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17 results for “wildflower strip”
Fig. 2. The 2019 in Wild bee pollinators foraging in peanut and cotton adjacent to native wildflower strips
Fig. 2. The 2019 mean (± SE) of bees per bee bowl captured in cotton and those with cotton pollen and unidentified pollen (= other) (a), and the mean (± SE) of bees per bee bowl captured in cotton with G. pulchella (IB), Monarda citriodora (mint), and Rudbeckia hirta (susan) (b).
Fig. 1. The 2018 in Wild bee pollinators foraging in peanut and cotton adjacent to native wildflower strips
Fig. 1. The 2018 mean (± SE) of bees per bee bowl captured in peanut and those with peanut pollen (a), and the mean (± SE) of bees per bee bowl captured in peanut with Gaillardia pulchella (IB), and both G. pulchella and peanut pollen (b).
Data from: Developing perennial wildflower strips for use in Mediterranean orchard systems
<p>To support sustainable food production and the delivery of ecosystem services through ecological intensification, wildflower strips have become a popular strategy. Despite their success in temperate orchard systems, they remain understudied in Mediterranean ecosystems, which poses a significant barrier to uptake. In order to further promote their adoption, seed mixes must be optimised for commercial orchard systems and for the Mediterranean climate. Plant species should be selected for their consistent performance, while the availability of resources for ecosystem service providers determines the quality of the wildflower strip. In this study, the suitability of 12 native perennial forbs and two tussock-forming grass species for wildflower strips in commercial <em>Citrus</em> orchards was assessed over a three year period. Distinct resources for natural enemies according to the different plant growth stages was used an indicator of wildflower strip quality. The wildflower strips were managed under two different cutting strategies; i) standard management, in which wildflower strips were cut once annually in February, ii) active management, in which wildflower strips were cut two additional times each year. The establishment and success of the sown species were compared. The influence of wildflower strips and their management on plant species richness, community structure, and the provision of resources was compared with iii) a control treatment, in which alleyways were managed conventionally by cutting any naturally occurring vegetation to a height of ≤5 cm, four to five times annual. For the first time, the performance of native perennial plant species has been assessed in Mediterranean orchard systems and a seed mix developed targeting pest regulation services. The wildflower strips were successful in increasing plant species richness and the available resources expected to support natural enemies. However, only wildflower strips managed with cutting once annually enhanced vegetation cover relative to the control, whilst extending the flowering period. This study therefore provides crucial tools for the further development of sustainable approaches to food production in Mediterranean orchard systems. </p>
Data from: The interplay of intercropping, wildflower strips and weeds in conservation biological control and productivity
<p>Diversifying agroecosystems is instrumental to reduce pesticide use in agriculture. While different diversification practices have the potential to reduce pests, their integration at the agroecosystem level and the evaluation of their multifunctional effects remain limited. Through a two-year field experiment conducted in Germany, we tested whether associating intercropping (faba bean-wheat, followed by breadseed poppy-barley) with pluriannual wildflower strips strengthens the biological regulation of aphid pests and weeds, and enhances cropping system productivity. The contribution of flowering weeds to conservation biological control was also analysed. Aphid colonization rates, but also predator colonization and predation rates, on bean and poppy were consistently lower in intercropping compared to sole cropping. Associating wildflower strips to intercropping enhanced aphid predation in bean-wheat intercropping, and further reduced aphid colonization at 10 m distance from the flower strip but not at 20 m in poppy-barley intercropping. Weed biomass was strongly reduced in intercropping compared to sole crop bean and poppy, and did not significantly affect bean and poppy yields in intercropping. The cover of one flowering weed species, <em>Matricaria recutita</em>, was negatively correlated to aphid colonization rate and positively correlated to predation rate in bean-wheat intercropping. In poppy-barley intercropping, <em>M. recutita</em> flowers were visited more often by predatory hoverflies in plots adjacent to wildflower strips. Finally, land equivalent ratio, measuring land-use efficiency, was consistently higher than 1, and the highest in bean-wheat intercropping associated to wildflower strips. The study shows that intercropping is key to control multiple pests and enhance land-use efficiency, and demonstrates that associating wildflower strips to intercropping can strengthen biological control and cropping system productivity. Flowering weeds, maintained at an acceptable level through intercropping, turn out to be relevant functional biodiversity in interacting with wildflower strips to support natural enemies for conservation biological control.</p>
Data from: Developing perennial wildflower strips for use in Mediterranean orchard systems
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Data from: The interplay of intercropping, wildflower strips and weeds in conservation biological control and productivity
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Data from: Wildflower strip establishment supports beneficial ground-dwelling arthropods and pest control but has limited effects on weed seed control and spillover to adjacent fields
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Data from: Landscape greening and local creation of wildflower strips and hedgerows promote multiple ecosystem services
1. The explicit and implicit aims of creating ecological focus areas (EFAs) and implementing greening measures in European agro-ecosystems include the promotion of regulatory ecosystem services (ES) to sustain crop production in conventional cropping systems. However, the extent to which these goals are achieved with current policy measures remains poorly explored. 2. We measured insect-mediated pollination and natural pest control service provisioning in 18 winter oilseed rape fields as a function of the independent and interactive effects of local EFA establishment ─ sown wildflower strips and hedgerows ─ and landscape-scale greening measures within a 1 km radius around focal fields and quantified their contribution to crop yield. 3. Insect pollination potential and pest predation increased on average by 10 and 13%, respectively, when landscape-scale greening measures share was increased from 6 to 26%. For pollination, the increase was stronger in fields adjoining an EFA (14%) than in fields without adjacent EFA (7%). 4. Agricultural management practices were the main drivers of crop yield. Neither insect pollination potential or natural pest control (pest predation & parasitism) nor adjacent EFAs and landscape-scale greening significantly affected crop yield in addition to agricultural management. 5. Synthesis and applications. Local establishment of perennial, species–rich wildflower strips and hedgerows, combined with landscape-scale greening measures in agricultural landscapes, can promote multiple ecosystem services (ES) in conventional production systems. Benefits may be maximized when local and landscape measures are combined. However, enhanced pollination and natural pest regulation seem to contribute relatively little to final crop yield compared to local agricultural management practices in the high-input conventional production system studied. Further research is needed to better understand how to improve the effectiveness of ecological focus areas and other greening measures in promoting regulatory ES. Potential improvements include minimising trade-offs while promoting synergies between ES provision, food production and biodiversity conservation.
Data from: Wildflower strips enhance pollination in adjacent strawberry crops at the small scale
Wildflower strips (WFS) are increasingly used to counteract the negative consequences of agricultural intensification. To date, it is poorly understood how WFS promote flower visitation and pollination services in nearby insect-pollinated crops. We therefore ask whether WFS enhance pollination service in adjacent strawberry crops, and how such an effect depends on the distance from WFS. Over two years we examined the effects of experimentally sown WFS compared to grassy strips on pollination services in adjacent strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) crops across a total of 19 study sites. Moreover, we examined flower visitation, species richness and community composition of the most important insect pollinator taxa at different within-field locations varying in distance to WFS. We found increased pollination services at the edge of WFS compared to locally reduced pollination services at the centre, which resulted in no significant difference in seed set between WFS and control fields. Total flower visits and species richness of pollinators were higher in WFS than in adjacent strawberry fields. Moreover, wild bee visitation was enhanced in adjacent strawberry crops near WFS compared to field centres, and intermediate at field edges near grassy strips. Our study demonstrates that diverse WFS can increase wild bee visitation and pollination services in the field edges of adjacent strawberry crops, but that overall visitation and pollination services do not increase. Moreover, our findings show that major pollinator taxa exhibit distinct responses, resulting in a shift of pollinator community composition as a function of distance to WFS with direct effects on crop pollination. Our results that WFS enhance rather than reduce crop pollination services near WFS should distract possible concerns by farmers that WFS may locally absorb rather than export crop pollinators. Considering the spatial restricted enhancement of wild bees and associated pollination services we suggest to establish WFS in the centre of crop fields.
Data from: Local and landscape-level floral resources explain effects of wildflower strips on wild bees across four European countries
1. Growing evidence for declines in wild bees calls for the development and implementation of effective mitigation measures. Enhancing floral resources is a widely accepted measure for promoting bees in agricultural landscapes, but effectiveness varies considerably between landscapes and regions. We hypothesize that this variation is mainly driven by a combination of the direct effects of measures on local floral resources and the availability of floral resources in the surrounding landscape. 2. To test this, we established wildflower strips in four European countries, using the same seed mixture of forage plants specifically targeted at bees. We used a before–after control–impact approach to analyse the impacts of wildflower strips on bumblebees, solitary bees and Red List species and examined to what extent effects were affected by local and landscape-wide floral resource availability, land-use intensity and landscape complexity. 3. Wildflower strips generally enhanced local bee abundance and richness, including Red-listed species. Effectiveness of the wildflower strips increased with the local contrast in flower richness created by the strips and furthermore depended on the availability of floral resources in the surrounding landscape, with different patterns for solitary bees and bumblebees. Effects on solitary bees appeared to decrease with increasing amount of late-season alternative floral resources in the landscape, whereas effects on bumblebees increased with increasing early-season landscape-wide floral resource availability. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that the effects of wildflower strips on bees are largely driven by the extent to which local flower richness is increased. The effectiveness of this measure could therefore be enhanced by maximizing the number of bee forage species in seed mixtures, and by management regimes that effectively maintain flower richness in the strips through the years. In addition, for bumblebees specifically, our study highlights the importance of a continuous supply of food resources throughout the season. Measures that enhance early-season landscape-wide floral resource availability, such as the cultivation of oilseed rape, can benefit bumblebees by providing the essential resources for colony establishment and growth in spring. Further research is required to determine whether, and under what conditions, wildflower strips result in actual population-level effects.
Attractiveness of sown wildflower strips to flower-visiting insects depends on seed mixture and establishment success
<p>Establishing wildflower strips has been suggested as an effective measure to promote pollination services, pest control or general insect biodiversity, but little is known about the integration of these different objectives when selecting flower seed mixtures. In ten agricultural landscapes in the Netherlands, we established a wildflower strip (0.4 – 4.9 ha) with half of each strip sown with a mixture targeting longer-tongued pollinators and the other half sown with a mixture targeting shorter-tongued pollinators and natural enemies. We determined establishment success of sown wildflowers and evaluated the attractiveness of the established flower communities to multiple functional groups of flower visitors: bumblebees (long-tongued pollinators), hoverflies (short-tongued pollinators and natural enemies), and butterflies and total flower-visitor richness (indicators of wider biodiversity values). Bumblebees clearly preferred the pollinatortargeted seed mixture and were positively associated with cover of Fabaceae and negatively with Apiaceae. Hoverflies consistently preferred the natural enemy mixture and were positively associated with Apiaceae. The other target groups displayed no clear responses to seed mixture type but instead were associated with local flower richness within strips. Across sites, responses of flower-visitors to sown mixture types did not depend on wildflower strip size, proportion of surrounding semi-natural habitat, or flower variables. However, all flower-visitors except butterflies increased with increasing cover or richness of (sown) flower species across sites. Our results suggest that, although species-rich wildflower strips may benefit several species groups, maximising different objectives involves trade-offs between functional groups that prefer short- or long-corolla flowers. Furthermore, our study suggests that sowing a wildflower mixture does not necessarily result in a vegetation with the same composition as the seed mixture as species may establish poorly or not at all. Selection of flower species for seed mixtures should therefore, in addition to insect target group, take the establishment characteristics of plant species into account.</p>
Data from: Wildflower strips enhance pollination in adjacent strawberry crops at the small scale
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Attractiveness of sown wildflower strips to flower-visiting insects depends on seed mixture and establishment success
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Data from: Local and landscape-level floral resources explain effects of wildflower strips on wild bees across four European countries
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Data from: Landscape greening and local creation of wildflower strips and hedgerows promote multiple ecosystem services
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Wildflower strips enhance wild bee reproductive success
<p>1. Intensification of agriculture has resulted in a simplification and fragmentation of agroecosystems. Yet, its impact on the reproductive success and population dynamics of wild bees, and how adverse effects can be mitigated, remains poorly understood.</p> <p>2. We established populations of seven solitary bee species varying in body size in experimentally sown wild flower strips (WFS), existing semi-natural habitats (SNH; forest edges) and isolated sites lacking WFS and SNH in the local surrounding (350 m radius) to test whether (i) the wild bee species use planted flowers of wildflower strips (WFS) to provision offspring with pollen, (ii) whether vicinity to WFS reduces their foraging trip duration, (iii) parasitism rate, and (iv) increases bee reproductive success of nesting populations. Furthermore, we tested whether the effect size depends on the body size of the bee species considered.</p> <p>3. We show that wild bees nesting in WFS provisioned their offspring primarily with pollen from plants of WFS. This led to shorter foraging trips of all bee species nesting in WFS compared to bees nesting in isolated (unrestored) sites and overall increased reproductive success (i.e. more viable offspring). Reproductive success of bees nesting in WFS was also higher, and parasitism rates lower, compared to bees nesting at forest edges. Smaller-potentially less mobile-bee species benefitted more than larger ones from WFS plantings in terms of reproductive success.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications.Our findings demonstrate that diverse WFS can enhance the reproductive success of multiple solitary wild bee species, thereby mitigating negative impacts of agroecosystem simplification through the provision of suitable floral resources and reduced foraging times required for offspring provisioning. Our study further indicates that a relatively fine-meshed network of wildflower plantings and nesting habitats is required to most effectively enhance reproduction and populations of solitary bees in agricultural landscapes. </p>
Wildflower strips enhance wild bee reproductive success
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