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Effects of experimentally altered wolf spider densities and warming on soil microarthropods, litter decomposition, litter N, and soil nutrients near Toolik Field Station, AK in summer 2012
Predators can disproportionately impact the structure and function of ecosystems relative to their biomass. These effects may be exacerbated under warming in ecosystems like the Arctic, where the number and diversity of predators are low and small shifts in community interactions can alter carbon cycle feedbacks. Here we show that warming alters the effects of wolf spiders, a dominant tundra predator, on belowground litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics. Specifically, while high densities of wolf spiders result in faster litter decomposition under ambient temperatures, they result instead in slower decomposition under warming. Higher spider densities are also associated with elevated levels of available soil nitrogen, potentially benefitting plant production. Changes in decomposition rates under increased wolf spider densities are accompanied by trends toward fewer fungivorous Collembola under ambient temperatures and more Collembola under warming, suggesting that Collembola mediate the indirect effects of wolf spiders on decomposition. The unexpected reversal of wolf spider effects on Collembola and decomposition suggests that in some cases, warming does not simply alter the strength of top-down effects but instead induces a different trophic cascade altogether. Our results indicate that climate change-induced effects on predators can cascade through other trophic levels, alter critical ecosystem functions, and potentially lead to climate feedbacks with important global implications. Moreover, given the expected increase in wolf spider densities with climate change, our findings suggest that the observed cascading effects of this common predator on detrital processes could potentially buffer concurrent changes in decomposition rates.
Figures 39-42 in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Figures 39-42. Epigynes, cleared, dorsal view 39 Amblyothele togona sp. n. (Masako, Congo DR) 40 Amblyothele longipes sp. n. (Mbé, Ivory Coast) 41 Amblyothele latedissipata sp. n. (Mkomazi, Tanzania) 42 Amblyothele albocincta (Okavango). Scale = 0.1 mm.
Figures 33-38 in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Figures 33-38. Amblyothele togona Roewer (male from Ebolowa, Cameroon). 33 right male palp, ventral view 34 right male palp, prolateral view 35 epigyne (specimen from Ebolowa, Cameroon) 36 epigyne, specimen from Masako, DR Congo 37 epigyne, holotype 38 epigyne, dorsal view, cleared, specimen from Masako, DR Congo. Scales: 33-34 0.5 mm 35-38 0.1 mm.
Figures 28-32 in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Figures 28-32. Amblyothele longipes sp. n. (male holotype; female paratype) 28 right male palp, ventral view 29 right male palp, retrolateral view 30 right male palp, prolateral view 31 epigyne, ventral view 32 epigyne, dorsal view, cleared. Scales: 28-30 0.5 mm 31-32 0.1 mm.
Figures 20-27 in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Figures 20-27. Amblyothele latedissipata sp. n. 20-21, 25 specimen from Ndumo, South Africa 22-24, 26-27 from Tanzania 20, 22 left male palp, ventral view 21, 23 left male palp, prolateral view 24 male palp, retrolateral view 25, 26 epigyne, ventral view 27 epigyne, dorsal view, cleared. Scales: 20-24 0.5mm 25-27 0.1 mm.
Figures 18-19 in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Figures 18-19. Amblyothele kivumba sp. n. (holotype) 18 right male palp, ventral view 19 right male palp, retrolateral view. Scale: 0.5 mm.
Figures 14-15. 14 in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Figures 14-15. 14 Amblyothele atlantica sp. n. epigyne of holotype, ventral view 15 A. ecologica sp. n. epigyne of holotype, ventral view. Scale: 0.1 mm.
Figures 2-9 in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Figures 2-9. Amblyothele togona Roewer (specimens from Masako, Congo DR) Scanning electron micrographs 2 female carapace, frontal view 3 epigyne, ventral view 4 anterior lateral spinneret; retro-caudal view 5 posterior lateral spinneret, last segment, ventral view 6 male palp, ventral view 7 male palp, detail, ventral view 8 tarsal organ on leg 2 9 tarsal claws, leg 2. (E: embolus; MA: median apophysis; TA: tegular apophysis).
Figures 10-13 in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Figures 10-13. Amblyothele albocincta Simon (holotype). 10 right male palp, ventral view 11 right male palp, retrolateral view 12 epigyne, ventral view 13 epigyne, dorsal view, cleared. Scales: 10-11 0.5 mm 12-13 0.1 mm.
Distal prong of MA fairly broad and curved, not protruding beyond cymbium in ventral view; indentation between distal and proximal prong round- ed (3b) in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Distal prong of MA fairly broad and curved, not protruding beyond cymbium in ventral view; indentation between distal and proximal prong round- ed (3b)
Distal prong of MA long and slender, protruding beyond cymbium in ventral view; indentation between distal and proximal prong narrow, rectangular (3a) in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Distal prong of MA long and slender, protruding beyond cymbium in ventral view; indentation between distal and proximal prong narrow, rectangular (3a)
Posterior margin of epigyne convex and provided with central band covered with short setae up to anterior margin (7a in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Posterior margin of epigyne convex and provided with central band covered with short setae up to anterior margin (7a
Distal prong of MA short, hardly longer than proximal one, straight (6a); TA fairly long and spiniform (6b) in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Distal prong of MA short, hardly longer than proximal one, straight (6a); TA fairly long and spiniform (6b)
Fig. 29 in Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)
Fig. 29. Tetralycosa halophila sp. nov. and T. williamsi sp. nov., distribution records in Australia.
Fig. 28 in Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)
Fig. 28. Tetralycosa williamsi sp. nov., ♂, holotype (SAM NN13812) and ♀, paratype (SAM NN17384). A–B. Left male pedipalp, ventral and retrolateral view. C. Left male pedipalp, palea section of bulbus, ventral view. D–E. Female epigyne, ventral and dorsal view. Scale bar: A–B = 1.92 mm; C = 1.23 mm; D–E = 1.32.
Fig. 27 in Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)
Fig. 27. Tetralycosa halophila sp. nov., ♂, holotype (SAM NN21734) and ♀, paratype (SAM NN21733). A–B. Left male pedipalp, ventral and retrolateral view. C–D. Female epigyne, ventral and dorsal view. Scale bar: A–B = 2.78 mm; C–D = 1.43 mm.
Fig. 26. Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960 in Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)
Fig. 26. Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960, microscopic photographs showing dorsal and ventral views. A–B. T. halophila sp. nov., ♂, holotype (SAM NN21734). C–D. T. halophila sp. nov., ♀, paratype (SAM NN21733). E–F. T. williamsi sp. nov., ♂, holotype (SAM NN13812). G–H. T. williamsi sp. nov., ♀, paratype (SAM NN17385). Scale bars: A–H = 2.00 mm.
Fig. 6 in Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)
Fig. 6. Tetralycosa oraria (L. Koch, 1876), ♂ (WAM 71/360) and female (WAM 71/361). A–B. Male carapace, lateral and frontal view. C–D. Left male pedipalp, ventral and retrolateral view. E. Left male pedipalp, palea section of bulbus, ventral view. F–G. Female epigyne, dorsal and ventral view. Scale bar: A = 4.42 mm; B = 1.88 mm; C–D = 1.28 mm; E = 0.56 mm; F–G = 0.89 mm.
Fig. 22. Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960 in Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)
Fig. 22. Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960, microscopic photographs showing dorsal and ventral views. A–B. T. adarca sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (SAM NN21882). C–D. T. adarca sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (SAM NN21732). E–F. T. eyrei (Hickman, 1944), ♂ (SAM NN2737). G–H. T. eyrei (Hickman, 1944), ♀ (SAM NN13813). Scale bars: A–H = 2.00 mm.
Fig. 17 in Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)
Fig. 17. Tetralycosa alteripa (McKay, 1976) and T. baudinettei sp. nov., distribution records in Australia.
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