Find research datasets worth reusing
Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.
17
datasets available to search
ShareScore release 0.9.0
Dataset results
17 results for “woodland salamanders”
Data and code from Pierson et al. "Revisiting a cryptic species complex: interspecific gene flow among woodland salamanders in the Blue Ridge Mountains of northern Georgia"
<p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>The complex topography of mountainous landscapes can create biogeographic barriers and promote allopatric speciation—even among morphologically cryptic species. However, these biogeographic barriers are rarely permanent, and secondary contact between previously independently evolving populations may result in hybridization and introgression. Here, we use genome-wide SNP data to reexamine a classic example of cryptic species in the Appalachian Mountains: the slimy salamander (<em>Plethodon glutinosus</em>) species complex. This group of morphologically similar terrestrial salamanders includes 14 species with parapatric distributions across the eastern United States. In this study, we focused on the Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander in northern Georgia and used a series of complementary phylogenomic and population genomic analyses to evaluate spatial genetic structure within this species and demonstrate admixture with at least four other species of parapatric woodland salamanders. Our results highlight the utility of genomic data in clarifying species boundaries and underscore the difficulty of species delimitation in organisms with complex evolutionary histories.</p>
Data from: Using serially collected specimens to investigate the potential population genetic consequences of reported declines in eastern woodland salamanders
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Loss of a morph is associated with asymmetric character release in a radiation of woodland salamanders
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Ecological resistance surfaces predict fine scale genetic differentiation in a terrestrial woodland salamander
Landscape genetics has seen tremendous advances since its introduction, but parameterization and optimization of resistance surfaces still poses significant challenges. Despite increased availability and resolution of spatial data, few studies have integrated empirical data to directly represent ecological processes as genetic resistance surfaces. In our study, we determine the landscape and ecological factors affecting gene flow in the western slimy salamander (Plethodon albagula). We used field data to derive resistance surfaces representing salamander abundance and rate of water loss through combinations of canopy cover, topographic wetness, topographic position, solar exposure, and distance from ravine. These ecologically-explicit composite surfaces directly represent an ecological process or physiological limitation of our organism. Using generalized linear mixed effects models, we optimized resistance using a non-linear optimization algorithm to minimize model AIC. We found clear support for the resistance surface representing the rate of water loss experienced by adult salamanders in the summer. Resistance was lowest at intermediate levels of water loss and higher when the rate of water loss was predicted to be low or high. This pattern may arise from the compensatory movement behavior of salamanders through suboptimal habitat, but also reflects the physiological limitations of salamanders and their sensitivity to extreme environmental conditions. Our study demonstrates that composite representations of ecologically-explicit processes can provide novel insight and can better explain genetic differentiation than ecologically-implicit landscape resistance surfaces. Additionally, our study underscores the fact that spatial estimates of habitat suitability or abundance may not serve as adequate proxies for describing gene flow, as predicted abundance was a poor predictor of genetic differentiation.
FIG. 4 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
FIG. 4. Time elapsed before the first occurrence of some courtship behaviors in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Number within brackets is the number of courtships with the behavior. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th).
FIG. 5 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
FIG. 5. Frequency of some female behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). **, *Probability values from Mann-Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of both turn back and chin over.
FIG. 2 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
FIG. 2. Duration of some behaviors and periods during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Close ¼ salamanders within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, tail undulation, nudging, and snout under). MG Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding on the skin of the female. ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. Position for TSW ¼ attempted male solicitation of TSW. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *, **Probability values from Mann-Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the duration of both close and ffTSWd.
FIG. 7 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
FIG. 7. Phylogenetic relationships for species of eastern Plethodon and AneideS presented with selected courtship behaviors. MG Tap/Swipe Snout ¼ male mental-gland (MG) tap or swipe on the nasolabial region of the female's snout prior to the tail-straddling walk (TSW). See text for description of behaviors. Unshaded circle ¼ behavior not reported; dark shaded circle ¼ behavior reported; light shaded circle ¼ rare or infrequent occurrence of behavior reported;? ¼ behavior during TSW has not been observed; S ¼ similar behavior reported; C ¼ circular TSW in AneideS includes similar behavior. Phylogenetic relationship between AneideS and eastern Plethodon inferred from mitochondrial data (Mahoney, 2001). Phylogenetic relationships among eastern species of Plethodon inferred from both nuclear and mitochondrial data (Kozak et al., 2006; Fisher-Reid and Wiens, 2011). Data for behavior occurrence obtained from Sapp and Kiemnec-Tyburczy (2011) and the sources listed in Table 1.
FIG. 6 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
FIG. 6. Total duration (min) of some behaviors and periods during complete courtships in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions, but this figure only includes data from the first spermatophore deposition. A ¼ Courtship duration from initial close encounter between salamanders until the retrieval or attempted retrieval of the first spermatophore cap. B ¼ Total of all periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. D ¼ Total duration for female-first TSW, which includes both discontinuous and continuous forms of the duet behavior. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients: r ¼ 0.882, P, 0.001 for B and D; r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for B and F; r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for C and E; r ¼ 0.961, P, 0.00001 for D and F. See Table 2 for additional data on the duration of other behaviors and periods.
FIG. 1 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
FIG. 1. Ethogram for many of the transitions between behaviors during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Line with arrowhead at both ends indicates transition in either direction. A solid line indicates the transition occurred in $65% of courtships, whereas a dotted line indicates the transition occurred in,65% of courtships (with n ¼ 20 and 10 courtships prior to and after female tail straddle, respectively). NT ¼ nose-tap. TA ¼ turn around. Dance/ Shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. See text for description of behaviors. *Incidental contact to the male during female movements of her feet, tail, or body often elicited position for TSW well before the occurrence of snout under or chin over. In each complete courtship, female turn back and chin over preceded the first successful position for TSW. Ethogram does not include a few male behaviors (stationary, head contact, tale arch, and tail straddle) and very infrequent female behaviors (nose-tap, move toward, head contact, and nudge).
Table 1 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
<p><b>Table 1. Courtship behaviors of eastern North American woodland salamander species (eastern <i>Plethodon</i>). Species groups: PCG <i>¼ P. cinereuS</i> group, PWG <i>¼ P. welleri</i> group, and PGG <i>¼ P. glutinoSuS</i> group. Species: <i>ci ¼ P. cinereuS</i>, <i>ri ¼ P. richmondi</i>, <i>we ¼ P. welleri</i>, <i>an ¼ P. anguSticlaViuS</i>, <i>do ¼ P. dorSaliS</i>, <i>yo ¼ P. yonahloSSee</i>, <i>ke ¼ P. kentucki</i>, <i>pe ¼ P. petraeuS</i>, <i>ou ¼ P. ouachitae</i>, ca ¼ <i>P. caddoenSiS</i>, Sh <i>¼ P. Shermani</i>, <i>cy ¼ P. cylindraceuS</i>, and <i>mo ¼ P. montanuS</i>. MG <i>¼</i> mental gland, TSW <i>¼</i> tail-straddling walk, F <i>¼</i> female only behavior, M <i>¼</i> male only behavior, FM <i>¼</i> each sex exhibits behavior, and D <i>¼</i> duet behavior with both female and male actions. *Rare or infrequent occurrence of behavior. d</b> Behavior may differ from similar behavior in other species.? <i>¼</i> occurrence of behavior is uncertain due to absent or limited observations. Blank cell (–) <i>¼</i> behavior not reported. See text and Appendix 1 for the description of each behavior.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Groups</th><th>Groups <b><b>and species of eastern</b> <i>Plethodon</i></b></th><th></th></tr><tr><th><b>Behaviors</b></th><th><b>PCG</b></th><th><b>PWG</b></th><th><b>PGG</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>ci</i></th><th><i>ri</i></th><th><i>we</i></th><th><i>an</i> <i>do</i></th><th><i>yo</i></th><th><i>ke</i></th><th><i>pe</i></th><th><i>ou</i></th><th><i>ca</i></th><th><i>Sh</i></th><th><i>cy</i></th><th><i>mo</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1. Nose-tap, 2. Stationary, 3. Move away</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td></tr><tr><th>4. Move toward, 5. Head contact, 6. Nudging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>7. Bite</th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>8. Foot dance</th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td>M*</td><td>M</td><td>M d</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>9. Foot shuffle</th><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M*</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>10. Tail wagging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>FM FM</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>11. Rubbing/sliding, 12. Head rubbing</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>FM M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>13. Head swinging</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>14. Joint head swinging</th><td><i>–</i></td><td>D*</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>15. High amplitude head swinging</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>16. Cloacal nudging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>FM <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>17. Cloacal rubbing</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>? <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>18. MG sliding (head sliding)</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>19. MG popping</th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M*</td><td>M</td><td>M*</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td></tr><tr><th>20. MG tap or swipe on snout <i>before 42</i></th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td></tr><tr><th>21. MG tap or swipe not on snout</th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>22. Tail (or body*) flex <i>in response to 18</i></th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>23. Tail arch, 24. Undulate tail</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>FM M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>25. High amplitude tail undulations</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>? <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>26. Snapping</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>27. Pulling</th><td>M</td><td>FM?</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>28. Mouth grasping</th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>29. Snout high</th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>30. Chin-to-chin</th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>D</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>D*</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>31. Tail straddle <i>for 32 or 33</i></th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M M*</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>32. Discontinuous, female-first TSW</th><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>D d*</td><td>D</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>33. Continuous, female-first TSW</th><td>D</td><td>D</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>D D*</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>D d*</td><td>D</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>34. Turn back <i>during 18, 32, or 33</i></th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F*</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>35. Circling</th><td>D</td><td>D</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>D <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>D d*</td><td>D d</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td></tr><tr><th>36. Snout under (lifting, crossing under)</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>37. Raise chin <i>in response to 36 or before 38</i></th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>38. Chin over</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F F</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F*</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>39. Position for TSW</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>40. Turn around <i>after 39 or 53</i></th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>41. Tail straddle <i>to initiate 42</i></th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>42. Tail-straddling walk</th><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr><tr><th>43. Turn back <i>during 42</i></th><td>M*</td><td>?</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M * <i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>44. Raise head <i>to receive 45</i></th><td><i>–</i></td><td>?</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>45. MG slapping on snout <i>during 42</i></th><td><i>–</i></td><td>?</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M* <i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>46. Vent sliding <i>at end of 42</i></th><td><i>–</i></td><td>?</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>47. Spermatophore deposition</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>48. Lateral head movements <i>during 47</i></th><td><i>–</i></td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td><i>–</i> <i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i></td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>49. Lead female over spermatophore</th><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr><tr><th>50. Pass by spermatophore</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>F F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>51. Stop & lower vent, 52. Position on cap</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>53. Stationary with tail flexed</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M d</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>54. Eat spermatophore cap and/or base</th><td><i>–</i></td><td>?</td><td><i>–</i></td><td><i>–</i> M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td><i>–</i></td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>Species reference number for source(s)</th><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4 5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>13</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Sources: <sup>13</sup> Organ, 1958; <sup>12</sup> Organ, 1960a; <sup>3</sup> Organ, 1960b; <sup>13</sup> MacMahon, 1964; <sup>1,2,3,6,9,10,12,13</sup> Arnold, 1972; <sup>11,13</sup> Arnold, 1976; <sup>1</sup> Gergits and Jaeger, 1990; <sup>7</sup> Marvin and Hutchison, 1996; <sup>11</sup> Houck and Arnold, 2003; <sup>5</sup> Picard, 2005; <sup>1,2,4</sup> Dyal, 2006; <sup>11</sup> Eddy et al., 2012; <sup>6</sup> Pierson et al., 2017; <sup>7,8</sup> current study</p>
FIG. 3 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under.
Data from: Trade-offs between water loss and gas exchange influence habitat suitability of a woodland salamander
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Ecological resistance surfaces predict fine scale genetic differentiation in a terrestrial woodland salamander
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Table 4 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
<p><b>Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander <i>Plethodon petraeuS</i>. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration <i>¼</i> minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency <i>¼</i> occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart <i>¼</i> periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close <i>¼</i> periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle <i>¼</i> foot dance and foot shuffle. MG <i>¼</i> mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. C Coefficient for complete courtships, I coefficient for incomplete courtships, A coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. * <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.02, ** <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.01, *** <i>P</i></b>, 0.001.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Duration of period or behavior</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td><b>Apart</b></td><td><b>Close</b></td><td><b>MG</b></td><td><b>Discontinuous,</b> <b>female-first TSW</b></td><td><b>Continuous,</b> <b>female-first TSW</b></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><b>(</b>. <b>2.5 cm)</b></td><td><b>(2.5 cm)</b></td><td><b>sliding</b></td></tr><tr><th>Male frequency</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Dance/shuffle</th><td></td><td>I 0.922***</td><td>A 0.528*</td><td></td><td>I 0.734*</td></tr><tr><th>MG popping</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>I 0.748*</td></tr><tr><th>MG swipe</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>C 0.704*</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Mouth grasp</th><td>I 0.856**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Snout under</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.595**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Female frequency</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tail flex</th><td>I 0.806**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undulate tail</th><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.751***</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
<p><b>Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander <i>Plethodon petraeuS</i>. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle <i>¼</i> foot dance and foot shuffle. MG <i>¼</i> mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. C Coefficient for complete courtships, I coefficient for incomplete courtships, A coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. * <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.025, ** <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.015, *** <i>P</i></b>, 0.001.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><b>Male behavior</b></th><th><b>Female behavior</b></th></tr><tr><th></th><th><b>Mouth</b> <b>grasp</b></th><th><b>Position</b> <b>for TSW</b></th><th><b>Undulate</b> <b>tail</b></th><th><b>Turn</b> <b>back</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Male behavior</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Dance/shuffle</th><td></td><td>A 0.773***</td><td>A 0.660**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Snout under</th><td></td><td>I 0.824**</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>MG popping</th><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.548**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Female behavior</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tail flex</th><td>I 0.801**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undulate tail</th><td></td><td>A 0.507*</td><td></td><td>C 0.762**</td></tr><tr><th>Chin over</th><td></td><td>A 0.566**</td><td>C 0.793**</td><td>A 0.912***</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
<p><b>Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander <i>Plethodon petraeuS</i>. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart <i>¼</i> periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close <i>¼</i> periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding <i>¼</i> mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd <i>¼</i> discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc <i>¼</i> continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW <i>¼</i> unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW <i>¼</i> successful position for TSW. (H) TSW <i>¼</i> tail-straddling walk. (I) SD <i>¼</i> spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS <i>¼</i> lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC <i>¼</i> position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G <i>¼</i> duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K <i>¼</i> total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K <i>¼</i> total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1 r <i>¼</i> 0.952, <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2 r <i>¼</i> 0.770, <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3 r <i>¼</i> 0.964, <i>P</i></b>, <b>0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4 r <i>¼</i> 0.765, <i>P</i></b>, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><b>Pre-TSW phase</b></th><th><b>TSW & sperm-transfer phase</b></th></tr><tr><th></th><th><b>(A)</b> <b>1</b></th><th><b>(B)</b></th><th><b>(C)</b> <b>2,3</b></th><th><b>(D)</b> <b>2,4</b></th><th><b>(E)</b></th><th><b>(F)</b> <b>3,4</b></th><th><b>(G)</b></th><th><b>(H)</b> <b>1</b></th><th><b>(I)</b></th><th><b>(J)</b></th><th><b>(K)</b></th><th><b>Total</b></th><th><b>Total</b></th><th><b>Total</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Pair</b></th><th><b>Apart</b></th><th><b>Close</b></th><th><b>Sliding</b></th><th><b>ffTSWd</b></th><th><b>ffTSWc</b></th><th><b>upTSW</b></th><th><b>spTSW</b></th><th><b>TSW</b></th><th><b>SD</b></th><th><b>LOS</b></th><th><b>POC</b></th><th><b>B to G</b></th><th><b>B to K</b></th><th><b>A to K</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>29</td><td>152</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>31</td><td>7</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.5*</td><td>166</td><td>204.9</td><td>233.9</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>13</td><td>122</td><td>3</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>6</td><td>22</td><td>8</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.4*</td><td>153</td><td>183.7</td><td>196.7</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>9</td><td>69</td><td>19</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>73</td><td>2</td><td>23</td><td>7</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>166</td><td>197.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>2</td><td>66</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>5</td><td>26</td><td>8</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.5*</td><td>91</td><td>126.1</td><td>334.3</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>71</td><td>24</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>42</td><td>7</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.5*</td><td>39</td><td>88.8</td><td>159.8</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>172</td><td>45</td><td>35</td><td>26</td><td>170</td><td>35</td><td>12</td><td>223</td><td>9</td><td>0.3</td><td></td><td>323</td><td>555.3</td><td>727.3</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>12</td><td>69</td><td>33</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>15</td><td>20</td><td>8</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>140</td><td>169.2</td><td>181.2</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>8</td><td>36</td><td>33</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>42</td><td>1</td><td>26</td><td>8</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.7</td><td>119</td><td>154</td><td>162</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>29</td><td>119</td><td>68</td><td>15</td><td>0</td><td>73</td><td>10</td><td>43</td><td>7</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>285</td><td>336.1</td><td>365.1</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>8</td><td>323</td><td>48</td><td>32</td><td>0</td><td>88</td><td>12</td><td>32</td><td>6</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.9*</td><td>503</td><td>542.3</td><td>550.3</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>33</td><td>184</td><td>210</td><td>46</td><td>0</td><td>270</td><td>5</td><td>30</td><td>8</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6*</td><td>715</td><td>754</td><td>787</td></tr><tr><th>Total</th><td>386</td><td>1209</td><td>466</td><td>158</td><td>170</td><td>623</td><td>74</td><td>518</td><td>83</td><td>4.3</td><td>6.3</td><td>2700</td><td>3311.6</td><td>3697.6</td></tr><tr><th>Mean</th><td>35.1</td><td>109.9</td><td>42.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>15.5</td><td>56.6</td><td>6.7</td><td>47.1</td><td>7.5</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>245.5</td><td>301.1</td><td>369.8</td></tr><tr><th>SD</th><td>49.4</td><td>86.7</td><td>59.3</td><td>15.1</td><td>51.3</td><td>77.2</td><td>4.7</td><td>58.8</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>202.3</td><td>218.6</td><td>237.3</td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>B to G</th><td></td><td>44.8</td><td>17.3</td><td>5.9</td><td>6.3</td><td>23.1</td><td>2.7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>B to K</th><td></td><td>36.5</td><td>14.1</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.1</td><td>18.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>15.6</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>A to K</th><td>10.4</td><td>32.7</td><td>12.6</td><td>4.3</td><td>4.6</td><td>16.8</td><td>2.0</td><td>14.0</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.