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81 results for “wood decay”
Near infrared imaging data from brown rot decayed wood
<p>This dataset contains near infrared imaging data from the following publication: Belt, T.; Awais, M.; Mäkelä, M. (2022) Chemical characterization and visualization of progressive brown rot decay of wood by near infrared imaging and multivariate analysis. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:940745. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.940745. Details on the samples, the decay test, and the image collection parameters can be found in the publication.</p> <p>The “Sample IDs and mass losses.cvs” file contains the sample ID and mass loss due to decay of each sample in the dataset. The “C puteana.mat” and “R. placenta.mat” files contain the near infrared imaging data of samples exposed to the fungus <em>Coniophora puteana</em> and the fungus <em>Rhodonia placent</em>a, respectively, organised into cell arrays of sample IDs and corresponding image files. To generate the image files, a region of interest of 551 x 384 pixels was selected from the raw image files to produce an image that contains the sample surrounded by background. The spectral data were then converted to reflectance and corrected using the calibration reflectance target values.</p>
Fine wood decay studies at the H.J. Andrews and other Forests across the world, 1989 to 2006
This study was established to examine the loss of mass and changes in nutrient content of fine woody debris in various ecosystems. Also examined was the effect of piece size, position (aboveground, belowground, or suspended), and species on loss of mass over time.
Wood to Soil 0-10 cm data and Wood to Soil 10-20 cm data to detect the imprint of decaying logs (30-80 cm diameter) from two hurricane cohorts (Hugo, 1989, and Georges, 1998)
Many trees fell during Hurricanes Hugo (1989) and Georges (1998) in Puerto Rico. A debris removal experiment suggested that coarse woody hurricane debris slowed canopy recovery by fueling microbial nitrogen immobilization. We analyzed C, N, microbial biomass C and root length in paired soil samples taken under versus 20-50 cm away from large trunks of two species felled by Hugo and Georges three times during wet and dry seasons during the two years after Georges. Data on soil P and other nutrients have not yet been analyzed. Soil microbial biomass, C and N were higher under than near logs of both age cohorts. Frass from wood boring beetles may induce the early effects. Root length was greater under logs at 0-10 cm depth during the dry season, and away from logs in the wet season, but varied independently of microbial biomass. Thus decaying wood can provide resources exploited by tree roots. Percent soil C and N were significantly higher under than near logs in both the 0-10 and 10-20 cm samples. Microbial biomass C varied significantly among seasons at 0-10 cm depth but differences between positions (under vs away) were only suggestive. Surface soil on the upslope side of the logs had significantly more N and microbial biomass, likely from accumulation of leaf litter above the logs on steep slopes. This study shows that C and N accumulate significantly more in soil under than near decaying logs, even in logs that had only decayed for 7 months, and thus contributes to soil heterogeneity. Tree roots track and exploit resource and nutrient hotspots as they change locations between seasons, so the soil heterogeneity in soil fertility is important for forest productivity. Soil phosphorus (P) availability is most often the most limiting nutrient in wet tropical forests. Total soil P was measured by complete digestion in samples from the upper 10 cm; Olsen extractable P (available) was also measured. Total soil P concentrations were significantly greater under than away fr
Relationship between decay resistance and moisture properties in wood modified with phenol formaldehyde and sorbitol-citric acid
<p>This dataset contains measurement data from the following publication: Belt, T.; Kyyrö, S.; Kilpinen, A. T. (2023) Relationship between decay resistance and moisture properties in wood modified with phenol formaldehyde and sorbitol-citric acid. Journal of Materials Science, 10.1007/s10853-023-08874-w. Small samples of Scots pine sapwood were modified using different concentrations of phenol formaldehyde (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30% resin solids content) and sorbitol-citric acid (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40% resin solids content) and then exposed to brown rot decay by <em>Coniophora puteana</em> and <em>Rhodonia placenta</em>. Sample masses and dimensions were measured at different points to determine their weight gain, anti-swelling efficiency and moisture exclusion efficiency due to modification, their mass loss due to decay and their moisture content at the end of the decay test. Fluorescence images were collected from decayed and control samples after the decay test. Further details on the experimental procedures can be found in the publication. </p> <p>The "Sample IDs and measurement data.csv" -file contains the sample IDs and all measured dimensions and mass data for every sample. Areas A<sub>dry0</sub>, Ad<sub>ry1</sub>, A<sub>wet</sub>, and A<sub>dry2</sub> are the cross-sectional areas of the samples in the dry state before modification, in the dry state after modification and before leaching, in the wet state during leaching, and in the dry state after leaching, respectively. Masses m<sub>dry0</sub>, m<sub>dry1</sub>, m<sub>dry2</sub>, m<sub>RH85</sub>, m<sub>wet</sub>, and m<sub>dry3</sub> are the masses of the samples in the dry state before modification, in the dry state after modification and before leaching, in the dry state after leaching, in the conditioned state at RH 85%, in the wet state at the end of the decay test, and in the dry state after the decay test, respectively.</p> <p>The "Fluorescence images" -folder contains fluorescence images collected from the samples. The image files are named according to the ID of the imaged sample, followed by additional tags. The samples modified using phenol formaldehyde were imaged using both green and UV excitation, and the file names contain the tag "green" or "UV" to denote the used excitation wavelengths. For all samples, the sample ID (and the excitation tag) are followed by a number to differentiate replicate images collected from the sample. </p>
Data for: Drivers of wood decay in tropical ecosystems: Termites vs. microbes along spatial, temporal and experimental precipitation gradients
<ol> <li>Models estimating decomposition rates of dead wood across space and time are mainly based on studies carried out in temperate zones where microbes are dominant drivers of decomposition. However, most dead wood biomass is found in tropical ecosystems, where termites are also important wood consumers. Given the dependence of microbial decomposition on moisture with termite decomposition thought to be more resilient to dry conditions, the relative importance of these decomposition agents is expected to shift along gradients in precipitation that affect wood moisture.</li> <li>Here, we investigated the relative roles of microbes and termites in wood decomposition across precipitation gradients in space, time and with a simulated drought experiment in tropical Australia. We deployed mesh bags with non-native pine wood blocks, allowing termite access to half the bags. Bags were collected every six months (end of wet and dry seasons) over a four-year period across 5 sites along a rainfall gradient (ranging from savanna to wet sclerophyll to rainforest) and within a simulated drought experiment at the wettest site. We expected microbial decomposition to proceed faster in wet conditions with greater relative influence of termites in dry conditions.</li> <li>Consistent with expectations, microbial-mediated wood decomposition was slowest in dry savanna sites, dry seasons, and simulated drought conditions. Wood blocks discovered by termites decomposed 16% to 36% faster than blocks undiscovered by termites regardless of precipitation levels. Concurrently, termites were 10 times more likely to discover wood in dry savanna compared with wet rainforest sites, compensating for slow microbial decomposition in savannas. For wood discovered by termites, seasonality and drought did not significantly affect decomposition rates.</li> <li>Taken together, we found that spatial and seasonal variation in precipitation are important in shaping wood decomposition rates as driven by termites and microbes, although these different gradients do not equally impact decomposition agents. As we better understand how climate change will affect precipitation regimes across the tropics, our results can improve predictions of how wood decomposition agents will shift with potential for altering carbon fluxes.</li> </ol>
Fig. 2 in Identification of three wood decay fungi in Yeoninsan Provincial Park, Korea
Fig. 2. The phylogenetic tree of Hyphodontia reticulata (KUC20160721B-26) and related species based on internal transcribed spacer region sequences. The dataset was created from 13 taxa and 799 characters. The specimen examined in this study is boldfaced. The posterior probability values ≥70 are shown above branch. The scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per position.
Data for: Drivers of wood decay in tropical ecosystems: Termites vs. microbes along spatial, temporal and experimental precipitation gradients
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Wood trait–decay relationships vary with topography and rainfall seasonality in a subtropical forest in China
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Niche differentiation and evolution of the wood decay machinery in the invasive fungus Serpula lacrymans
<p>Ecological niche breadth and the mechanisms facilitating its evolution are fundamental to understanding adaptation to changing environments, persistence of generalist and specialist lineages and the formation of new species. Woody substrates are structurally complex resources utilized by organisms with specialized decay machinery. Wood-decaying fungi represent ideal model systems to study evolution of niche breadth, as they vary greatly in their host range and preferred decay stage of the substrate. In order to dissect the genetic basis for niche specialization in the invasive brown rot fungus <i>Serpula lacrymans</i>, we used phenotyping and integrative analysis of phylogenomic and transcriptomic data to compare this species to wild relatives in the Serpulaceae with a range of specialist to generalist decay strategies. Our results indicate specialist species have rewired regulatory networks active during wood decay towards decreased reliance on enzymatic machinery, and therefore nitrogen-intensive decay components. This shift was likely accompanied with adaptation to a narrow tree line habitat and switch to a pioneer decomposer strategy, both requiring rapid colonization of a nitrogen-limited substrate. Among substrate specialists with narrow niches, we also found evidence for pathways facilitating reversal to generalism, highlighting how evolution may move along different axes of niche space.</p>
Methodology matters for comparing coarse wood and bark decay rates across tree species
<p>1. The importance of wood decay for the global carbon and nutrient cycles is widely recognized. However, relatively little is known about bark decay dynamics, even though bark represents up to 25% of stem dry mass. Moreover, bark presence versus absence can significantly alter wood decay rates. Therefore, it really matters for the fate of carbon whether variation in bark and wood decay rates is coordinated across tree species.</p> <p>2. Answering this question requires advances in methodology to measure both bark and wood mass loss accurately. Decay rates of large logs in the field are often quantified as loss in tissue density, in which case volume depletions of bark and wood can give large underestimations.</p> <p>3. To quantify the real decay rates, we assessed bark mass loss per stem surface area and wood mass loss based on volume-corrected density loss. We further defined the range of actual bark mass loss by considering bark cover loss. Then, we tested the correlation between bark and wood mass loss across 20 temperate tree species during 4 years of decomposition.</p> <p>4. The area-based method generally showed more than 3-fold higher bark mass loss than the density-based method (even higher if considering bark cover loss), and volume-corrected wood mass losses were 1.08-1.12 times higher than density-based mass loss. The deviation of bark mass loss between the two methods was higher for tree species with thicker inner bark. Bark generally decomposed twice as fast as wood across species, and faster decaying bark came with faster decaying wood (R2=0.26, P=0.006).</p> <p>5. We strongly suggest using corrected volume when assessing wood mass loss especially for the species with faster decomposable sapwood and all the wood at advanced decay stages. Further studies of coarse stem decomposition should consider trait "afterlife" effects of inner bark and estimate fraction of stem bark cover to obtain more accurate decay rates. 6. Our new method should benefit our understanding of the in situ dynamics of woody debris decay and monitoring research in different forest ecosystems worldwide, and should aid meta-analyses across diverse studies.</p>
Bryophytes enhance nitrogen content in decaying wood via biological interactions
<p>An increase in the nitrogen (N) content in coarse woody debris (CWD) facilitates its decomposition, affecting the cycling of N and other nutrients in forest ecosystems. Bryophytes may increase the N content by transferring the N in bryophyte tissues to the underlying CWD. This study examined whether and how bryophytes increase N content in the underlying CWD using N-stable isotope ratios (δ<sup>15</sup>N) as tracers for N sources. The N content and δ<sup>15</sup>N values in CWD with bryophytes were significantly higher than those in CWD without bryophytes. However, the δ<sup>15</sup>N values in CWD with bryophytes differed significantly from those in bryophytes on CWD, demonstrating that the N in bryophytes did not cause the increase in N content in CWD. The analyses using δ<sup>15</sup>N further indicated that the high N content in CWD with bryophytes may be attributed to increased N supply from wood-decomposing fungi and N-fixing bacteria. This increase in N content may result from the enhanced moisture content in CWD beneath bryophytes, which facilitates the activity of wood-decomposing fungi and N-fixing bacteria. Notably, the influence of bryophytes on the N content in CWD differed between bryophyte life forms: bryophytes that form dense mats increased the N content in CWD, whereas those with loose mats decreased the N content. This difference can be explained by the greater humidity experienced by CWD with bryophytes forming dense mats than that experienced by CWD with bryophytes forming loose mats. Given that the N content in CWD affects the decay processes, the results highlight the importance of biological interactions associated with bryophytes in forest ecosystems.</p>
Arthropod OTUs in fruit bodies of wood decay fungi
<p>Biological communities within living organisms are structured by their host's traits. How host traits affect biodiversity and community composition is poorly explored for some associations, such as arthropods within fungal fruit bodies. Using DNA metabarcoding, we revealed the arthropod communities in living fruit bodies of eleven wood-decay fungi from boreal forests and investigated how they were affected by different fungal traits. Arthropod diversity was higher in fruit bodies with a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, suggesting that colonisation is crucial to maintain arthropod populations. Diversity was not higher in long-lived fruit bodies, most likely because these fungi invest in physical or chemical defences against arthropods. Arthropod community composition was structured by all measured host traits, namely fruit body size, thickness, surface area, morphology and toughness. Notably, we identified a community gradient where soft and short-lived fruit bodies harboured more true flies, while tougher and long-lived fruit bodies had more oribatid mites and beetles, which might reflect different development times of the arthropods. Ultimately, close to 75% of the arthropods were specific to one or two fungal hosts. Besides revealing surprisingly diverse and host-specific arthropod communities within fungal fruit bodies, our study provided insight on how host traits structure communities.</p>
Bryophytes enhance nitrogen content in decaying wood via biological interactions
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Niche differentiation and evolution of the wood decay machinery in the invasive fungus Serpula lacrymans
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Oak wilt disease may reduce the initial decay rate of dead Quercus serrata stems by altering wood-inhabiting fungal communities
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Arthropod OTUs in fruit bodies of wood decay fungi
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Data from: Magellanic woodpeckers as indicators of wood-dwelling beetle diversity in trees with different levels of decay and under changing environmental conditions
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Methodology matters for comparing coarse wood and bark decay rates across tree species
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Data from: Exclusion of invertebrates influences saprotrophic fungal community and wood decay rate in an experimental field study
1. Decomposer communities perform an essential ecosystem function by recycling nutrients. However, the effect of higher trophic levels on microbial decomposer communities and rate of decomposition is poorly understood. We therefore conducted an exclusion experiment to test the effect of invertebrates on fungal decomposer communities in dead wood, repeated at 30 sites in two landscapes, and measured wood density to assess effect on decay rate. 2. Invertebrates were excluded from recently cut logs by cages with a 1 mm mesh net, and fungal communities in caged logs were compared to logs accessible to invertebrates by DNA metabarcoding analyses. Accessible logs included control logs, cage control logs and positive control logs. 3. We found that exclusion of invertebrates had a significant effect on fungal community composition. For example, the wood decay fungi Trametes versicolor and T. ochracea were significantly more abundant in accessible logs than in caged logs. The strongest effect on fungal community composition, however, was attributed to differing baseline conditions in the individual trees. When accounting for these baseline differences, caged logs had significantly higher wood density than control logs after two years, indicating lower rates of wood decay in caged logs. 4. Further studies, spanning several years, are required to fully understand the influence of invertebrates on fungi and wood decay. However, our results indicate that invertebrates influence both the composition of saprotrophic communities in dead wood and their decomposition function, which is vital to forest ecosystems.
FIGURES 8–11. Telmatoscopus thuringicus nov. spec. 8–11 male, 8 in Two new species of Psychodidae (subfamilies Trichomyiinae and Psychodinae) from Germany associated with decaying wood
FIGURES 8–11. Telmatoscopus thuringicus nov. spec. 8–11 male, 8-distal antennal segments, 9—wing, 10—genitalia ventral view, 11—gonocoxite and gonostylus, real form and length. [Scale: 8=0.1 mm; 9=1mm; 10=0.2 mm; 11=0.1 mm].
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