individual specimen. Numbers of specimens per locality are given in brackets after the locality names.
FIGURE 2 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 2. Linear regressions of mean mesowear values of the ungulates in the local palaeocommunities and NAP % in the pollen records of the localities with (1.1.) minimum NAP %, (1.2.) maximum NAP % and (1.3.) mean NAP %.
FIGURE 1 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 1. The localities included in this study from England and Ireland (1.1) and from Germany (1.2). The maps (1.1) and (1.2) are not to the same scale.
FIGURE 4 in Patterns of diet and body mass of large ungulates from the Pleistocene of Western Europe, and their relation to vegetation
FIGURE 4. Linear regressions of mean mesowear values of Bovidae, Equus ferus and Rhinocerotidae from localities with pollen records, and minimum, maximum and mean NAP % in the pollen records of the localities. Numbers of specimens per locality are given in brackets after the locality names. Bison from Mauer is B. schoetensacki; from other localities, B. priscus.
Data from: Prey abundance and leopard diet in a plantation and rainforest landscape, Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats
<p>Leopards use a wide range of habitats from natural forests to plantations in human-dominated landscapes. Within interface areas, understanding leopard ecology and diet can help in conservation management and conflict avoidance. In a fragmented rainforest and plantation landscape in southern India, we examined diet of large carnivores (with a focus on leopards) using scat analysis with DNA-based identification of predator species, and estimated relative abundance of prey species in different land uses through transect surveys. Large carnivores predominantly consumed wild prey species (98.1%) and domestic prey species contributed <2% to overall prey biomass. For leopards, four wild prey species (Indian muntjac, Indian spotted chevrotain, sambar and Indian porcupine) contributed 95.1% of prey biomass, with the rest being minor wild prey species (no livestock in identified scats). Wild prey species occurred across the landscape but varied in relative abundance by land-use type, with forest fragments supporting higher abundance of many species relative to tea and coffee plantations. As large carnivores mainly depend on wild prey and rainforest fragments act as refuges for these mammals within the tea and coffee plantations, it is important to continue to retain or restore these forest fragments.</p> <p>This dataset contains abundance data on mammals (large carnivores and their prey species), using direct and indirect sign surveys along line and belt transects, respectively, as well as data on remains of prey species in large carnivore scats. This dataset is part of a study (published paper under Related works) on leopard ecology in a landscape containing commercial plantations of tea and coffee, and rainforest fragments and protected area. These data were collected between 2008 and 2010 in Valparai plateau and Anamalai Tiger Reserve in the Western Ghats, India. The dataset contains following files:</p> <p>1) Transect_details.csv<br> 2) Transect_repeats.csv<br> 3) Mammals_Direct_signs.csv<br> 4) Mammals_Indirect_signs.csv<br> 5) Large_carnivores_Indirect_signs.csv<br> 6) Large_carnivore_Diet.csv</p> <p>More details regarding the above files can be found in ReadMe_Data_ColumnNames.txt.</p> <p><strong>Update, version 2</strong>: Data were updated on 4 May 2020. There was an error in the following file: Large_carnivore_Diet.csv. This file has been corrected and replaced in this update. All other files are correct and therefore not replaced.</p>
Changing diets over time: knock-on effects of marine megafauna overexploitation on their competitors in the South-Western Atlantic Ocean
This study compares the δ<sup>15</sup>N values and the trophic position of two seabird species throughout the Late Holocene in three regions in the South-Western Atlantic Ocean to assess the hypothesis that the decimation of megafauna lead to changes in the trophic position of mesopredators. Modern and ancient mollusc shells were also analysed to account for changes in the isotopic baseline through time. Results revealed that modern Magellanic penguins have higher δ<sup>15</sup>N values than their ancient conspecifics in the three regions, after controlling for changes in the isotopic baseline. This was also true for modern Imperial shags compared to ancient unidentified cormorants/shags from the two areas where ancient specimens were recovered (Southern Patagonia and the Beagle Channel). Such temporal variability might be caused by three non-mutually exclusive processes: decreased availability of pelagic squat lobster resulting from decreasing primary productivity through the Late Holocene, increased availability of small fishes resulting from the sequential depletion of other piscivores (South American fur seal and sea lion and Argentine hake) since the late 18<sup>th</sup> century and modification of the migratory patterns of Magellanic penguins. Although disentangling the relative contribution of all those processes is impossible at this time, the results reported here demonstrate that the ecology of Magellanic penguins and Imperial shags has undergone major changes since the Late Holocene.
Data for: Wolf diet in the Notecka Forest, Western Poland
<p>We assessed the diet composition of wolves inhabiting Notecka Forest (<em>ca</em>. 1,400 km<sup>2</sup>) in Western Poland based on the analysis of scats (n=261) collected in 2008-2021. The study revealed that wolves in this large forest tract, consisting mainly of pine monocultures, consumed primarily wild ungulates (95.2% of consumed biomass). The roe deer was the essential food item (47.8%), followed by the red deer (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>) (25.1%) and the wild boar (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) (18.4%). Wolves supplemented their diet with medium-sized wild mammals, mainly the European hare (<em>Lepus europaeus</em>) (2.8%) and the Eurasian beaver (<em>Castor fiber</em>) (1.9%). The food niche was narrow (<em>B</em>=1.1), and there was no difference in food composition between the spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons. We emphasize the significance of the smallest European wild ruminant, roe deer, in the diet of wolves inhabiting Central European Plains.</p>
Fig. 1 in Notes on the diet of Testudo hermanni boettgeri and T. graeca ibera in south-western Bulgaria with first cases of geophagy and myrmecophagy from the country
Fig. 1. Individuals of T. hermanni feeding on figs (A), mulberries (B), and dog feces (C).
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