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8 results for “wind function”
Data from: Neighbor effects on tree architecture: functional trade-offs balancing crown competitiveness with wind resistance
1. The architecture of trees is the result of constrained, morphologically plastic growth—constrained by an underlying architectural model embedded in their genome, the structure of which can be significantly altered during growth to match the changing environmental conditions to which the tree is exposed. Here, we examined the hypothesis that crowding from neighbors should cause trees to optimize traits for light competition at the expense of wind resistance, with the reverse being true for trees lacking neighbors. Previous studies have examined the influence of light competition or wind resistance on shaping tree architecture, but few, if any, have simultaneously addressed tradeoffs for optimizing these traits in response to crowding from neighboring trees in forests, as compared to open-grown conditions. 2. We studied the response of tree- and branch-level architectural traits of temperate, broad-leaved, deciduous tree species of differing shade tolerance and wood strength from multiple locations across the northeastern United States. Trees ranged in size (4 to 83 cm diameter at 1.3 m) and crowding conditions (open-grown and forests) and occupied different canopy positions. The open-grown trees represented a null condition, where the lack of neighboring trees to shape architectural traits could be contrasted with the influence of different levels of crowding in forests. 3. Our results show strong evidence for a tree neighborhood-induced convergence of architectural traits across species and conditions, even when trees are growing in urban rather than natural forest conditions. After accounting for crowding, the effects of species and sample location contributed very little to explaining variation in architectural traits. One exception was crown dimensions, for which species-specific differences explained about 15% of the residual variation. 4. Under open-grown conditions, alleviation of light competition caused trees to develop relatively large crowns and branches and a squat growth form suitable to resist greater wind exposure. By contrast, increasing shading from neighboring trees caused forest-grown trees to become increasingly more spindly in the main stem, with slender branches sparsely distributed over a disproportionately large crown volume—presumably to maximize light capture. Though the latter is an intrinsically less wind-stable form, it can be adopted to increase light capture, because neighboring trees reduce exposure to the wind, which should greatly reduce the likelihood of stem breakage or uprooting under critical wind pressures.
Data from: Neighbor effects on tree architecture: functional trade-offs balancing crown competitiveness with wind resistance
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Wind Solar Wind Experiment (SWE) Faraday Cup, Solar Wind Plasma Reduced Ion Distribution Functions, 92 s Data
WIND Solar Wind Experiment, SWE, Faraday cup data: this data set contains three-dimensional measurements of ions in the energy range 150 eV to 8 keV. Placed 15° above and below equatorial plane of the spacecraft, the Faraday Cups measure ion charge flux as a function of epoch, cup number, orientation angle, and bias grid potential. For each time point, a full spectrum is comprised of charge flux measurements at the two Faraday cup sensors at 20 azimuth angles for each of 31 energy-per-charge windows with 1240 data points per spectrum. Spectra are built up over approximately 92 s intervals. The effective area of the Faraday cup sensor as a function of incidence angle onto the cup is also provided.
Wind SMS Suite SupraThermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (SMS/STICS) Ion Velocity Distribution Functions (VDFs), Level 2 (L2), 3-minute Data in Solar Wind
The data include Wind STICS 3-minute 3D velocity distribution functions (VDFs) in three units (phase space density, differential number flux and counts), together with their statistical errors, for selected ion species using triple coincidence (H+, He+, He2+, C5+, O+, O6+, and Fe10+) and double coincidence (H+, He+, He2+, O+, O6+) measurements in the solar wind. For details, see https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/wind/documents/wind_stics_lv2_release_notes_revD.pdf.The Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS) is a time of flight (TOF) plasma mass spectrometer, capable of identifying mass and mass per charge for incident ions up to 200 keV/e. It uses an electrostatic analyzer to admit ions of a particular energy per charge (E/Q) into the TOF chamber. The E/Q voltage is stepped through 32 values, sitting at each value for approximately 24 sec., to measure ions over the full E/Q range of 6 - 200 keV/e. Ions then pass through a carbon foil and TOF chamber, before finally impacting on a solid-state detector (SSD) for energy measurement. STICS combines these three measurements of E/Q, TOF and residual energy, producing PHA words. This triple-coincidence technique greatly improves the signal to noise ratio in the data. Measurements of E/Q and TOF without residual energy also produce PHA words. These double-coincidence measurements are characterized by better statistics since ions whose energy does not allow them to be registered by the SSD can still be counted in double-coincidence measurements. However, ion identification in double-coincidence measurements are limited to a select number of ions that are well separated in E/Q - TOF space. The STICS instrument provides full 3D velocity distribution functions, through a combination of multiple telescopes and spacecraft spin. The instrument includes 3 separate TOF telescopes that view 3 separate latitude sectors, as shown in Figure 1 (https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/wind/documents/wind_stics_lv2_release_notes_revD.pdf). In addition, the WIND spacecraft spins, allowing the 3 telescopes to trace out a nearly 4π steradian viewing area. The longitudinal sectors are shown in Figure 2. The solar direction is in sectors 8-10 while the earthward direction is in sectors 0-2.
Wind SMS Suite SupraThermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (SMS/STICS) Ion Velocity Distribution Functions (VDFs), Level 2 (L2), 3-minute Data in Magnetosphere
The data include Wind STICS 3-minute 3D velocity distribution functions (VDFs) in three units (phase space density, differential number flux and counts), together with their statistical errors, for selected ion species using triple coincidence (H+, He+, He2+, C5+, O+, O6+, and Fe10+) and double coincidence (H+, He+, He2+, O+, O6+) measurements in the magnetosphere. For details, see https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/wind/documents/wind_stics_lv2_release_notes_revD.pdf.The Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS) is a time of flight (TOF) plasma mass spectrometer, capable of identifying mass and mass per charge for incident ions up to 200 keV/e. It uses an electrostatic analyzer to admit ions of a particular energy per charge (E/Q) into the TOF chamber. The E/Q voltage is stepped through 32 values, sitting at each value for approximately 24 sec., to measure ions over the full E/Q range of 6 - 200 keV/e. Ions then pass through a carbon foil and TOF chamber, before finally impacting on a solid-state detector (SSD) for energy measurement. STICS combines these three measurements of E/Q, TOF and residual energy, producing PHA words. This triple-coincidence technique greatly improves the signal to noise ratio in the data. Measurements of E/Q and TOF without residual energy also produce PHA words. These double-coincidence measurements are characterized by better statistics since ions whose energy does not allow them to be registered by the SSD can still be counted in double-coincidence measurements. However, ion identification in double-coincidence measurements are limited to a select number of ions that are well separated in E/Q - TOF space. The STICS instrument provides full 3D velocity distribution functions, through a combination of multiple telescopes and spacecraft spin. The instrument includes 3 separate TOF telescopes that view 3 separate latitude sectors, as shown in Figure 1 (https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/wind/documents/wind_stics_lv2_release_notes_revD.pdf). In addition, the WIND spacecraft spins, allowing the 3 telescopes to trace out a nearly 4π steradian viewing area. The longitudinal sectors are shown in Figure 2. The solar direction is in sectors 8-10 while the earthward direction is in sectors 0-2.
PSP Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) SPAN-A Proton Distribution Function, Partial Moments, Instrument Frame, Level 3 (L3), 7 s Data
SPI Level 3 Data----------------File Naming Format: psp_swp_spi_sf00_l3_mom_inst_YYYYMMDD_v01.cdfThis data product contains measurements of partial moments of the proton distribution function in the instrument frame of reference. Users should be aware that the full ion distribution is typicaly not in the field of view, FOV, of the SPAN Ion instrument.Parker Solar Probe SWEAP Rules of the Road------------------------------------------As part of the development of collaboration with the broader Heliophysics community, the mission has drafted a "Rules of the Road" to govern how PSP instrument data are to be used.* 1) Users should consult with the PI to discuss the appropriate use of instrument data or model results and to ensure that the users are accessing the most recently available versions of the data and of the analysis routines. Instrument team Science Operations Centers, SOCs, and/or Virtual Observatories, VOs, should facilitate this process serving as the contact point between PI and users in most cases.* 2) Users should heed the caveats of investigators to the interpretations and limitations of data or model results. Investigators supplying data or models may insist that such caveats be published. Data and model version numbers should also be specified.* 3) Browse products, Quicklook, and Planning data are not intended for science analysis or publication and should not be used for those purposes without consent of the PI.* 4) Users should acknowledge the sources of data used in all publications, presentations, and reports: "We acknowledge the NASA Parker Solar Probe Mission and the SWEAP team led by J. Kasper for use of data.".* 5) Users are encouraged to provide the PI a copy of each manuscript that uses the PI data prior to submission of that manuscript for consideration of publication. On publication, the citation should be transmitted to the PI and any other providers of data.
Wind Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS) Distribution Functions
Wind Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS) phase-space distribution functions at 1-day time resolution for specified ions. Calibrated science quality data presented in the native spacecraft frame. The data files contain 3D phase space density distribution, A(v) (currently in arbitrary units) functions, for H+. There are 512 values for A(v) for each time step, corresponding to each directional sector (16 total directions) and each Deflection Voltage Step (DVS) corresponding to a set E/q value (32 total voltage steps per sector). Only proton distribution functions are currently released at the production level.
PSP Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) SPAN-A Alpha Particle Distribution Function, Partial Moments, Instrument Frame, Level 3 (L3), 14 s Data
SPI Level 3 Data----------------File Naming Format: psp_swp_spi_sf0a_l3_mom_inst_YYMMDDDD_v01.cdfThis data product contains measurements of partial moments of the alpha particle distribution function in the instrument frame of reference. Users should be aware that the full ion distribution is typicaly not in the field of view, FOV, of the SPAN Ion instrument.Parker Solar Probe SWEAP Rules of the Road------------------------------------------As part of the development of collaboration with the broader Heliophysics community, the mission has drafted a "Rules of the Road" to govern how PSP instrument data are to be used.* 1) Users should consult with the PI to discuss the appropriate use of instrument data or model results and to ensure that the users are accessing the most recently available versions of the data and of the analysis routines. Instrument team Science Operations Centers, SOCs, and/or Virtual Observatories, VOs, should facilitate this process serving as the contact point between PI and users in most cases.* 2) Users should heed the caveats of investigators to the interpretations and limitations of data or model results. Investigators supplying data or models may insist that such caveats be published. Data and model version numbers should also be specified.* 3) Browse products, Quicklook, and Planning data are not intended for science analysis or publication and should not be used for those purposes without consent of the PI.* 4) Users should acknowledge the sources of data used in all publications, presentations, and reports: "We acknowledge the NASA Parker Solar Probe Mission and the SWEAP team led by J. Kasper for use of data.".* 5) Users are encouraged to provide the PI a copy of each manuscript that uses the PI data prior to submission of that manuscript for consideration of publication. On publication, the citation should be transmitted to the PI and any other providers of data.
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