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133 results for “woodpeckers”
Microsatellite genotypes for «Genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure support the specialist‑generalist variation hypothesis in two sympatric woodpecker species»
<p>Species are often arranged along a continuum from “specialists” to “generalists”. Specialists typically use fewer resources, occur in more patchily distributed habitats and have overall smaller population sizes than generalists. Accordingly, the specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (SGVH) proposes that populations of habitat specialists have lower genetic diversity and are genetically more differentiated due to reduced gene flow compared to populations of generalists. Here, expectations of the SGVH were tested by examining genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure and contemporary gene flow in two sympatric woodpecker species differing in habitat specialization. Compared to the generalist great spotted woodpecker (<em>Dendrocopos major</em>), lower genetic diversity was found in the specialist middle spotted woodpecker (<em>Dendrocoptes medius</em>). Evidence for recent bottlenecks was revealed in some populations of the middle spotted woodpecker, but in none of the great spotted woodpecker. Substantial spatial genetic structure and a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances were found in the middle spotted woodpecker, but only weak spatial genetic structure and no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances in the great spotted woodpecker. Finally, estimated levels of contemporary gene flow did not differ between the two species. Results are consistent with all but one expectations of the SGVH. This study adds to the relatively few investigations addressing the SGVH in terrestrial vertebrates.</p>
Datasets and R codes used for the analyses in "Seasonal variation in home range size of White-Backed Woodpeckers"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Knowing a species’ area requirements is fundamental for species conservation. For the nominate subspecies of the White-backed Woodpecker<em> Dendrocopos leucotos</em>, a species of high conservation concern in Europe, estimates of the seasonal and year-round area requirements based on telemetry are missing. In the present study, we radio-tracked adult White-backed Woodpeckers in Central Europe and investigated bi-monthly home range sizes based on three home range estimators in relation to season, sex, body weight, and year. Home range size of 49 radio-tracked individuals varied depending on the used home range estimator, with minimum convex polygons (MCP) and autocorrelated kernel density estimation (AKDE) producing 1.6 – 1.8 and 2 – 3.3 times larger seasonal home ranges than traditional kernel density estimation (KDE). Moreover, home range sizes varied between seasons. Home ranges were smallest in February/March (predicted median home range sizes ranged from 35 ha with KDE to 88 ha with AKDE) and April/May (KDE: 30 ha, AKDE: 55 ha) and larger during the rest of the year (KDE: 48 – 67 ha, AKDE: 136 – 184 ha). The mean home range size of six individuals tracked in all seasons (calculated with all locations per individual) was 116 ha with KDE, 304 ha with MCP and 350 ha with AKDE. Our results highlight the importance of considering the full annual cycle when addressing area requirements of White-backed Woodpeckers and likely also of other species. Furthermore, our study shows that using multiple methods for home range estimation may be useful to obtain results that are both comparable with those of other studies and capture the range in which the true home range size is likely to be. For the conservation of the White-backed Woodpecker, we conclude that at least 116 to 350 ha of forest should be present for a pair.</p>
Data of two neotropical Colaptes woodpeckers' nests fate and environmental features associated with them
<p><span>Understanding factors affecting nest survival of woodpeckers in threatened landscapes is a key tool for land managers, particularly when conservation depends on public policies. However, information of Neotropical woodpeckers breeding in southern temperate forests is noticeably sparse despite the worrying conservation status of these ecosystems and woodpeckers' key role as cavity providers. Our objective was to assess the relationship between tree cavity features, vegetation structure, and landscape configuration on the nest survival of the Green-barred Woodpecker (<em>Colaptes</em> <em>melanochloros</em>) and the Campo Flicker (<em>C</em>. <em>campestris</em>). We monitored nests of these woodpeckers during three breeding seasons from 2015–2018 in a woodland of east-central Argentina threatened by selective tree logging and soil material extraction. We recorded features that presumably influence nest survival at a micro-scale (cavity, cavity-tree features, and foliage cover around the cavity) and a macro-scale (forest cover and shape index within a 500 m circle around the nest). We did not find support for a relationship between daily nest survival rates (DSR) and cavity features, vegetation structure, or landscape configuration. However, </span><span>new cavities were more successful than reused ones for the Green-barred Woodpecker. We also found a surprisingly high rate (~33% of nest failures) of nest abandonment for both species. Abandonment may be a factor regulating this population and causes of abandonment warrants further investigation. Given the importance of new cavities to the success of Green-barred Woodpeckers, our results indicate the preservation of medium-size trees (20 cm < DBH < 50 cm) with wood softened by degradation processes (preferred by the species to excavate cavities) would facilitate persistence of both of this woodpecker and the cavity-nesting community. Effective audit of soil material extraction and controlled selective timber logging practices (including preservation of mature trees) in compliance with existing regulations could contribute to this type of habitat maintenance.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in First description of the breeding biology and behaviour of the near threatened northern sooty woodpecker Mulleripicus funebris (Valenciennes 1826) (Piciformes: Picidae) in Luzon Island, Philippines
Fig. 1 - Cavity nest excavated by the northern sooty woodpecker: a) nest entrance; b) nest contents. / Nido scavato dal picchio fuligginoso: a) ingresso del nido; b) contenuto del nido. (Photo: / Foto: Erwin S. Quijano, 29 May 2022).
Fig. 2 in First description of the breeding biology and behaviour of the near threatened northern sooty woodpecker Mulleripicus funebris (Valenciennes 1826) (Piciformes: Picidae) in Luzon Island, Philippines
Fig. 2 - Contribution of male and female northern sooty woodpecker to different breeding activities in one full daylight observation period (06:00-18:00). Nest building and brooding efforts were expressed as proportions of time spent (%) from total observation hours whereas feeding and faecal sac removal as proportions of counts (%) from total number of incidences. / Contributo del maschio e della femmina di picchio fuligginoso alle diverse attività riproduttive durante un intero periodo di osservazione diurna (06:00-18:00). Lo sforzo per la costruzione del nido e la cova è stato espresso come proporzione del tempo trascorso (%) rispetto al totale delle ore di osservazione, mentre l'alimentazione e la rimozione delle sacche fecali come proporzione dei conteggi (%) rispetto al numero totale di incidenze.
Figure 3 in The conundrum of an overlooked skeleton referable to Imperial Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis in the collection of the Natural History Museum at Tring
Figure 3. The ZISP skull (ZISP 1791), supposedly of Imperial Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis but actually Ivory-billed Woodpecker C. principalis, in dorsal view (Judith White, courtesy of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg)
Figureȱ 5.ȱ Pelvisȱ ofȱ theȱ unidentifiedȱ NHMUKȱ skeleton,ȱ illustratingȱ theȱ twoȱ differentȱ registrationȱ numbersȱ inscribed on the same part (Harry Taylor, © Natural History Museum, London) in The conundrum of an overlooked skeleton referable to Imperial Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis in the collection of the Natural History Museum at Tring
Figureȱ 5.ȱ Pelvisȱ ofȱ theȱ unidentifiedȱ NHMUKȱ skeleton,ȱ illustratingȱ theȱ twoȱ differentȱ registrationȱ numbersȱ inscribed on the same part (Harry Taylor, © Natural History Museum, London)
Figureȱ 4.ȱ Graphȱ plottingȱ skullȱ max.ȱ widthȱ againstȱ skullȱ totalȱ lengthȱ withoutȱ rhamphothecaȱ forȱ Imperialȱ Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis and Ivory-billed Woodpecker C. principalis, using data from Table 1. in The conundrum of an overlooked skeleton referable to Imperial Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis in the collection of the Natural History Museum at Tring
Figureȱ 4.ȱ Graphȱ plottingȱ skullȱ max.ȱ widthȱ againstȱ skullȱ totalȱ lengthȱ withoutȱ rhamphothecaȱ forȱ Imperialȱ Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis and Ivory-billed Woodpecker C. principalis, using data from Table 1.
Fig. 2 in Haemoproteosis lethality in a woodpecker, with molecular and morphological characterization of Haemoproteus velans (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae)
Fig. 2. Skeletal muscle tissue showing megalomeronts of Haemoproteus velans. Note numerous developing cytomeres (arrowhead) and capsular-like wall around the parasite (arrow). Magnification x20.
Figure 4 in Coexistence of Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus and Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland
Figure 4. Frequency of the Syrian Woodpecker's (open dots and dashed line) and Great Spotted Woodpecker's (filled dots and continuous line) park occupancy depending on the area of the tree stand within the park.
Figure 3 in Coexistence of Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus and Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland
Figure 3. Frequency of the Syrian Woodpecker's (open dots and dashed line) and Great Spotted Woodpecker's (filled dots and continuous line) park occupancy depending on the density of Syrian Woodpeckers in the study area (breeding pairs/10 km2).
Figure 1 in Coexistence of Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus and Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland
Figure 1. Correlation between the density (number of breeding pairs/10 km2) of the Syrian Woodpecker and Great Spotted Woodpecker in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland.
Figure 2 in Coexistence of Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus and Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland
Figure 2. Locations of Syrian Woodpecker and Great Spotted Woodpecker territories in nonforest tree stands of the agricultural landscape in SE Poland. Legend: gray bars – territories with parks, white bars – territories without parks.
Discussions of video evidence for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker in Louisiana and Florida
<p>These lectures discuss video evidence for the persistence of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker that was obtained in Louisiana in 2006 and 2008 and in Florida in 2007. Footage from the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology is used with the permission of John Fitzpatrick.</p>
Locations where video evidence for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker was obtained in Louisiana
<p>This video confirms the locations where evidence for the persistence of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker was obtained in the Pearl River swamp in Louisiana in 2006 and 2008. A drone is launched from the locations where the videos were obtained. Trees that appear in the videos were still recognizable when the drone video was obtained in 2021. As the drone gains altitude, the rocket towers at Stennis Space Center and other recognizable landmarks come into view. This video debunks speculations that the bird in the 2006 video could be another <em>Camphephilus</em> woodpecker that was filmed in South America.</p>
Context component of video evidence for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker in Louisiana and Florida
<p>These videos discuss the context component of video evidence for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker in Louisiana and Florida. For a period of more than ten minutes after a sighting in Louisiana in 2006, I tracked the movements of high-pitched calls, backed the kayak into an observation position, and then obtained footage of a large woodpecker that has several characteristics that are consistent with the Ivory-billed Woodpecker but not the Pileated Woodpecker; at points when the camera was drifting around, I was trying to spot the bird in binoculars; at points when the camera was zooming in and out, I was trying to spot the bird through the viewfinder. A short distance up the same bayou in 2008, I was keeping watch out over the treetops from a tall cypress that was used as an observation platform, when an Ivory-billed Woodpecker flew up the bayou and passed nearly directly below. While working with Geoff Hill's search team in Florida in 2007, I came upon a pair of Ivory-billed Woodpeckers during a follow-up to a sighting the day before; the birds repeatedly made spectacular swooping flights during an encounter that lasted more than 20 minutes; at points when the camera is aimed at my feet in the kayak, I was trying to spot the birds in binoculars. Although some of the evidence is visible in these movies, much better presentations of the evidence are available in the related articles.</p>
Fig. 2 in Rocky Nests Are Better Nesting Sites Than Woodpecker Cavities For The Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta Tephronota
Fig. 2. Distribution of the Eastern Rock Nuthatch brood sizes. White – size of clutch (N = 27), gray – number of hatched nestlings (N = 22), black – number of fledglings (N = 20)
Fig. 1. Sitta tephronota egg laying phenology for Fig. 3 in Rocky Nests Are Better Nesting Sites Than Woodpecker Cavities For The Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta Tephronota
Fig. 1. Sitta tephronota egg laying phenology for Fig. 3. Sitta tephronota fledglings' phespecific 5-day periods during the breeding sea- nology for specific 5-day periods dur- son (N broods = 27) ing the breeding season (N broods = 21)
Fig. 6 in Rocky Nests Are Better Nesting Sites Than Woodpecker Cavities For The Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta Tephronota
Fig. 6. Distribution of number of hatched Fig. 7. Distribution of number of fledglings nestlings noted in the Sitta tephronota suc- noted in Sitta tephronota successful broods cessful broods located in tree nests (white, located in tree nests (white, N = 10) and N = 12) and rocky nests (gray, N = 10) rocky nests (gray, N = 10)
Fig. 4 in Rocky Nests Are Better Nesting Sites Than Woodpecker Cavities For The Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta Tephronota
Fig. 4. Correlation of the number of eggs in Fig. 5. Distribution of clutch sizes noted in clutch in relation to the number of hatched the Sitta tephronota broods located in tree nestlings in successful nest recorded in nests (white, N = 16) and rocky nests (gray, Sitta tephronota broods (N broods = 22). The N = 11) size of the circles corresponds to the number of cases from 1 to 3
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