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17 results for “wing pigmentation”
Data from: Thermal plasticity in protective wing pigmentation is modulated by genotype and food availability in an insect model of seasonal polyphenism
<p>Phenotypic variation in natural populations results from complex interactions between organisms and their changing environments. The environment shapes both phenotypic frequencies (during adaptation) and organismal phenotypes (through phenotypic plasticity). Developmental plasticity, in particular, refers to the phenomenon whereby an organism's phenotype depends on the environmental conditions during development. It can match phenotype to ecological conditions and help organisms to cope with environmental heterogeneity, including differences between alternating seasons. Experimental studies of developmental plasticity often focus on the impact of individual environmental cues and do not take explicit account of genetic variation. In contrast, natural environments are complex, comprising multiple variables with combined effects that are poorly understood and may vary among genotypes. We investigated the effects of multifactorial environments on the development of the seasonally plastic eyespots of <em>Bicyclus anynana</em> butterflies. Eyespot size depends on developmental temperature and is involved in alternative seasonal strategies for predator avoidance. In nature, both temperature and food availability undergo seasonal fluctuations. However, our understanding of how thermal plasticity in eyespot size varies in response to food availability and across genotypes remains limited. To address this, we investigated the combined effects of temperature (T; two levels: 20°C and 27°C) and food availability (N; two levels: control and limited) during development. We examined their impact on wing and eyespot size in adult males and females from multiple genotypes (G; 28 families). We found evidence of thermal and nutritional plasticity and temperature-by-nutrition interactions (significant TxN) on the size of eyespots in both sexes. Food limitation resulted in relatively smaller eyespots and tempered the effects of temperature. Additionally, we found differences among families for thermal plasticity (significant GxT effects), but not for nutritional plasticity (non-significant GxN effects) nor for the combined effects of temperature and food limitation (non-significant GxTxN effects). Our results reveal the context dependence of thermal plasticity, with the slope of thermal reaction norms varying across genotypes and across nutritional environments. We discuss these results in light of the ecological significance of pigmentation and the value of considering thermal plasticity in studies of the biological impact of climate change.</p>
Data from: Distinct genetic architectures underlie divergent thorax, leg, and wing pigmentation between Drosophila elegans and D. gunungcola
<p>Understanding the genetic basis of species differences is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Pigmentation divergence between <i>Drosophila </i>species often involves genetic changes in pigmentation candidate genes that pattern the body and wings, but it remains unclear how these changes affect pigmentation evolution in multiple body parts between the same diverging species. <i>Drosophila elegans </i>and <i>D. gunungcola</i> show pigmentation differences in the thorax, legs, and wings, with <i>D. elegans </i>exhibiting male-specific wing spots and <i>D. gunungcola </i>lacking wing spots with intensely dark thoraces and legs. Here, we performed QTL mapping to identify the genetic architecture of these differences. We find a large effect QTL on the X chromosome for all three body parts. QTL on Muller Element E were found for thorax pigmentation in both backcrosses but were only marginally significant in one backcross for the legs and wings. Consistent with this observation, we isolated the effects of the Muller Element E QTL by introgressing <i>D. gunungcola </i>alleles into a <i>D. elegans </i>genetic background and found that <i>D. gunungcola </i>alleles linked near the pigmentation candidate gene <i>ebony </i>caused intense darkening of the thorax, minimal darkening of legs, and minimal shrinking of wing spots. <i>D. elegans</i> <i>ebony</i> mutants showed changes in pigmentation consistent with Ebony having different effects on pigmentation in different tissues. Our results suggest that multiple genes have evolved differential effects on pigmentation levels in different body regions.</p>
The mechanistic origin of amber pigmentation of Perithemis tenera (Say, 1840) wings (Anisoptera: Libellulidae)
<p>Animal coloration serves various signaling and non-signaling functions. In damselflies and dragonflies (Odonata), such colors may not only play photoprotective and/or thermoregulatory roles but also serve as visual signals during courtship and/or agonistic interactions. Here, we analyzed the coloration of <em>Perithemis tenera</em> wings, a potential secondary sexual ornament, applying spectrophotometry and visual modeling to gain a deeper understanding of their color mechanisms and functions. The amber coloration of the <em>P. tenera</em> wings results from the interaction of light with both the melanized chitin matrix and possibly ommochrome pigments. This coloration stands out significantly against the dry Brazilian savannah, the natural habitat of <em>P. tenera</em>, making it easily detectable by conspecifics. Additionally, by fitting the absorbance curve of <em>P. tenera</em> wings to the extinction coefficient of different melanins, we deduced that pheomelanin is likely the pigment embedded in the wing’s chitinous matrix. If the presence of pheomelanin is confirmed, a pigment predominantly found in vertebrates and known to be associated with an increased risk of melanoma and Parkinson’s disease, <em>P. tenera</em> could become a valuable species for studying these diseases and their potential links to pigmentation, as well as its roles in insects’ immune systems and cuticle sclerotization.</p>
Data from: <em>Araucan</em> regulates butterfly wing iridescence by coordinating scale structure and pigmentation
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Data from: Thermal plasticity in protective wing pigmentation is modulated by genotype and food availability in an insect model of seasonal polyphenism
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Data from: Distinct genetic architectures underlie divergent thorax, leg, and wing pigmentation between Drosophila elegans and D. gunungcola
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Data from: UV photoreceptors and UV-yellow wing pigments in Heliconius butterflies allow a color signal to serve both mimicry and intraspecific communication
Mimetic wing coloration evolves in butterflies in the context of predator confusion. Unless butterfly eyes have adaptations for discriminating mimetic color variation, mimicry also carries a risk of confusion for the butterflies themselves. Heliconius butterfly eyes, which express recently duplicated UV opsins, have such an adaptation. To examine bird and butterfly color vision as sources of selection on butterfly coloration we studied yellow wing pigmentation in the tribe Heliconiini. We confirmed using reflectance and mass spectrometry that only Heliconius use 3-hydroxy-DL kynurenine (3-OHK) as a wing pigment. 3-OHK looks yellow to humans but it reflects both UV- and long-wavelength light whereas butterflies in related genera have chemically unknown yellow pigments mostly lacking UV-reflectance. Modeling of these color signals reveals that the two UV photoreceptors of Heliconius are better suited to separating 3-OHK from non-3-OHK spectra compared to the photoreceptors of related genera or birds. The co-occurrence of potentially enhanced UV-vision and a UV-reflecting 'yellow' wing pigment could allow unpalatable Heliconius private intraspecific communication in the presence of mimics. Our results are the best available evidence for the correlated evolution of a color signal and color vision. They also suggest that predator visual systems are error-prone in the context of mimicry.
Data from: Transcriptome analysis reveals novel patterning and pigmentation genes underlying Heliconius butterfly wing pattern variation
BACKGROUND: Heliconius butterfly wing pattern diversity offers a unique opportunity to investigate how natural genetic variation can drive the evolution of complex adaptive phenotypes. Positional cloning and candidate gene studies have identified a handful of regulatory and pigmentation genes implicated in Heliconius wing pattern variation, but little is known about the greater developmental networks within which these genes interact to pattern a wing. Here we took a large-scale transcriptomic approach to identify the network of genes involved in Heliconius wing pattern development and variation. This included applying over 140 transcriptome microarrays to assay gene expression in dissected wing pattern elements across a range of developmental stages and wing pattern morphs of Heliconius erato. RESULTS: We identified a number of putative early prepattern genes with color-pattern related expression domains. We also identified 51 genes differentially expressed in association with natural color pattern variation. Of these, the previously identified color pattern "switch gene" optix was recovered as the first transcript to show color-specific differential expression. Most differentially expressed genes were transcribed late in pupal development and have roles in cuticle formation or pigment synthesis. These include previously undescribed transporter genes associated with ommochrome pigmentation. Furthermore, we observed upregulation of melanin-repressing genes such as ebony and Dat1 in non-melanic patterns. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies many new genes implicated in butterfly wing pattern development and provides a glimpse into the number and types of genes affected by variation in genes that drive color pattern evolution.
Data from: Ecology and sexual selection: evolution of wing pigmentation in calopterygid damselflies in relation to latitude, sexual dimorphism and speciation
Our knowledge about how the environment influences sexual selection regimes and how ecology and sexual selection interact is still limited. We performed an integrative study of wing pigmentation in calopterygid damselflies, combining phylogenetic comparative analyses, field observations and experiments. We investigated the evolutionary consequences of wing pigmentation for sexual dimorphism, speciation and extinction and addressed the possible thermoregulatory benefits of pigmentation. First, we reconstructed ancestral states of male and female phenotypes and traced the evolutionary change of wing pigmentation. Clear wings are the ancestral state and that pigmentation dimorphism is derived, suggesting that sexual selection results in sexual dimorphism. We further demonstrate that pigmentation elevates speciation and extinction rates. We also document a significant biogeographic association with pigmented species primarily occupying northern temperate regions with cooler climates. Field observations and experiments on two temperate sympatric species suggest a link between pigmentation, thermoregulation and sexual selection, although body temperature is also affected by other phenotypic traits such as body mass, microhabitat selection and thermoregulatory behaviors. Taken together, our results suggest an important role for wing pigmentation in sexual selection in males and in speciation. Wing pigmentation might not increase ecological adaptation and species longevity, and its primary function is in sexual signalling and species recognition.
FIGURE 18. Austroplebeia wings. Dotted lines indicate pigmented vein traces. Figs a–c in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 18. Austroplebeia wings. Dotted lines indicate pigmented vein traces. Figs a–c. Forewings, showing variation observed in the vestige of the first transverse cubital vein: a, A. magna sp. nov. forewing with a short vein vestige; b, Detail of an A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph forewing with a thickening of vein M at this position; c, Detail of an A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph forewing with a long vein vestige. Fig. d. Hindwing of A. magna sp. nov. Fig. e. Diagram of a forewing showing how the following measurements were made: (1) forewing length without tegula; (2) forewing width; (3) wing diagonal (Sakagami 1978); (4) 1st abscissa of M length; (5) 1st abscissa of Cu length. Figs a–d drawn to same scale: scale bar = 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: M—vein M; 1st R—first recurrent vein; 2nd Cu—second cubital cell; Ham—hamuli.
Phenotypic variation in male Calopteryx splendens damselflies: The role of wing pigmentation and body size in thermoregulation
<p class="ListParagraph1">For an ectothermic insect, its color and size are important determinants of body temperature: dark colors absorb heat more efficiently, while larger bodies require more heat to reach a certain temperature. These dark colors are expressed using melanin, which has been intimately linked with an insect's thermoregulatory capabilities. Melanin is also linked with immune defense and is often used as a secondary sexual character in insects. There is a potential trade-off situation between thermoregulatory capabilities, immune defence and secondary sexual characters, all of which use melanin. Some <i>Calopteryx</i> damselflies, such as <i>Calopteryx splendens</i>, have melanin-based wing pigmentation that is sexually selected and drives intra- and interspecific territorial aggressions. Our goal was to experimentally study how the wing pigmentation and body size of <i>C. splendens</i> males affect their thermoregulation and especially their ability to become active after being cooled down. Our results are in line with our hypotheses showing that (<i>i</i>) individuals with larger wing spots had significantly faster activation times than those with smaller wing spots, and (<i>ii</i>) individuals with larger body size had significantly slower activation times than those with smaller body size. Both variables showed an interaction and thus are important in damselfly warm up and activation. We discuss the role wing pigmentation and thermoregulation can have on the behavioral patterns observed in <i>Calopteryx</i> species.</p>
Phenotypic variation in male Calopteryx splendens damselflies: The role of wing pigmentation and body size in thermoregulation
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Data from: UV photoreceptors and UV-yellow wing pigments in Heliconius butterflies allow a color signal to serve both mimicry and intraspecific communication
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Data from: Transcriptome analysis reveals novel patterning and pigmentation genes underlying Heliconius butterfly wing pattern variation
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Data from: Sexual dichromatism in wing pigmentation of New World dragonflies follows Rensch’s rule
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Data from: Ecology and sexual selection: evolution of wing pigmentation in calopterygid damselflies in relation to latitude, sexual dimorphism and speciation
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Measurements of wing pigmentation in wild-type, <em>yellow</em>, and <em>tan</em> mutants of <em>Drosophila guttifera</em>
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