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35 results for “wombats”
Fig. 2. 3 in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei
Fig. 2. 3-Dimensional models of A) S. scabiei mite survival from laboratory data (Arlian et al., 1984a), and B) the estimated mite survival from GAM fit to the laboratory data (R2 = 0.834).
Fig. 5. A in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei
Fig. 5. A) Estimated mite survival within burrows across the eastern (low mange prevalence) and western (high mange prevalence) survey areas. B) The relationship between estimated mite survival and the elevation of burrows from the eastern and western areas.
Fig. 4 in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei
Fig. 4. Relationship of burrow A) length, B) depth, C) elevation, and D) field trip number, to estimated mite survival time within burrow.
Fig. 3 in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei
Fig. 3. Temporal profiles of A) air temperature, B) relative humidity, and C) estimated mite survival within wombat burrows and outside at the burrow entrances. D) Average estimated mite survival time at burrow entrances and within burrows (n = 33).
Fig. 6 in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei
Fig. 6. Seasonal variation in estimated mite survival within wombat burrows. Note: in winter, the burrows were sampled with a different method (data loggers) compared to the spring and summer (robotic vehicle, the WomBot).
Fig. 1 in Environmental suitability of bare-nosed wombat burrows for Sarcoptes scabiei
Fig. 1. Location of study area at Musselroe Wind Farm, Cape Portland. Map of DPIPWE spotlight survey transect routes, red: west transect, blue: east transect. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
FIGURE 6 in New genus of primitive wombat (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) from Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Queensland, Australia)
FIGURE 6. Lingual view of lower molars to show presence of enamel tracts (indicated by asterisks). 1, Nimbavombatus boodjamullensis. 2, Rhizophascolonus crowcrofti. 3, Warendja encorensis.
FIGURE 3 in New genus of primitive wombat (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) from Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Queensland, Australia)
FIGURE 3. Left maxillary fragment of Nimbavombatus boodjamullensis from Boid Site East (QM F23774). Left panel (photographs) of 1, occlusal (ventral) view of tooth row and 2, buccal (lateral) view. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Right panel (line drawings) of 3, occlusal (ventral) view and 4, buccal (lateral) view. Grey shading represents enamel.
FIGURE 5 in New genus of primitive wombat (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) from Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Queensland, Australia)
FIGURE 5. Isolated molars of Nimbavombatus boodjamullensis from Creaser's Ramparts. 1, Right M1 (QM F30339). 2, Left M1 (QM F51404). 3, Left Mx (probably M2 or M3) (QM F23773). From left to right views are: buccal, lingual, anterior, posterior, stereo of occlusal surface and line drawing of occlusal surface. Scale bar for photographs represents 10 mm. Grey shading on line drawings represents enamel. L indicates lingual side, B indicates buccal side.
FIGURE 2 in New genus of primitive wombat (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) from Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Queensland, Australia)
FIGURE 2. An animation of type specimen QM F23774, reduced for web viewing, based on CT data. The specimen was scanned at the Natural History Museum, London using a Metris X-Tek HMX ST 225 system. Volumes were constructed using CT PRO (Metris X-Tek, UK) and visualised using VG Studio Max 2.0 (Volume Graphics, Heidelberg, Germany).
FIGURE 4 in New genus of primitive wombat (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) from Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Queensland, Australia)
FIGURE 4. Left maxillary fragment of Nimbavombatus boodjamullensis from Creaser's Ramparts Site (QM F23725). Photographs of 1, occlusal (ventral) view, 2, buccal (lateral) view and 3, lingual (medial) view. Scale bar represents 10 mm. 4, Line drawing of occlusal (ventral) view. Grey shading represents enamel. Asterisk marks presence of distinctive wear facet on trailing edge enamel (see text for details).
FIGURE 8 in New genus of primitive wombat (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) from Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Queensland, Australia)
FIGURE 8. Jaw movement during the power stroke in Nimbavombatus boodjamullensis. 1, Evidence of jaw movement on the surface of the cheek teeth. 2, Movement of the lower jaw during Phase I (left) and Phase II (right) of the power stroke.
FIGURE 7. 1, Strict consensus tree for parsimony analysis including Marada arcanum. 2 in New genus of primitive wombat (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) from Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Queensland, Australia)
FIGURE 7. 1, Strict consensus tree for parsimony analysis including Marada arcanum. 2, Bootstrap support for single most parsimonious tree from analysis excluding Marada arcanum (see text for details). Vombatidae indicated in purple.
Figs. 376–379. 376, 377. Lamponella wombat, new species. 378, 379. Lamponella kroombit, new species. 376. Left male palp, ventral view. 377. Same, retrolateral view. 378. Epigynum, ventral view. 379 in A Relimitation And Revision Of The Australasian Ground Spider Family Lamponidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea)
Figs. 376–379. 376, 377. Lamponella wombat, new species. 378, 379. Lamponella kroombit, new species. 376. Left male palp, ventral view. 377. Same, retrolateral view. 378. Epigynum, ventral view. 379. Same, dorsal view.
Figs. 173–176. Tinytrema wombat, new species. 173. Left male palp, ventral view. 174. Same, retrolateral view. 175. Epigynum, ventral view. 176 in A Revision Of The Australasian Ground Spiders Of The Families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, And Trochanteriidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea)
Figs. 173–176. Tinytrema wombat, new species. 173. Left male palp, ventral view. 174. Same, retrolateral view. 175. Epigynum, ventral view. 176. Same, dorsal view.
WOMBAT: A fully Bayesian global flux-inversion framework, version 1 (intermediate files)
<p>Code for reproducing the results of the <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.04004">WOMBAT v1 paper</a> is available on <a href="https://github.com/mbertolacci/wombat-paper">Github</a>. However, fully reproducing the results takes a very long time because of the need to run an atmospheric chemical transport model. To ease this, this dataset contains intermediate files comprising the outputs of the model. These can be used to run the flux inversions; instructions can be found on the code repository.</p>
Data from: Cranial remains of Ramsayia magna from the Late Pleistocene of Australia and the evolution of gigantism in wombats (Vombatidae; Marsupialia)
<p>Giant wombats (defined here as body mass ≥ 70 kg) are found in the genera <em>Phascolonus, Ramsayia</em>, and perhaps also <em>Sedophascolomys</em>. Of these, <em>Ramsayia </em>is the currently the most poorly known, having been described from fragmentary mandibular and cranial fragments. Here, we report the most complete cranial remains attributable to the genus, identified as the species <em>R. magna</em>. The remains provide new important insights into the anatomy of the species and the evolutionary adaptations to gigantism in Vombatidae. We record parietal sinuses in a vombatid for the first time, an adaptation to increased skull size relative to the braincase. The presence of a prominent premaxillary spine may indicate the species possessed a large, fleshy nose. Both of features are convergent on other large-bodied, non-vombatid extinct megaherbivores of Australia such as <em>Diprotodon optatum</em>. We use the cranial remains to examine the phylogenetic relationships of the giant wombats to other vombatids. <span>Phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference </span>indicates that <em>Phascolomys</em>, <em>Ramsayia</em>, and <em>Sedophascolomys </em>form a clade, suggesting a single origin of gigantism within Vombatidae. This origin may have been related to the exploitation of poor-quality foods by these taxa, and preceded the extreme specialisations observed in the incisor and cranial anatomy of the giant wombats. U-series and combined U-series and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating methods were applied to one fossil tooth. All sources of uncertainty considered, age calculations systematically correlate the fossil remains to Marine Isotope Stage 5, and an age of approximately 80,000 years can be proposed for this specimen. With only a single well dated occurrence for this taxon, it is currently impossible to determine when and why <em>R. magna</em> became extinct.</p>
FIGURE 1 in New genus of primitive wombat (Vombatidae, Marsupialia) from Miocene deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (Queensland, Australia)
FIGURE 1. Map of Australia showing the location of Miocene wombat fossil sites.
WOMBAT v2.0 estimates of global GPP, respiration, and air-sea fluxes
These files contain estimates of global CO2 fluxes, split into GPP, respiration, and air-sea components produced by the WOMBAT v2.0 flux-inversion system (see https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.10479). These fluxes are further decomposed into trend and seasonality. The file WOMBAT_v2_CO2_gridded_climatology_samples.nc4 contains the estimated spatial fields for each beta in the paper that define the trend/seasonality of the fluxes. The bottom-up estimates are provided for each beta, as well as samples from the posterior distribution. A second file, WOMBAT_v2_CO2_gridded_flux_samples.nc4, contains bottom-up estimates and posterior samples for the flux component fields. These are split into components and the parts of the decomposition, so for example the linear component of GPP is in gpp_linear_bottom_up/gpp_linear_posterior for the bottom-up/posterior. The different fields can be summed to get meaningful quantities, such as the NEE (sum of all GPP and respiration parts), or the net flux (sum of all parts). The final file, samples-LNLGIS.rds, contains samples from the posterior distribution of the model parameters. This file format may be read using the readRDS function in the R programming language.
Abundance and population growth estimates for bare-nosed wombats
<p><span>Wildlife managers often rely on population estimates, but estimates can be challenging to obtain for geographically widespread species. Spotlight surveys provide abundance data for many species and, when conducted over wide spatial scales, have the potential to provide population estimates of geographically widespread species. The bare-nosed wombat (<em>Vombatus</em> <em>ursinus</em>) has a broad geographic range and is subject to spotlight surveys. We used 19 years (2002–2020) of annual spotlight surveys to provide the first estimates of population abundance for two of the three extant bare-nosed wombat subspecies: <em>V. u. ursinus</em> on Flinders Island; and <em>V. u. tasmaniensis</em> on the Tasmanian mainland. Using distance sampling methods, we estimated annual rates of change and 2020 population sizes for both sub-species. Tasmanian mainland surveys included habitat data, which allowed us to also look for evidence of habitat associations for <em>V. u. tasmaniensis</em>. The average wombat density estimate was higher on Flinders Island (0.42 ha<sup>-1</sup>, 95% CrI = 0.25 – 0.79) than on the Tasmanian mainland (0.11 ha<sup>-1</sup>, CrI = 0.07 – 0.19) and both wombat subspecies increased over the 19-year survey period with an estimated annual growth rate of 2.90% (CrI = -1.7 – 7.3) on Flinders Island and 1.20% (CrI = -1.1 – 2.9) on mainland Tasmania. Habitat associations for <em>V. u. tasmaniensis</em> were weak, possibly owing to survey design; however, we detected regional variation in density for this subspecies. We estimated the population size of <em>V. u. ursinus </em>to be 71,826 (CrI = 43,913 – 136,761) on Flinders Island, which when combined with a previously published estimate of 2,599 (CI = 2,254 – 2,858) from Maria Island, where the subspecies was introduced, provides a total population estimate. We also estimated 840,665 (CrI = 531,104 – 1,201,547) <em>V. u. tasmaniensis </em>on mainland Tasmania. These estimates may be conservative, owing to individual heterogeneity in when wombats emerge from burrows. Although these two sub-species are not currently threatened, our population estimates provide an important reference when assessing their population status in the future, and demonstrate how spotlight surveys can be valuable to inform management of geographically widespread species.</span></p>
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