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43 results for “white-nose syndrome”
Plant pathogens provide clues to the origin of bat white-nose syndrome Pseudogymnoascus destructans
<p>Phylogenomic analyses of P. destructans.</p> <p>This is a snapshot of the GitLab repository available at https://gitlab.gwdg.de/molsysevol/pseudogymnoascus-destructans-phylogeny/.</p>
Data and code from: A multifaceted approach reveals complex genomic mediation of white-nose syndrome resistance in the little brown bat (<em>Myotis lucifugus</em>)
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Data from: Efficacy of a probiotic bacterium to treat bats affected by the disease white-nose syndrome
The management of infectious diseases is an important conservation concern for a growing number of wildlife species. However, effective disease control in wildlife is challenging because feasible management options are often lacking. White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an infectious disease of hibernating bats that currently threatens several North American species with extinction. Currently, no effective treatments exist for WNS. We conducted a laboratory experiment to test the efficacy of treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens, a bacterium that naturally occurs on bats, to reduce disease severity and improve survival of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) exposed to Pseudogymnoacus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes WNS. Application of the bacteria at the time of P. destructans infection reduced several measures of disease severity and increased survival, whereas bacterial treatment prior to pathogen exposure had no effect on survival and worsened disease severity. Our results suggest that probiotic treatment with Ps. fluorescens has potential for WNS disease management but the timing of application is critical and should coincide with natural exposure of bats to P. destructans. More broadly, these results add to the growing knowledge of how the natural host microbiota can influence disease outcomes.
Data from: Modelling the potential efficacy of treatments for white-nose syndrome in bats
<p class="western">1. The fungal disease white-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused mass mortality in some species of North American bats during hibernation. </p> <p class="western">2. We use population viability models to test if a hypothetical WNS treatment or management action could facilitate the recovery of WNS-affected little brown myotis (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>) populations. We modelled scenarios altering three parameters: (1) WNS severity (population growth rate of WNS-affected populations; λ<sub>WNS</sub>); (2) proportion of population treated; and (3) treatment improvement in winter survival (TIWS). </p> <p class="western">3. Our models predict that a treatment or management action that targets an entire population with a TIWS of 40% (the average TIWS in bat trials to date) will cause a population to stabilize or increase if WNS causes an annual decline of less than 70% (i.e. λ<sub>WNS</sub>>=0.30). However, for severe WNS (λ<sub>WNS</sub>=0.10), the TIWS must be at least 54% to cause the population to stabilize or increase. Where only a proportion of a WNS-affected population is treated, population stability is much harder to achieve unless the impact of WNS attenuates over time.</p> <p class="western">4. Our models suggest that a treatment or management action only facilitates the recovery of WNS-affected populations if WNS is mild, a large proportion of bats can be treated, TIWS is high, and/or WNS severity attenuates over time.</p> <p class="western"><span>5. </span><i>Synthesis and applications</i><i><span>.</span></i><span> We mode</span><span><span>lled</span></span><span> the predicted abundance trajectory of white-nose syndrome (WNS)-affected little brown myotis (</span><i><span>Myotis lucifugus</span></i><span>) populations </span><span><span>in response to hypothetical treatment or management actions. Our two types of models incorporate the complete range of possible scenarios varying three parameters: (1) population growth rate of the WNS-affected population</span></span><span><span>, (2) the improvement in winter </span></span><span><span>survival associated with the </span></span><span><span>treatment or management action, and (3) the proportion of the population treated. </span></span><span><span><span><span>We suggest that our models, which can be explored using online Shiny applications, should be used in the planning phase of treatment or management action programs for WNS.</span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Resistance in persisting bat populations after white-nose syndrome invasion
Increases in anthropogenic movement have led to a rise in pathogen introductions and the emergence of infectious diseases in naive host communities worldwide. We combined empirical data and mathematical models to examine changes in disease dynamics in little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) populations following the introduction of the emerging fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which causes the disease white-nose syndrome. We found that infection intensity was much lower in persisting populations than in declining populations where the fungus has recently invaded. Fitted models indicate that this is most consistent with a reduction in the growth rate of the pathogen when fungal loads become high. The data are inconsistent with the evolution of tolerance or an overall reduced pathogen growth rate that might be caused by environmental factors. The existence of resistance in some persisting populations of little brown bats offers a glimmer of hope that a precipitously declining species will persist in the face of this deadly pathogen. This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
Host traits and environment interact to drive persistence of bat populations impacted by white-nose syndrome
<p>Emerging infectious diseases have resulted in severe population declines across diverse taxa. In some instances, despite attributes associated with high extinction risk, disease emergence and host declines are followed by host stabilization for unknown reasons. While host, pathogen, and the environment are recognized as important factors that interact to determine host-pathogen coexistence, they are often considered independently. Here, we use a translocation experiment to disentangle the role of host traits and environmental conditions in driving the persistence of remnant bat populations a decade after they declined 70-99% due to white-nose syndrome and subsequently stabilized. While survival was significantly higher than during the initial epidemic within all sites, protection from severe disease only existed within a narrow environmental space, suggesting host traits conducive to surviving disease are highly environmentally dependent. Ultimately, population persistence following pathogen invasion is the product of host-pathogen interactions that vary across a patchwork of environments.</p>
Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) capture records before and after white-nose syndrome
<p>We collated 30 years of big brown bat capture records collected between 1990 to 2020. We collected data from wildlife agencies and researchers in the eastern US. We kept capture records that fell within the months of March through October, representing spring through fall months when bats are surveyed outside of hibernacula. We then paired this data with spatiotemporal spread of the fungal pathogen <em>Pseudogymnoascus destructans</em> (causal agent of white-nose syndrome that kills North American temperate bats), of which, big brown bats are susceptible to infection. The completed dataset represents 30,497 individual big brown bat captures across 3,797 unique sites.</p>
Data from: Modelling the potential efficacy of treatments for white-nose syndrome in bats
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Data from: Resistance in persisting bat populations after white-nose syndrome invasion
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Host traits and environment interact to drive persistence of bat populations impacted by white-nose syndrome
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Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) capture records before and after white-nose syndrome
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Data from: Efficacy of a probiotic bacterium to treat bats affected by the disease white-nose syndrome
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Data from: Higher fat stores contribute to persistence of little brown bat populations with white-nose syndrome
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Density-dependent declines of Wisconsin bats from white-nose syndrome
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Data from: Immune responses in hibernating little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) with white-nose syndrome
White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease responsible for decimating many bat populations in North America. Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the psychrophilic fungus responsible for WNS, prospers in the winter habitat of many hibernating bat species. The immune response that Pd elicits in bats is not yet fully understood; antibodies are produced in response to infection by Pd, but they may not be protective and indeed may be harmful. To understand how bats respond to infection during hibernation, we studied the effect of Pd inoculation on the survival and gene expression of captive hibernating Myotis lucifugus with varying pre-hibernation antifungal antibody titres. We investigated gene expression through the transcription of selected cytokine genes (Il6, Il17a, Il1b, Il4 and Ifng) associated with inflammatory, Th1, Th2 and Th17 immune responses in wing tissue and lymph nodes. We found no difference in survival between bats with low and high anti-Pd titres, although anti-Pd antibody production during hibernation differed significantly between infected and uninfected bats. Transcription of Il6 and Il17a was higher in the lymph nodes of infected bats compared with uninfected bats. Increased transcription of these cytokines in the lymph node suggests that a pro-inflammatory immune response to WNS is not restricted to infected tissues and occurs during hibernation. The resulting Th17 response may be protective in euthermic bats, but because it may disrupt torpor, it could be detrimental during hibernation.
Data from: Prelude to a panzootic: gene flow and immunogenetic variation in northern little brown myotis vulnerable to bat white-nose syndrome
The fungus that causes bat white-nose syndrome (WNS) recently leaped from eastern North America to the Pacific Coast. The pathogen's spread is associated with the genetic population structure of a host (Myotis lucifugus). To understand the fine-scale neutral and immunogenetic variation among northern populations of M. lucifugus, we sampled 1142 individuals across the species' northern range. We used genotypes at 11 microsatellite loci to reveal the genetic structure of, and directional gene flow among, populations to predict the likely future spread of the pathogen in the northwest and to estimate effective population size (Ne). We also pyrosequenced the DRB1-like exon 2 of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in 160 individuals to explore immunogenetic selection by WNS. We identified three major neutral genetic clusters: Eastern, Montane Cordillera (and adjacent sampling areas), and Haida Gwaii, with admixture at intermediate areas and significant substructure west of the prairies. Estimates of Ne were unexpectedly low (289–16 000). Haida Gwaii may provide temporary refuge from WNS, but the western mountain ranges are not barriers to its dispersal in M. lucifugus and are unlikely to slow its spread. Our major histocompatibility complex (MHC) data suggest potential selection by WNS on the MHC, but gene duplication limited the immunogenetic analyses.
Data from: Sex and hibernaculum temperature predict survivorship in white-nose syndrome affected little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus)
White-nose syndrome (WNS), an emerging infectious disease caused by the novel fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has devastated North American bat populations since its discovery in 2006. The little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus, has been especially affected. The goal of this 2-year captive study was to determine the impact of hibernacula temperature and sex on WNS survivorship in little brown myotis that displayed visible fungal infection when collected from affected hibernacula. In study 1, we found that WNS-affected male bats had increased survival over females and that bats housed at a colder temperature survived longer than those housed at warmer temperatures. In study 2, we found that WNS-affected bats housed at a colder temperature fared worse than unaffected bats. Our results demonstrate that WNS mortality varies among individuals, and that colder hibernacula are more favourable for survival. They also suggest that female bats may be more negatively affected by WNS than male bats, which has important implications for the long-term survival of the little brown myotis in eastern North America.
Data from: Conservation implications of ameliorating survival of little brown bats with White-Nose Syndrome
Management of wildlife populations impacted by novel threats is often challenged by a lack of data on temporal changes in demographic response. Populations may suffer rapid declines from the introduction of new stressors, but how demography changes over time is critical to determining long-term outcomes for populations. White-nose syndrome (WNS), an infectious disease of hibernating bats, has caused massive and rapid population declines in several hibernating species of bats in North America since the disease was first observed on the continent in 2006. Estimating annual survival rates and demographic trends among remnant colonies of hibernating bats that experienced mass mortality from WNS is needed to determine long-term population viability of species impacted by this disease. Using mark–recapture data on infected little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), we estimated the first apparent annual survival rates for four years following WNS detection at a site. We found strong support for an increasing trend in annual survival, which improved from 0.68 (95% CI = 0.44–0.85) to 0.75 (95% CI = 0.51–0.89) for males and 0.65 (95% CI = 0.44–0.81) to 0.70 (95% CI = 0.50–0.84) for females. These results suggest that stabilization at remnant colonies after mass mortality from WNS may be due to improved survival and not from immigration from other areas. Despite ameliorating survival, our stochastic matrix projection model predicts continued declines for little brown bat populations (λ = 0.95), raising concern for the regional persistence of this species. We conducted a vital rate sensitivity analysis and determined that adult and juvenile survival, as opposed to fecundity, are the demographic parameters most important to target to maximize recovery potential of little brown bat populations in areas impacted by WNS.
Data from: Multi-scale model of regional population decline in little brown bats due to white-nose syndrome
The introduced fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans is causing decline of several species of bats in North America, with some even at risk of extinction or extirpation. The severity of the epidemic of white-nose syndrome caused by P. destructans has prompted investigation of the transmission and virulence of infection at multiple scales, but linking these scales is necessary to quantify the mechanisms of transmission and assess population-scale declines. We build a model connecting within-cave disease dynamics of little brown bats to regional scale dispersal, reproduction, and disease spread, including multiple plausible mechanisms of transmission. We parameterize the model using the approach of plausible parameter sets, by comparing stochastic simulation results to statistical probes from empirical data on within-cave prevalence and survival, as well as between-cave spread across a region. Our results are consistent with frequency-dependent transmission between bats, support an important role of environmental transmission, and show very little effect of dispersal among colonies on metapopulation survival. The model also offers a generalizable method to assess hypotheses about cave-to-cave transmission and to identify gaps in knowledge about key processes, and could be expanded to include additional mechanisms or bat species as research on this detrimental fungus progresses.
Data from: Efficacy of visual surveys for white-nose syndrome at bat hibernacula
White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) is an epizootic disease in hibernating bats caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans. Surveillance for P. destructans at bat hibernacula consists primarily of visual surveys of bats, collection of potentially infected bats, and submission of these bats for laboratory testing. Cryptic infections (bats that are infected but display no visual signs of fungus) could lead to the mischaracterization of the infection status of a site and the inadvertent spread of P. destructans. We determined the efficacy of visual detection of P. destructans by examining visual signs and molecular detection of P. destructans on 928 bats of six species at 27 sites during surveys conducted from January through March in 2012–2014 in the southeastern USA on the leading edge of the disease invasion. Cryptic infections were widespread with 77% of bats that tested positive by qPCR showing no visible signs of infection. The probability of exhibiting visual signs of infection increased with sampling date and pathogen load, the latter of which was substantially higher in three species (Myotis lucifugus, M. septentrionalis, and Perimyotis subflavus). In addition, M. lucifugus was more likely to show visual signs of infection than other species given the same pathogen load. Nearly all infections were cryptic in three species (Eptesicus fuscus, M. grisescens, and M. sodalis), which had much lower fungal loads. The presence of M. lucifugus or M. septentrionalis at a site increased the probability that P. destructans was visually detected on bats. Our results suggest that cryptic infections of P. destructans are common in all bat species, and visible infections rarely occur in some species. However, due to very high infection prevalence and loads in some species, we estimate that visual surveys examining at least 17 individuals of M. lucifugus and M. septentrionalis, or 29 individuals of P. subflavus are still effective to determine whether a site has bats infected with P. destructans. In addition, because the probability of visually detecting the fungus was higher later in winter, surveys should be done as close to the end of the hibernation period as possible.
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